DOCSLIB.ORG

Substitutive Emojis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Substitutive Emojis Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Palackého SUBSTITUTIVE EMOJIS (Diplomová práce) 2019 Michelle Martinek Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Palackého Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky SUBSTITUTIVE EMOJIS (Diplomová práce) Autor: Michelle Martinek Studijní obor: Anglická filologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Ondřej Molnár, Ph.D. Počet stran: 80 Počet znaků: 122,743 Olomouc 2019 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedenou literaturu a zdroje. V Olomouci dne…………………… Podpis………………………… Poděkování Děkuji Mgr. Ondřeji Molnárovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení při tvorbě diplomové práce. Abstract This aim of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of emojis substituting language. Marcel Danesi outlines two functions of emojis in his book The Semiotics of Emoji: adjunctive and substitutive. Adjunctive emojis, which only complement the text, are the topic of a few publications and studies. However, when it comes to substitutive emojis, which replace words in text, there is incredibly little literature and no studies researching them in practice. The thesis begins with briefly reviewing the history of emojis and existing literature on emojis to identify a gap in knowledge. After this, other similar visual forms of script are discussed to determine the potential benefits and limitations of substitutive emojis. Following this is the practical part of the thesis, which is an analysis of over 900 examples of substitutive emojis from Instagram to better understand how they are used with text and why. Key words Emoji, substitution, emoticons, computer-mediated communication, multimodality Anotace Záměr diplomové práce je zkoumat emoji jako náhradu textu. V knize The Semiotics of Emoji Marcel Danesi upřesňuje dva způsoby návaznosti emoji na text. První způsob doplňuje, co je už vyjádřeno textem (anglicky adjunctive emojis). Na toto téma je k dispozici několik studií. Naopak studie nejsou žádné u druhého způsobu, kdy emoji text nahrazuje (anglicky substitutive emojis). Diplomová práce začíná přehledem historie emoji a existující literatury o nich. Jejím cílem je najít, analyzovat a doplnit chybějící informace o emoji, které nahrazují text. Poté jsou probírány další podobné grafické znaky vizuální komunikace, aby se zjistily možné výhody a omezení těchto emoji. Praktická část analyzuje více než 900 příkladů zmíněných emoji z Instagramu a umožňuje nám lépe rozumět, jak jsou používané a proč. Klíčová slova Emoji, náhrada, emotikony, počítačem zprostředkovaná komunikace, multimodalita Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 2 Defining Emojis ....................................................................................... 3 2.1 Development of the Emoji ................................................................ 4 2.2 Why Use Emojis? ............................................................................. 6 3 Review of Existing Literature ................................................................. 8 3.1 Defining Adjunctive and Substitutive ............................................... 8 3.2 Emoticons ......................................................................................... 9 3.3 Emojis ............................................................................................. 11 3.4 Identifying the Gaps in Knowledge ................................................ 14 4 Images Substituting Text ....................................................................... 15 4.1 Pictographs ...................................................................................... 15 4.2 Rebus .............................................................................................. 17 4.3 Emoji-Only Communication ........................................................... 18 4.4 Mixed Textuality: A Multimodal Approach ................................... 23 4.5 The Plausibility of Substitutive Emojis .......................................... 24 4.6 Hypotheses to Test .......................................................................... 25 5 Substitutive Emojis on Instagram .......................................................... 27 5.1 Methodology ................................................................................... 27 5.2 Results ............................................................................................. 29 6 Analysis ................................................................................................. 34 6.1 Parts of Speech ................................................................................ 34 6.1.1 Nouns ....................................................................................... 35 6.1.2 Verbs ........................................................................................ 39 6.1.3 Adjectives ................................................................................ 42 6.1.4 Adverbs .................................................................................... 46 6.1.5 Other Parts of Speech .............................................................. 46 6.1.6 In Conclusion of Parts of Speech ............................................ 48 6.2 Emoji Categories ............................................................................. 49 6.2.1 Face .......................................................................................... 49 6.2.2 Food & Drink .......................................................................... 51 6.2.3 Objects ..................................................................................... 51 6.2.4 People & Body ........................................................................ 52 6.2.5 Emotion ................................................................................... 53 6.2.6 Symbols ................................................................................... 54 6.2.7 In Conclusion of Emoji Categories ......................................... 54 6.3 Miscellaneous Observations ........................................................... 55 6.3.1 Motivation for Emoji Substitution ........................................... 56 6.3.2 Message Composition ............................................................. 58 6.3.3 Selected Examples of Unique Emoji Substitutions ................. 60 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 62 8 Data Tables ............................................................................................ 64 9 Examples ............................................................................................... 67 10 Resumé .................................................................................................. 79 11 References ............................................................................................. 76 1 Introduction Over the past 30 years technology has significantly changed how we communicate. Computer-mediated communication has connected people from across the globe and made long-distance interaction nearly instantaneous. At first the communication was simple and only one mode of communication was involved, like text in SMS or instant messaging. Over time users were given the ability to add other forms of expression to their messages. For example, users could use text and images together to convey ideas. Adding these other forms of expression made the communication multimodal. There is one form of modality that was not standardized in online communication until more recently: emojis. Emojis are small colorful images that can be added to text messages, like a smiley face ( ). In 2011 emojis exploded in popularity thanks to updated software on mobile phones which made them more accessible to users. Despite the popularity of emojis, they are a relatively new phenomenon and not much is known about them from a linguistic standpoint. There is one prominent publication from Marcel Danesi that tried to fill in this knowledge, called The Semiotics of Emoji. In this book he mentions that there are two ways of using emojis with text. The first is adjunctively to text and the other as a substitute of text. Adjunctive emojis are used to complement information that is already given through text. They do not contribute any denotative meaning to a message. There are numerous studies on adjunctive emojis, especially focused on their ability to act as illocutionary force indicators, guiding the reader’s interpretation of a message. Researchers found that they act like emotional punctuation and resemble paralinguistic features of language. Substitutive emojis, on the other hand, replace text. While there are several studies focused on the adjunctive use of emojis, there are no publications nor available data focused on substitutive emojis. It is generally acknowledged that emojis can be used to substitute words, but there is no information discussing how they replace language. This is the gap in knowledge that this thesis primarily concerns itself with. The goal of this thesis is to collect data to fill in knowledge of substitutive emojis and determine how these emojis are used in practice. After reviewing phenomena similar to substitutive emojis, some possible benefits and limitations of using substitutive emojis are determined. Then a prediction is made about which parts of speech are most suitable for substitution. In addition to researching what parts of language are replaced, which emojis are used for substitution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hearsay in the Smiley Face: Analyzing the Use of Emojis As Evidence Erin Janssen St
    St. Mary's Law Journal Volume 49 | Number 3 Article 5 6-2018 Hearsay in the Smiley Face: Analyzing the Use of Emojis as Evidence Erin Janssen St. Mary's University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal Part of the Civil Procedure Commons, Courts Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Evidence Commons, Internet Law Commons, Judges Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Remedies Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Erin Janssen, Hearsay in the Smiley Face: Analyzing the Use of Emojis as Evidence, 49 St. Mary's L.J. 699 (2018). Available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol49/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the St. Mary's Law Journals at Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. Mary's Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Janssen: Analyzing the Use of Emojis as Evidence COMMENT HEARSAY IN THE SMILEY FACE: ANALYZING THE USE OF EMOJIS AS EVIDENCE ERIN JANSSEN* I. Introduction ............................................................................................ 700 II. Background ............................................................................................. 701 A. Federal Rules of Evidence ............................................................. 701 B. Free Speech and Technology .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding Information Access Through Data-Driven Design
    ©Copyright 2018 Danielle Bragg Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Richard Ladner, Chair Alan Borning Katharina Reinecke Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington Abstract Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Richard Ladner Computer Science & Engineering Computer scientists have made progress on many problems in information access: curating large datasets, developing machine learning and computer vision, building extensive networks, and designing powerful interfaces and graphics. However, we sometimes fail to fully leverage these modern techniques, especially when building systems inclusive of people with disabilities (who total a billion worldwide [168], and nearly one in five in the U.S. [26]). For example, visual graphics and small text may exclude people with visual impairments, and text-based resources like search engines and text editors may not fully support people using unwritten sign languages. In this dissertation, I argue that if we are willing to break with traditional modes of information access, we can leverage modern computing and design techniques from computer graphics, crowdsourcing, topic modeling, and participatory design to greatly improve and enrich access. This dissertation demonstrates this potential
    [Show full text]
  • 95% of Internet Users Have Used an Emoji. Over 10 Billion Emojis Are Sent Daily
    95% Of Internet Users Have Used An Emoji. Over 10 Billion Emojis Are Sent Daily July 17th recognizes World Emoji Day and many of the world’s symbolic icons for digital calendars. The day encourages us to use emojis to send unique messages. Before the emoji, there were emoticons. Emoticons (emotion + icon) was developed as an expression of emotions in the cold hard texts that were devoid of them. Emoji, a Japanese expression, roughly means “picture word” and was created by Shigetaka Kurita in 1990. While working for the Japanese telecom company NTT Docomo, Kurita would design these picture words as a feature on their pagers to make them more appealing to teens. The word “Emoji” is derived from the Japanese words e (for picture) and moji (for character), apparently the seeming connection to the words emotion and emoticon are purely incidental! The release of the first iPhone by Apple in 2007 had an emoji keyboard embedded into the phone to nab the Japanese market. While not intended for U.S. users to find, they did and quickly figured out how to use it. Every year new emojis (both emoji and emojis are acceptable plural forms of the word) are developed. The emojipedia.org keeps track of all the emoji updates across all platforms and operating systems. Over 1800 emojis cover much more than just emotions. Over 900M emojis are sent every day without text on Facebook Messengerr More than 700M emojis are used in Facebook posts every day. The biggest day for emoji usage on Messenger is New Year’s Eve For 2020, 117 new emojis are to be introduced, including a toothbrush, bubble tea, Transgender flag, black cat and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Ba Chelor Thesis
    English (61-90), 30 credits BACHELOR BACHELOR Do you know what I mean > :( A linguistic study of the understanding of emoticons and emojis in text messages THESIS Caroline Kelly English and linguistic term paper, 15 credits Stockholm 2015-01-13 Caroline Kelly Title: Do you know what I mean > :( - A linguistic study of the understanding of the emoticons and emojis in text messages Abstract This study investigates the understanding of emoticons and emojis used in text messages. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a universal understanding of emoticons and emojis, which is important considering the number of people using them every day when sending text messages. Many studies have been made of communication via text messages and the usage of emoticons and emojis, but no study has focused on the interpretation of the symbols and the importance of the context. For the purposes of this study, a questionnaire was completed in an upper secondary school (Swedish gymnasium) in Stockholm, during normal school hours in November 2014, by 90 16-19 year old students. The result was then analysed through a ‘Relevance Theory’ perspective, and in the light of the works of, amongst others, Saussure, Peirce and Thomas. The result revealed that, for the interpreter of a text message, it is important that a textual context is established, in order for the interpreter to be able to understand what the emoticons or emojis used in text messages mean. The result also showed that the emoticons and emojis do not have a meaning in themselves and that they can have different meanings depending on the situation, and the mood or the person for whom the message is intended.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Emoji
    The Rise of Emoji 絵文字 Internationalization and Unicode Conference IUC 40 Alolita Sharma Board Director at Unicode Consortium Emoji has taken over the Web ● The word Emoji comes from Japanese ● Emoji were initially used by Japanese mobile operators, NTT DoCoMo, KDDI, and Origins of Emoji SoftBank Mobile ● First emoji was created in 1998 絵文字 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita at NTT DoCoMo 絵 (e ≅ picture) ● Kurita created the first 180 emoji for browsing, doing email 文 (mo ≅ writing) on mobile phones 字 (ji ≅ character) The Unicode Standard started encoding Emoji in 2010 ● Unicode 6.0 added 722 characters ○ 114 characters were from the original Japanese character set which had been added earlier to Unicode and Emoji Unicode 5.2 ○ 608 new characters were also added ● Unicode 7.0 added 250 characters, many from Webdings and Wingdings fonts ● Unicode 8 added 41 Emoji ○ 1,051 codepoints across 22 code blocks ● Unicode 9 added 72 Emoji ● Emoji Stats as of 11/2016 ○ 1394 Emoji ○ 435 Modified Emoji ○ 22 Sequences ○ 1851 Total Unicode and Emoji ● Unicode 10 Emoji candidates list ○ 8 Emoji candidates for consideration so far ○ http://unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-candidates.ht ml ● Emoji Unicode Technical Report 51 http://unicode.org/reports/tr51/ ● Emoji Chart http://unicode.org/emoji/charts/full-emoji-list.html How are people using Emoji? ● An Emoji is worth a thousand words! ● Emoji enables users to represent interests - cultural, entertainment, How are people regional, national, events, sports, diversity using Emoji? ● Emoji enables users express reactions - pleased, happy, sad, angry ● Emoji enables diverse people to connect across languages and cultures People and organizations are using emoji everywhere - on search, social media, messaging platforms, email ● News - local, national, global, disasters How are people using Emoji? ● Current events - public and personal News and Current Events Election campaigns and voting Restaurant reviews and menus Advertising Marketing and Branding Financial How are platforms leveraging Emoji? Search: Google Google with Emoji! ○ E.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Emoji]: Understanding the Effects of a New Language of Self-Expression
    V5.05 I Heart [Emoji]: Understanding the Effects of a New Language of Self-expression Diana Duque I Heart [Emoji]: Understanding the Effects of a New Language of Self-expression by Diana Duque In Plato’s dialogue The Phaedrus, the protagonist, Socrates, shares with his in- terlocutor Phaedrus a disdain for the use of letters—predicting begrudgingly that the discovery of the alphabet “will create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves.”1 Could it be that the discovery of, and pervasive use of emoji will also create forgetfulness in the learners of our time? Or could it be that we are at risk of forgetting our native, written tongue altogether, as Karl Marx suggests is the case with newly acquired language? In like manner, a beginner who has learnt a new language always translates it back into his mother tongue, but he has assimilated the spirit of the new language and can freely express himself in it only when he finds his way in it without recalling the old and forgets his native tongue in the use of the new.2 54 Plot(s) It is unlikely that we will abandon modern linguistic and structural forms of writ- ten language altogether, but current trends in communication technology, in- cluding the ubiquity of smartphones, have drastically altered our traditional forms of writing and cultivated a novel and ephemeral form of graphic dialect: emoji. As the language of computers and the interface of smartphone technology has de- veloped, expressive-yet-rudimentary emoticons—a series of printable characters such as :-) —have lost their appeal as they have been superseded by their digital cousin, the emoji.3 As exemplars of the new normal in digital communication, emoji represent a class of covetable widgets we took for granted until realizing modern-day text-based communication lacked something without it.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Emojis
    The History of the Emojis Ancestors - Smiley - Emoticon - Kaomoji - Emoji CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 1 Emojis Sent Daily on Facebook (2017) Image: Facebook CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 2 Ancestors of the Emoticons • Already centuries ago, typesetters tried to represent faces with punctuation marks or letters. • The experiment of the American magazine "Puck“ in 1881 is famous. > see next slide CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 3 “Puck” 1881 CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 4 1963: The Smiley is invented • The Smiley was invented in 1963 by the graphic artist Harvey Ross Ball in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. • At that time, he was asked to draw a graphic to improve the mood of the employees of an insurance company. • Harvey Ball completed the design in less than 10 minutes and earned $45 for his work. CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 5 The Second Most Famous Smile • The original Smiley has two differently sized oval eyes. • The mouth is not a perfect geometric bow. • The most famous smile in the world, that of Mona Lisa, has often been compared to the smiley. CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 6 The Most Famous Smile in the World Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 7 No Copyright for the Smiley … • Harvey Ball didn't realize what he had created. He forgot to copyright his work. • Others made hundreds of millions of dollars with the Smiley on clothes, hats, toys, etc. shortly after. > see next slide CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 8 Items of the “Smiley Company” (2019) CC by sa nc, icon-stories.ch 9 1982: Scott Fahlman invents emoticons • emotion + icon = emoticon • At that time, the Internet did not yet exist in its modern form.
    [Show full text]
  • Veggie Friends Viewpoints for Socially Minded Sticker Designers VEGGIE FRIENDS VEGGIE
    Pia–Maria Sissala Viewpoints for Socially Minded Designers Sticker Veggie Friends Viewpoints for Socially Minded Sticker Designers VEGGIE FRIENDS What are chat stickers and how to design them? Can chat stickers be used to influence food and lifestyle choices? How to rise awareness without being preachy? Pia–Maria Sissala Master’s Thesis Aalto University – School of Arts, Design & Architecture Department of Media Graphic Design 2 BY E H ! ELLO O ! N 3 BY E H ! ELLO O ! N 4 5 Veggie Friends Viewpoints for Socially Minded Sticker Designers Pia–Maria Sissala Master's Thesis Aalto University – School of Arts, Design & Architecture Department of Media Graphic Design, Visual Communication Design Contents 1. INTRODUCTION Part 1 Contemporary Digital Communication 2. CONTEMPORARY COMMUNICATION 3. A CHARACTER IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS 4. STICKERS Part 2 21st Century Social Communication 5. SOCIAL COMMUNICATION 6. INCIDENTAL EFFECTS Part 3 Designing Stickers –Case Veggie Friends 7. STARTING POINTS FOR DESIGN WORK 8. FOOD & CULTURE 9. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 10. HOW TO DESIGN STICKER CHARACTERS 11. FINAL PRODUCT 12. CONCLUSIONS & THOUGHTS REFERENCES 9 1. Introduction This Master's Thesis looks into the phenomenon of chat stickers in Instant Messaging environments as a form of visual communication. The thesis consists of a written part and an artistic production. The study combines together broad themes: food, communication and influencing people's behaviors. I approach the subject through literature review, analysing existing stickers, and through my own artistic work, the design process of the sticker brand, Veggie Friends. In the written part I open up the landscape of contemporary Computer-Mediated-Communication (CMC).
    [Show full text]
  • Ilaria Moschini* the “Face with Tears of Joy” Emoji. a Socio-Semiotic And
    11 Ilaria Moschini* The “Face with Tears of Joy” Emoji. A Socio-Semiotic and Multimodal Insight into a Japan-America Mash-Up Abstract The blog site of the Oxford Dictionaries features a post dated November 16 2015, which announces that, “for the fi rst time ever”, their “Word of the Year” is not a word, but a pictograph: the “Face with Tears of Joy” emoji. The term emoji, which is a loanword from Japanese, identifi es “a small digital image or icon used to express an idea or emotion in electronic communication” (OED 2015). The sign was chosen since it is the item that “best refl ected the ethos, mood, and preoccupations of 2015”. Indeed, the Oxford Dictionaries’ President, Caspar Grathwohl declared that emojis are “an increasingly rich form of communication that transcends linguistic borders” and refl ects the “playfulness and intimacy” of global digital culture. Adopting a socio-semiotic multimodal approach, the present paper aims at decoding the many semantic and semiotic layers of the 2015 “Word of the Year”, with a special focus on the context of cultures out of which it originates. More in detail, the author will focus on the concept of translation as “transduction”, that is the movement of meaning across sign systems (Kress 1997), in order to map the history of this ‘pictographic word’ from language to language, from culture to culture, from niche discursive communities to the global scenario. Indeed, the author maintains that this ‘pictographic word’ is to be seen as a marker of the mashing up of Japanese and American cultures in the discursive practices of geek communities, now gone mainstream thanks to the spreading of digital discourse.
    [Show full text]
  • Informasietegnologie Do You Emoji?
    POST LIST INFORMASIETEGNOLOGIE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DO YOU EMOJI? Early last week media company, Sony, announced that they will be releasing a movie about emojis in August 2017. We know that Hollywood will make a movie out of anything, but emojis? Are these little symbols such a large part of our daily life and online culture that they justify a full-blown movie? Not too long ago, when online chatting and SMS's caught on, people expressed their emotions with basic symbols made up of punctuation marks, for example :) :( or :P. These were called emoticons and according to the Mental Floss they first appeared in a magazine in 1881. Emojis, on the other hand, were created around 1998 by Shigetaka Kurita, a Japanese economics student who worked for a cellphone operator. The word "emoji" comes from Japan and doesn't have a connection with the "emotions". The "e" translates to “image” and “moji” to “character”. However, these symbols didn't look the same on all platforms and devices they were used. In 2007 Google adopted emojis and because they had the same code points, they always displayed the same, whichever device or platform you used. From 2010 onwards, some emoji character sets have been incorporated into Unicode, a standard system for indexing characters, which has allowed them to be used outside Japan and to be standardized across different operating systems. A company called Unicode Consortium is now responsible for regulating emojis and approving new ones. The Oxford Dictionary named ? (Face With Tears of Joy) its 2015 Word of the year. It also noted that 2015 has seen a sizable increase in the use of the word "emoji" and recognized its impact on popular culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Emojis Creating a New Or Old Visual Language for New Generations? a Socio-Semiotic Study
    Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol. 7 No. 6; December 2016 Flourishing Creativity & Literacy Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Are Emojis Creating a New or Old Visual Language for New Generations? A Socio-semiotic Study Hamza Alshenqeeti School of Arts and Humanities, Taibah University, PO Box: 344, Madinah, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.56 Received: 16/08/2016 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.56 Accepted: 05/10/2016 Abstract The increasing use of emojis, digital images that can represent a word or feeling in a text or email, and the fact that they can be strung together to create a sentence with real and full meaning raises the question of whether they are creating a new language amongst technologically savvy youth, or devaluing existing language. There is however a further depth to emoji usage as language, suggesting that they are in fact returning language to an earlier stage of human communication. Parallels between emojis and hieroglyphs and cuneiform can be seen which indicates the universality of visual communication forms, rather than written alphabetised language. There are also indications that emojis may be cultural or gender-specific with indications that women use more emojis than men to express their feelings and that age is less of an indicator of usage than technological awareness and capability. It appears that emojis are filling the need for adding non-verbal cues in in digital communication about the intent and emotion behind a message.
    [Show full text]
  • “Unknown Symbols”: Online Legal Research in the Age of Emoji
    “Unknown Symbols”: Online Legal Research in the Age of Emoji Jennifer L. Behrens* Abstract: Over the last decade, emoji and emoticons have made the leap from text messaging and social media to legal filings, court opinions, and law review articles. However, emoji and emoticons’ growth in popularity has tested the capability of online legal research systems to properly display and retrieve them in search results, posing challenges for future researchers of primary and secondary sources. This article examines current display practices on several of the most popular online legal research services (including Westlaw Edge, Lexis Advance, Bloomberg Law, Fastcase, HeinOnline, and Gale OneFile LegalTrac), and suggests effective workarounds for researchers. Keywords: emoji; emoticons; kaomoji; online legal research; technology; Unicode I. Introduction In April 2018, an entry in the Kansas Bar Association journal’s regular “Substance and Style” legal writing column was entitled, simply, “.”1 Three “thinking face” emoji icons adorned the issue’s table of contents and the top of the article, whose author examined the proliferation of emoji in legal evidence and the associated problems with varying online displays and reader interpretations. The entirely-graphical article title included an explanatory footnote: “In text, this essay might be called ‘Thinking About Emojis.’”2 * Associate Director for Administration & Scholarship, J. Michael Goodson Law Library, Duke University School of Law ([email protected]). The author wishes to thank Sean Chen and Hiroki Nishiyama for their review of an early draft and helpful comments. 1 Joyce R. Rosenberg, [Thinking About Emojis], J. KAN. B. ASS’N (Apr. 2018), at 37. 2 Id.
    [Show full text]