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Diplomka Really Final UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH V ĚD Institut mezinárodních studií Ji ří Skoupý Republican Foreign Policy and the War on Terror Diplomová práce Praha 2010 1 Autor práce: Ji ří Skoupý Vedoucí práce: PhDr. et Mgr. Kryštof Kozák, PhD. Oponent práce: Datum obhajoby: 21. června 2010 Hodnocení: 2 Bibliografický záznam SKOUPÝ, Ji ří. Republican Foreign Policy and the War on Terror. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních v ěd, Institut mezinárodních studií, 2010. 104 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce PhDr. et Mgr. Kryštof Kozák, PhD. Anotace Diplomová práce „Republican Foreign Policy and the War on Terror“ pojednává o procesu tvorby americké zahrani ční politiky z pohledu vládnoucí Republikánské strany v letech 2003 až 2007. Sleduje vývoj vnitrostranické diskuze ohledn ě pr ůběhu a zp ůsobu vedení války v Iráku v reakci na postupn ě se zhoršující bezpe čnostní situaci v zemi. Analyzuje postoje jednotlivých názorových frakcí mezi americkými konzervativními politiky, komentátory a specialisty na zahrani ční politiku a všímá si měnící se konfigurace moci na americké politické scéně. Klade si za cíl vysv ětlit, pro č zůstala politika Bushovy administrativy v Iráku vícemén ě beze zm ěny až do ledna 2007 navzdory nep říznivému vývoji vále čného st řetnutí a jaké faktory m ěly vliv na tento výsledek americké konzervativní debaty o Iráku. Práce nabízí t ři odpov ědi na tyto výzkumné otázky. První souvisí s Bushovým stylem vedení své administrativy a vnit řním nastavením rozhodovacích proces ů uvnit ř klí čových politických orgán ů. Druhá rozebírá paradigma války proti terorismu konstruované po teroristických útocích z 11. zá ří 2001 a jeho vliv na americký politický diskurs. Třetí se si všímá využití zahrani ční politiky a otázek národní bezpe čnosti jakožto volebního tématu ze strany republikánů. Annotation The diploma thesis “Republican Foreign Policy and the War in Iraq” deals with the process of U.S. foreign policymaking from the perspective of the ruling Republican Party between 2003 and 2007. It tracks the development of the intraparty debate on the war in Iraq in reaction to the gradually worsening security situation in the country. It analyzes positions of various schools of thoughts within the American conservative movement and the changing configuration of power in American politics in the studied period. The thesis aims to explain why the Iraq policies of the Bush administration remained virtually intact up until January 2007 despite failing to deliver satisfactory results and what factors shaped this outcome of the conservative debate on Iraq. Three 3 hypotheses are offered to answer the research questions. The first concerns President Bush’s management style and the setup of the policymaking process within his administration. The second deals with the global war on terror narrative constructed in the aftermath of 9/11 and its impact on American political discourse. And the third analyzes the use of foreign policy and national security issues as an electoral wedge issue by the Republican Party. Klí čová slova George W. Bush, Republikánská strana, americká zahrani ční politika, válka proti terorismu, válka v Iráku, sv ětová bezpe čnost, neokonzervatismus, diskursivní analýza Keywords George W. Bush, Republican Party, U.S. foreign policy, war on terror, war in Iraq, global security, neoconservatism, discourse analysis 4 Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem p ředkládanou práci zpracoval/a samostatn ě a použil/a jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zp řístupn ěna ve řejnosti pro ú čely výzkumu a studia. V Praze dne 21. května 2010 Ji ří Skoupý 5 Pod ěkování Na tomto míst ě bych rád pod ěkoval dr. Kryštofu Kozákovi za vedení této diplomové práce a za četné přínosné podn ěty a vy čerpávající komentá ře. Taktéž bych rád pod ěkoval 1st Lt. Lauren Taylor za veškerou podporu p ři tv ůrčím procesu a za nabídnutí jedine čného vhledu do problematiky. V neposlední řad ě bych rád pod ěkoval Doc. Francisi D. Raškovi za vzbuzení a prohlubování mého zájmu o Spojené státy americké od samých po čátk ů mého studia. 6 Diplomová práce Republican Foreign Policy and the War on Terror Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.1 PRESENTATION OF THE THESIS ....................................................................................................... 8 1.2 DISCUSSION OF SOURCES ............................................................................................................. 10 2. INITIAL PHASE OF THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR ...................................................... 12 2.1 SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS AND THE BUSH PRESIDENCY .............................................. 12 2.2 NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY 2002 AND THE DECISION TO INVADE IRAQ ............................... 14 2.3 NEOCONSERVATIVE VICTORY IN THE CONSERVATIVE FOREIGN POLICY DEBATE AFTER 9/11 ..... 16 3. THE FIRST PHASE OF THE OCCUPATION OF IRAQ (2003-2004) .................................... 19 3.1 SETTING UP THE OCCUPATION REGIME ........................................................................................ 19 3.2 WORSENING SITUATION IN IRAQ .................................................................................................. 21 3.3 DOMESTIC RECEPTION OF FAILING OCCUPATION ......................................................................... 23 3.4 CONSERVATIVE DEBATE ABOUT THE WAR IN IRAQ 2003-2004 .................................................... 27 4. WAR ON TERROR AND THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ...................................... 31 4.1 GEORGE W. BUSH AS A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE ..................................................................... 31 4.2 CANDIDACY OF JOHN KERRY AND THE CONSERVATIVE RESPONSE .............................................. 33 4.3 WAR ON TERROR IN THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS .............................................. 35 4.4 CONSERVATIVE DEBATE ON IRAQ IN THE AFTERMATH OF 2004 ELECTION .................................. 37 5. IRAQ DURING PRESIDENT BUSH’S SECOND TERM ......................................................... 39 5.1 BUSH ’S PERVASIVE OPTIMISM IN 2005 AND STRATEGY FOR WINNING IN IRAQ ........................... 39 5.2 MOUNTING ADVERSE MOMENTUM .............................................................................................. 41 5.3 ALTERING POWER CONFIGURATION IN WASHINGTON , D.C. IN LATE 2005/E ARLY 2006 ............. 44 5.4 IRAQ IN 2006: SITUATION BECOMES UNSUSTAINABLE ................................................................. 46 6. MID-TERM ELECTIONS IN 2006 AND SEARCH FOR A NEW STRATEGY IN IRAQ ... 50 6.1 DEBATE ON THE WAR IN IRAQ IN AUTUMN 2006 .......................................................................... 50 6.2 2006 MID -TERM ELECTIONS AS AN EYE -OPENING MOMENT ? ...................................................... 54 6.3 IRAQ SURVEY GROUP FINDINGS AND THE DECISION TO SURGE ................................................... 56 7. FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTCOME OF THE CONSERVATIVE DEBATE ............. 60 7.1 BUSH ’S MANAGEMENT STYLE AND THE SETUP OF HIS FOREIGN POLICY TEAM .......................... 61 7.2 THE NARRATIVE OF THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR .................................................................... 66 7.3 FOREIGN POLICY AS AN ELECTORAL ISSUE .................................................................................. 70 8. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 76 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 81 LITERATURE AND SOURCES ............................................................................................................ 83 LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 102 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 103 7 1. Introduction 1.1 Presentation of the Thesis The most defining feature of American foreign policy in the new millennium is the war on terror, launched in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In its course, the United States launched military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq in an effort to eradicate the terrorist and WMD threat and to promote democratic values abroad. In both cases swift military victories were followed by a protracted period of sustained American military presence in both countries, with the aim to stabilize local security situations and help lay foundations of new democratic institutions. The war on terror proclaimed by the Bush administration assumed a prominent place in American politics and in the foreign policy-making discourse. This thesis focuses on a somewhat narrowed and more specific, albeit very important, segment of the policy-making processes related to the prosecution of the war on terror. It analyzes the conservative debate on the war in Iraq from March 2003, i.e. the beginning of the war, to January 2007, i.e. President Bush’s decision to send in extra troops in an effort to regain initiative in the conflict.
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