Georg Solti (1)

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Georg Solti (1) ___________________________________________________________________________ SWR2 Musikstunde 10.9.2012 Der legendäre Dirigentenjahrgang 1912 (1) Mit Rainer Damm Georg Solti (1) Kaum ein Dirigent von Weltrang kann auf ein vergleichbar bewegtes Leben zurückblicken wie der 1912 in Budapest als György Stern geborene Georg oder George Solti, den Königin Elisabeth 1971 seiner beispiellosen Verdienste um das britische Musikleben wegen mit dem Adelstitel Sir auszeichnete. Schon als dreizehnjähriger trat der mit dem absoluten Gehör gesegnete Sohn aus bescheidenen Verhältnissen in das Budapester Konservatorium ein. Dort prägten ihn Begegnungen mit Bela Bartok, Ernst von Dohnanyi, Leo Weiner und Zoltan Kodaly. Aber schon 1939 musste er wegen der einsetzenden Juden - Pogrome in die Schweiz fliehen. Den verwegensten Spät - Senkrechtstarter der neueren Interpretationsgeschichte beriefen die Amerikaner 1946 als Generalmusikdirektor der Bayerischen Staatsoper nach München, derweil die renommierten Pultheroen auf den Ausgang ihrer Entnazifizierungsprozesse warteten. Gleich, ob in München oder später in Frankfurt oder London: Immer wieder bescherte Solti seinem Publikum Sternstunden der Oper. Erst in reiferen Jahren entdeckte Solti seine Neigung für die Symphonik. Rund zwanzig Jahre lang blieb er künstlerischer Leiter des Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Aufbauend auf der Vorarbeit seines ungarischen Landsmannes Fritz Reiner machte er es zu einem der besten Orchester der Welt. _____________________________________________________________ CD Decca 410 116 - 2 track 1 ab 7‘32 (Horn) = 4‘10 _____________________________________________________________ Das Finale des 1. Satzes von Antonin Dvoraks Sinfonie Nr. 9 op. 95 Aus der Neuen Welt mit dem Chicago Symphony Orchestra unter der Leitung des damals 70jährigen Georg Solti, aufgenommen 1983. Das Orchester aus Chicago, im Branchenjargon The Machine genannt, entsprach in idealer Weise Soltis Wunsch nach unbedingter Präzision und schneidender Wucht des Klanges, insbesondere der Blechbläser. Bei rund tausend Konzerten stand Solti zwischen 1969 und 1991 am Pult dieses Orchesters, über hundert Schallplatteneinspielungen hat er mit den Musikerinnen und Musikern aus Chicago realisiert, viele der 31 Grammys, die er im Lauf seiner Karriere erhielt,(weit mehr als die Beatles oder Michael Jackson je bekommen haben)... einen Großteil seiner Schallplattenpreise also errang er mit diesem Ensemble.Hier hatten ganz offensichtlich zwei zusammengefunden, die sich gegenseitig zu begeistern wussten. Der Soloflötist Donald Peck brachte es auf die pragmatische Formel: We had a good match with Solti - and he with us. Der damalige Konzertmeister des Orchesters schätzte besonders eine Eigenart der Soltischen Arbeitsweise: Oft sind Dirigenten entspannt bei den Proben, und höchst angespannt bei den Konzerten. Solti war das genaue Gegenteil. Er war unter Hochspannung bei den Proben, was uns zu größter Konzentration zwang, aber er war total locker bei der Aufführung, was dem Spiel des Orchesters sehr zugute kam. - Solti kümmerte sich darum, das Chicago Symphony Orchestra möglichst oft in seinen Decca - Exklusiv - Vertrag einzubinden, der ein halbes Jahrhundert Bestand hatte - ziemlich einmalig übrigens in der Schallplattengeschichte - er führte das Orchester innerhalb weniger Jahre aus verheerend roten Zahlen in einen relativen wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand. Zog Auftragswerke von Lutoslawski, Tippett u.a. an Land, erweiterte das Repertoire des Orchesters beträchtlich, und studierte mit den Chicagoern deren erste esamteinspielung der Sinfonien von Anton Bruckner und Gustav Mahler ein. _____________________________________________________________ CD Decca 430 809 2 track 5 ab 7‘36 = 6‘00 Ein Ausschnitt aus dem Finalsatz der 5. Sinfonie von Gustav Mahler mit dem Chicago Symphony Orchestra und Georg Solti am Pult - Mahlers 5. war seine erste Schallplattenaufnahme mit diesem Orchester, entstanden 1970. Solti forderte bei der Arbeit von sich das Letzte - und ließ deshalb auch die Musiker schwer arbeiten. Nach übereinstimmendem Urteil derer, die unter seiner Leitung im Orchester spielten, war er keinesfalls ein Sadist vom Schlage seines berühmt - berüchtigten Landsmanns und Vorgängers in Chicago Fritz Reiner.....Solti blieb meist freundlich im Ton, aber immer knallhart in der Sache. Das Überschäumende seines Temperaments und sein fanatischer Perfektionsdrang konnten jedoch manchen Musiker, aus Angst etwas falsch zu machen, ganz schön ins Schwitzen bringen. Und wenn beim dritten Anlauf etwas nicht so klappte, wie Solti es sich vorstellte, konnte er auch mal ruppig werden. Während des Musizierens war er nicht nur in einem Zustand höchster geistiger Anspannung und Erregung, sondern auch physisch in vollem Einsatz. Sich zu schonen, nicht alles zu geben, nicht völligen Einsatz zu fahren....völlig undenkbar. Stets hatte er ein Frottiertuch griffbereit, um sich den Schweiß der Arbeit von Haupt und Nacken zu wischen. Vor allem schien er über eine nie ermattende rhythmische Energie zu verfügen. Am Pult war immer sein ganzer Körper in Aktion. Er dirigierte nicht nur mit den Armen, sondern mit dem Kopf, mit den Hüften und selbst mit den Beinen. Ganz unbewusst geschehe das, hat er immer wieder beteuert. In seinen eigenen Worten: Die Bewegungen eines Dirigenten kommen aus der Musik. Musik leitet sie. Meditieren mit geschlossenen Augen während des Dirigierens hat sich Solti im Gegensatz zu seinem Antipoden Herbert von Karajan konsequent versagt: Er beherrschte sein Orchester mit scharfem Raubvogelauge, dem nichts entging, unentwegt im Einsatz. Meistens lächelnd, doch wehe, wenn es aufblitzte, und seine dämonische Kraft entlud. _____________________________________________________________ CD Decca 443 444 2 track 20 5‘00 _____________________________________________________________ Das Chicago Symphony Orchestra mit Georg Solti am Pult spielte das Intermezzo aus der Harry Janos - Suite von Zoltan Kodaly. Kodaly, von unserem Protagonisten in seinen Memoiren als genialer Mann bezeichnet, Kodaly gehörte zusammen mit Ernö Dohnanyi und Bela Bartok zu den prägenden Persönlichkeiten für den jugendlichen Solti während seiner Jahre an der Budapester Franz Liszt - Akademie, dem bedeutendsten Musikinstitut Ungarns. Solti war kein Wunderkind, den es zu den höchsten Sternen der Musikwelt zog, es bereitete ihm eher Verdruss, dass seine Mutter ihn aufgrund seines guten Gehörs und einer gewissen Freude am Musikhören zum Klavierunterricht verdonnerte. Vom offenen Fenster seines Klavierlehrers musste er voller Neid zusehen, wie seine Altersgenossen sich beim Fußballspielen vergnügten. Aber nachdem er nun mal als Teenager an der Budapester Liszt - Akademie gelandet war, wurde für ihn die wichtigste Erfahrung - und wie er betont - ebenso für hunderte von ungarischen Musikern die Kammermusik-Klasse des Komponisten Leo Weiner. In Soltis eigenen Worten: In seiner Klasse spielte ich als Pianist ein umfangreiches Repertoire von Mozart bis Brahms. Ich kann gar nicht genug betonen, wie dankbar ich Weiner bin. Er war ein wunderbarer, natürlicher Musiker, aber auch ein absoluterProfi, der ein umfassendes und profundes Wissen über die Kunst des Musizierens besaß. Er brachte uns bei, aufeinander zu hören, wenn wir in einem wie auch immer großen oder kleinen Ensemble spielten. Er lehrte uns zu erkennen, wann wir führen und wann wir folgen sollten - und warum und wie. Zu wissen, wie man zuhört, wie man beurteilt, was in einem Ensemble vorgeht, wie man feststellt und korrigiert, was falsch ist, das sind die Grundfertigkeiten des Kammermusikers wie des Dirigenten. Ich übertreibe nicht, wenn ich sage, ALLES, was ich als Musiker erreicht habe, verdanke ich Leo Weiner. Er wurde von uns allen einfach geliebt und respektiert. Als herausragendes Musterbeispiel eines Musikers. _____________________________________________________________ CD Decca 443 444 2 track 8 ab 4‘45 (Flöte) = 6‘00 _____________________________________________________________ Das Scherzo aus Leo Weiners Ballett Prinz Csongor und die Kobolde mit dem Chicago Symphony Orchestra und Georg Solti am Pult. Nachdem Solti 18jährig erfolgreich die Liszt - Akademie absolviert hatte, wurde er als Korrepetitor an die Ungarische Staatsoper in Budapest engagiert. Im Rückblick hat er oft und gerne den Wert dieser Lehrjahre betont, die seiner Ansicht nach nirgendwo effektiver absolviert werden können als in einem Opernhaus. Nach seiner Einschätzung DER Lernort für umfassende musikalische Schulung. In seinen eigenen Worten: Tatsächlich hat kaum ein herausragender Dirigent in der Vergangenheit oder Gegenwart sein Metier beherrschen gelernt, ohne sich in den Opernhäusern den Weg nach oben zu bahnen. Rein musikalisch gesehen lehrt allein schon die enge Zusammenarbeit mit Sängern, in einer Weise zu musizieren, die atmet - selbst in reiner Konzertmusik. Hier wird man jeden Tag zu Selbstdisziplin und zur Entwicklung organisatorischer Fähigkeiten angehalten. 1932 kam er für ein kurzes Gastspiel nach Karlsruhe - als Assistent von Josef Krips - der die nationalsozialistische Vernichtungsstrategie gegenüber Juden klar voraussah und Solti riet, nach Budapest zurückzukehren. So konnte er Otto Klemperer und Fritz Busch, Issay Dobrowen und Bruno Walter bei der Arbeit beobachten und ihnen assistieren. Vor allem Erich Kleiber, der ihm zum großen Vorbild wurde. Nur noch überragt von Arturo Toscanini, dem Solti 1937 in Salzburg bei der Einstudierung der Zauberflöte, von Falstaff und Fidelio als Korrepetitor zur Seite stand. Die Nachricht der erfolgreichen
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