CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59 (2002) 36–44 1420-682X/02/010036-09 $ 1.50 + 0.20/0 © Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2002 CMLS Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CD44 and integrin matrix receptors participate in cartilage homeostasis W. Knudson a, * and R. F. Loeser a, b a Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612 (USA), Fax +1 312 942 3053, e-mail: [email protected] b Section of Rheumatology, Rush Medical College, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612 (USA) Abstract. Articular chondrocytes express the matrix re- to detect changes in matrix composition or to function as ceptors CD44 and integrins. Both of these receptors ex- mechanotransducers. Disruption of CD44 or integrin- hibit interactions with adjacent extracellular matrix mediated cell-matrix interactions, either experimentally macromolecules. In addition, both integrins and CD44 induced or when present in osteoarthritis, have profound have the capacity for signal transduction as well as mod- effects on cartilage metabolism. Thus, CD44 and integrin ulated interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. As such, receptors play a critical role in maintaining cartilage both receptor families provide the chondrocytes a means homeostasis. Key words. CD44; hyaluronan; proteoglycan; integrin; collagen; fibronectin; chondrocyte. In many tissues, carefully regulated cell-matrix interac- drocytes, CD44 represents the primary receptor responsi- tions are responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis ble for hyaluronan (HA) binding [4, 9]. However, in carti- [1–4]. Most cell-matrix interactions are mediated via lage, HA is seldom present as a pure molecule. Often more transmembrane receptors. Articular chondrocytes have than 50 aggrecan proteoglycan (PG) monomers together been shown to express both integrin [5–7]) as well as with an associated link protein become bound to a single nonintegrin (e.g., annexin V and CD44) extracellular ma- filament of HA [13]. Thus, the binding of HA to CD44 in trix (ECM) receptors [8, 9] (fig. 1). Members of each re- cartilage facilitates the retention of large, highly hydrated, ceptor class, through interactions with their principal lig- HA/PG/link protein aggregates at the surface of chondro- ands, provide chondrocytes the means to ‘sense’ changes cytes (fig. 1). This retention can be visualized as a gel-like in the ECM environment – changes that may elicit a pericellular matrix surrounding chondrocytes in vitro [9, reparative response, matrix remodeling or, alternatively, 14, 15]. This matrix can be removed via treatment with the cellular quiescence. This review discusses two matrix re- HA-specific enzyme, Streptomyces hyaluronidase, or in- ceptor classes: CD44s and integrins. cubation with excess HA oligosaccharides. After washing the cells, a gel-like coat can be reestablished by the addi- tion of new HA/PG aggregates (with or without link pro- CD44 as an ECM receptor in cartilage tein). The re-establishment of a gel-like pericellular matrix can be inhibited by the inclusion of anti-CD44 antibodies CD44 is a single-pass transmembrane receptor expressed [9], suggesting that the HA/PG aggregates must rebind to by many cell types including chondrocytes [9, 10]. CD44 the CD44 receptor. Treatment with CD44 antisense was initially characterized as a lymphocyte-homing recep- oligonucleotides [16] or transfection and overexpression of tor. However, subsequent studies demonstrated that this re- mutant CD44 isoforms [17] also inhibit the retention of a ceptor was identical to the cell surface ‘hyaluronan-bind- gel-like coat around chondrocytes. All of these experi- ing protein’ sought by many groups [4, 11, 12]. In chon- ments demonstrate that CD44 is an important mediator in chondrocyte cell-matrix interactions that involve * Corresponding author. PG/HA/link protein aggregates. CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. Vol. 59, 2002 Multi-author Review Article 37 Figure 1. Model of chondrocyte receptors mediating cell-matrix interactions. One question that arises is whether there are connections and controlling the spatial organization of the receptor in between the CD44-anchored HA/PG-rich matrix and the plasma membrane. However, as yet, no downstream other ECM components present on chondrocytes – com- intracellular event has been directly or conclusively ponents such as collagen or fibronectin, presumably linked to CD44 signaling. The intracellular domain con- bound to other matrix receptors (fig. 1). In an attempt to tains no tyrosine residues but does possess several serine determine whether these HA/PG-rich pericellular matri- residues that undergo differential phosphorylation, two in ces are present within cartilage tissue, chondrocytes were particular, Ser336 and Ser337. In some cell systems, isolated from chick embryonic tibia using purified colla- phosphorylation of CD44 appears to increase CD44 bind- genase in the presence of 20% fetal bovine serum [18]. ing of the actin-binding protein, ankyrin and increase the The chondrocytes were readily liberated from the tissue capacity of the receptor to bind HA [21]. Conversely, with the gel-like HA-dependent matrix intact. Presum- phosphorylation-defective mutants of CD44 expressed in ably the collagenase degraded the collagen-rich matrix T lymphoma cells display reduced HA binding [22]. with little effect on the HA/PG-rich matrix that remained However, in a different study using transfected AKR1 intact and associated with the chondrocytes through the cells, phosphorylation-incompetent mutants of CD44 did cell isolation protocol. In reverse, hyaluronidase is often not exhibit altered HA binding or receptor distribution used to expose collagen epitopes [19], a treatment that into detergent-soluble and cytoskeletal-associated (deter- has little effect on the collagenous network. Thus, the col- gent-insoluble) pools [23]. Macrophages appear to ex- lagen-rich, the fibronectin-rich, and the HA/PG-rich hibit two pools of CD44 with respect to phosphorylation. ECMs, although possibly intangled, are likely anchored In resting peritoneal macrophages, the two pools are bal- to the chondrocyte plasma membrane via separate and anced between the phosphorylated and nonphosphory- distinct receptor systems. lated forms. In elicited macrophages, there is a shift, such that more than 90% of the CD44 becomes phosphory- lated. In chondrocytes, removal of HA and the HA/PG- Cell signaling mediated by chondrocyte CD44 rich matrix via Streptomyces hyaluronidase treatment re- sults in a reduction in phosphorylated CD44, a reduction As described above, CD44 is a single-pass membrane that is reversed by subsequent addition and the rebinding glycoprotein. It contains a hydrophobic domain (encoded of exogenous HA [16]. These results suggest that chon- by exon 18) followed by a 70-amino acid intracellular do- drocyte CD44 does have the capacity to respond to main (exon 20) [20]. The intracellular domain of CD44 changes in the HA/PG-rich ECM and alter the phospho- contains motifs with the potential for transducing signals rylation state of the receptor. However, as yet, the true 38 W. Knudson and R. F. Loeser CD44 and integrin matrix receptors consequence(s) of this change in phosphorylation is not sis of HA. In addition, the chondrocytes displayed no ca- known. pacity to bind or internalize control fluorescein-conju- In addition to serine phosphorylation sites, the intracellu- gated dextran (2 ¥ 103 kDa) ruling out fluid-phase lar domain of CD44 exhibits protein motifs that permit pinocytosis as a possible mechanism for HA internaliza- the binding and/or utilization of two different families of tion. In subsequent studies, bovine or human articular actin-binding proteins. Both are responsible for linking chondrocytes treated with interleukin (IL)-1 to induce a the cytoplasmic domain of CD44 to the cortical actin cy- catabolic-like phenotype resulted in a six- to eightfold in- toskeleton. One family is called ‘ERM’ to designate its crease in CD44 mRNA, a six- to eightfold increase in component proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin). The CD44 protein and a threefold increase in uptake and ac- other is called the ‘ankyrin’ family. As discussed above, cumulation of intracellular HA [10, 26]. Does this capac- serine phosphorylation enhanced CD44 association with ity of CD44 play a role in affecting chondrocyte metabo- ankyrin in T lymphocytes [21]. The variant-10 CD44 iso- lism? The answer is unknown. One suggestion would be form expressed on endothelial cells also utilizes an inter- that CD44 not only has the capacity to ‘sense’ changes in action with ankyrin for its linkage to the cytoskeleton. the adjacent ECM and transduce those signals but is also However, the 140-kDa CD44 expressed in endothelial an effector, actively participating in the catabolism of cells interacts with the cytoskeleton via ERM proteins ECM components, namely HA. [24]. Chondrocytes have been shown to express moesin (a component of the ERM), and ankyrin simultaneously. However, anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody-mediated im- Disruption of cell-matrix interactions mediated munoprecipitation studies of lysed and solubilized chon- via CD44 drocytes revealed only the coimmunoprecipitation of ankryin with CD44 [16]. Whether both of these linkage As discussed above, artificially removing pericellular systems operate together or selectively (possibly for dif- HA from chondrocytes in vitro affects CD44 phosphory- ferent functions) is not known at present but remains an lation as well as