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Pteronura Brasiliensis) Y Su Interacción Con La Actividad Pesquera En La Estrella Fluvial De Inírida Guainía-Colombia

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Pteronura Brasiliensis) Y Su Interacción Con La Actividad Pesquera En La Estrella Fluvial De Inírida Guainía-Colombia Aspectos de Ecología Trófica de la Nutria Gigante (Pteronura brasiliensis) y su Interacción con la Actividad Pesquera en la Estrella Fluvial de Inírida Guainía-Colombia Adriana Lorena Mariaca Villavicencio Trabajo de grado para optar por el Titulo de Magister en Conservación y Uso de Biodiversidad Director: Juan Ricardo Gomez Pontificia Universidad Javeriana - Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales Co-Directora: Lida Marcela Franco Pérez Universidad de Ibagué Bogotá – Colombia 2018 “Anteriormente, cuando los peces eran seres humanos, una guabina se comió a un hijo de un perro de agua, un pichón, entonces desde ese entonces es que el perro de agua persigue mucho a la guabina” Camilo Acosta, capitán comunidad Santa Rosa Agradecimientos A la Maestría, por ampliar mi percepción acerca de lo que implica conservar una especie y la importancia de las ciencias sociales y económicas para este fin A mi tutor, Juan Ricardo Gomez, quien se encargo de subirme el animo y darme seguridad acerca del trabajo que realice. A mi tutora, Marcela Franco, quien de entrada se mostró siempre dad a ayudarme en lo que pueda, guiándome y aconsejándome. Muchas gracias! A la Unidad de Ictiología de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, y muy especialmente a Saul Prada. Siempre me apoyaron en mi plan de armar la colección de esqueletos de peces de la unidad. A la Fundacion OMACHA y WWF que me permitieron compartir y aprender en el viaje por las comunidades de la Estrella Fluvial de Inírida. Muchisimas gracias! Fue una experiencia inolvidable. A mis compañeros de la maestría, muy especialmente a Maria Teresa Gomez que me acompaño paso a paso. Aspectos de Ecología Trófica de la Nutria Gigante (Pteronura brasiliensis) y su Interacción con la Actividad Pesquera en la Estrella Fluvial de Inírida Guainía-Colombia Contenido Agradecimientos ................................................................................................................................. 3 Lista de Figuras ................................................................................................................................... 6 Lista de Tablas..................................................................................................................................... 8 RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................... 9 PALABRAS CLAVE .................................................................................................................................. 10 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 11 KEY WORDS ......................................................................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................................... 12 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Objetivo General .......................................................................................................................... 18 Objetivos Específicos .................................................................................................................... 18 JUSTIFICACIÓN ...................................................................................................................................... 18 ANTECEDENTES – MARCO HISTÓRICO SOBRE LA NUTRIA GIGANTE EN GUAINÍA ............................................. 20 MARCO TEÓRICO .................................................................................................................................. 25 Biología de la conservación .......................................................................................................... 25 Humanos-Vida Silvestre: Conflicto o Coexistencia ...................................................................... 26 Competencia ................................................................................................................................. 28 Interacciones biológicas y operacionales .................................................................................... 29 Ecología trófica: Generalidades ................................................................................................... 29 Ecología Isotópica ......................................................................................................................... 30 CONTEXTO ESPACIAL – ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................................. 32 MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................................................ 35 Objetivo Especifico 1. Percepciones y Uso del Recurso Pesquero por parte de los Pescadores Indígenas de la EFI ........................................................................................................................ 35 Entrevistas Con Pescadores: Conociendo Percepciones ......................................................... 35 Taller: Catálogos De Peces e Identificación Fotográfica de Morfotipos ................................. 37 Monitores de Pesca World Wildlife Fund (WWF) .................................................................... 37 Objetivo Especifico 2. Ecología Trófica de la Nutria Gigante ...................................................... 37 Análisis de la Dieta de Nutria Gigante ..................................................................................... 37 Análisis Isotópicos Para Determinación De Posición Trófica .................................................. 40 Objetivo Especifico 3. Interacciones Tróficas entre Pescadores y Nutria Gigante ..................... 42 Modelo Teórico de Red Trófica ................................................................................................ 42 RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Objetivo Especifico 1. Percepciones y Uso del Recurso Pesquero por parte de los Pescadores Indígenas de la EFI ........................................................................................................................ 44 Entrevistas ................................................................................................................................ 44 Identificación fotográfica de peces – Taller: Dinámica con láminas de peces de la EFI ......... 51 Monitores de pesca (programa WWF)– Datos libros de pesca Abril-Mayo 2016. ................. 54 Objetivo Especifico 2. Ecología Trófica de la Nutria Gigante ...................................................... 56 Identificación de dieta de nutria gigante por medio de muestreo en letrinas comunales .... 56 Posición Trófica Pteronura brasiliensis .................................................................................... 57 Objetivo Especifico 3. Interacciones Tróficas entre Pescadores y Nutria Gigante ..................... 59 Uso de recurso pesquero en común entre nutria gigante y pescadores ................................ 59 Modelo Teórico de la Red Trófica en la EFI – Ejemplo Laguna Negra ..................................... 60 DISCUSIONES ........................................................................................................................................ 68 Percepciones y Uso del Recurso Pesquero por parte de los Pescadores Indígenas de la EFI 68 Ecología Trófica de la Nutria Gigante ....................................................................................... 73 Interacciones tróficas entre pescadores y nutria gigante ....................................................... 75 CONCLUSIONES ..................................................................................................................................... 77 RECOMENDACIONES .............................................................................................................................. 80 TRABAJOS CITADOS ................................................................................................................................ 82 Anexo 1 Láminas para identificación de peces ................................................................................. 89 Anexo 2 Lista de especies de peces de la Estrella Fluvial de Inírida ............................................... 109 Anexo 3 Número de individuos colectados durante el monitoreo de pesca en los meses abril mayo 2016 ................................................................................................................................................. 120 Anexo 4 Tabla de nodos y enlaces obtenidas de la bibliografía y de los cuadernos de monitores de pesca de la WWF ............................................................................................................................. 122 Lista de Figuras Figura 1 Tipos de interacciones entre diferentes especies. Las interacciones pueden ser directas donde la especie A afecta a la especie B y esta a su vez afecta a la especie C. Por otro lado, también pueden ser indirectas, donde la especie A no tiene interacción directa con la especie C, pero esta última puede afectar a la primera por la influencia que tiene en la especie B.
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