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Library of Congress Catll!oging·in-Publkation Data The Jew in the modem world; a documentary history I compiled and edited by Paul Mendes-Flohr, [ehuda Reinhar2.. - 2nd ed. p. em. Includes bibliognphical references and index. J ISBN o-l~507452-1. _ ISBN O-t9-507453-X (pbk.) 1. J_s-History-17Ih century-Source;. 2. Iewe-Htsrcry-tatb century-Sources. 3. Jews-Hislory-178~1945-Sources. 4. Judaism-Hi.dory-Modem period, 1750- -Sources. I. Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. II. Reinharz, jehuda. 05102.]43 1995 909' .04924--dc20 94--9181

135798642 Printed in the United States of Amf'rica on acid-free paper \ ~ 1,1 :'j ZIONISM 533 NarES

THE SILO 1. The Bilu was a group of young Russian Jews moved to Odessa. The first Biluim arrived in Pal­ 1. Manifesto (1882)1 who pioneered the Zionist program of resettle­ estine in mid-I882. After working in a number of ment of the Jewish people in the land of Israel as a Jewish villages for several years, they founded the solution to the Jewish question. The group de­ settlement of Gederah. The manifesto published rived its name from the Hebrew initials of Beit here was issued by members of the Bilu in Con­ To Our Brethren and Sisters in the Exile, ished in the splendour of civilization, while Yaakov lekhu vPn~lkhQ (Isa. 2:5). A reaction to the stantinople in 1882 en route to Palestine. Peace be with You! these enemies of thine dwelt like beasts in 1881 pogroms in southern Russia, the Bilu was 2. Hillel was a first century B.C.E. rabbinic au­ "If I help not myself, who will help me?" the muddy marshes of their dark woods. founded at the beginning of 1882 with Kharkov as thority. (HilleL)2 While thy children were clad in purple and its headquarters; later the headquarters was 3. The Western or Wailing WaU. Nearly two thousand years have elapsed linen, they wore the rough skins of the wolf since, in an evil hour, after an heroic and the bear. Art thou not ashamed 10 sub­ struggle, the glory of our Temple vanished mit to them? in fire and our Kings and chieftains changed Hopeless is your state in the West; the star their crowns and diadems for the chains of of your future is gleaming in the East. Deep­ THEODOR HERZL exile. We lost our country, where dwelt OUT ly conscious of all this, and inspired by the 2. A Solution of the Jewish Question (1896)1 beloved sires. Into the Exile we took with us, true teaching of our great master Hillel: "If I . of all our glories only a spark of the fire, by help not myself, who will help me?" we pro­ which our Temple, the abode of our Great pose to build the following society for na­ I have been asked to lay my scheme in a few and belief that the Jewish people will one One, was engirdled. and this little spark tional ends: (1) The Society will be named words before the readers of the Jewish Chron­ day be fired by a splendid enthusiasm. For kepi us alive while the towers of our ene­ Bilu. according to the motto: "House of Jac­ icle. 2 This I will endeavour to do, although in the present, however, I would appeal in mies crumbled to dust, and this spark leapt ob, come, let us go!" It will be divided into this brief and rapid account, I run the risk of calm words to the common sense of men of into celestial flame and shed light upon the local branches according to the number of being misunderstood. My first and incom­ practical judgment and of modem culture. A faces of the heroes of our race and inspired members. (2) The seat of the Committee plete exposition will probably be scoffed at by subsequent task will be to seek out the less them to endure the horrors of the Dance of shall be Jerusalem. (3) Donations and contri­ Jews. The bad and foolish way we ridicule favoured, to teach and to inspire them. This Death and the tortures of the autos-da-fe. butions shall be unfixed and unlimited. one another is a survival of slavish habits latter task I cannot undertake alone. I shall And this spark is now again kindling and What we want: (1) A Home in our country. contracted by us during centuries of oppres­ take my part in it, in the ranks of those will shine for us, a true pillar of fire going It was given to us by the mercy of God, it is sion. A free man sees nothing to laugh at in friends and fellow workers whom I am en­ before us on the road to Zion, while 'behind ours as registered in the archives of history. himself, and allows no one to laugh at him. deavouring to arouse and unite for a com­ us is a pillar of cloud, the pillar of oppression (2) To 'beg it of the Sultan himself, and if it be I therefore address my first words to those mon cause.l do not say "my adherents," for threatening to destroy us. Sleepest thou, a impossible to obtain this, to 'beg that at least Jews who are strong and free of spirit. They that would be making the movement a per­ our nation? What hast thou been doing till we may be allowed to possess it as a state shall form my earliest audience, and they sonal one, and consequently absurd and 1882? Sleeping and dreaming the false within a larger state; the internal administra­ will one day, I hope become my friends. I am contemptible from the outset. No, it is a na­ dream of Assimilation. Now, thank God, tion to be ours, to have our civil and political introducing no new idea; on the contrary, it tional movement, and it will be a glorious thou art awakened from thy slothful slum­ rights, and to act with the Turkish Empire is a very old one. It is a universal idea-and one, ifkept unsullied by the taint of personal ber. The pogroms have awakened thee from only in foreign affairs, so as to help our therein lies its power-oLd as the people, desires, though these desires took no other thy charmed sleep. Thine eyes are open to brother Ishmael in his time of need. which never, even in the time of bitterest form than political ambition. We who are recognize the cloudy structure of delusive We hope that the interests of our glorious calamity, ceased to cherish it. This is the res­ the first to inaugurate this movement, will hopes. Canst thou listen silently to the nation will rouse the national spirit in rich toration of the Jewish State. scarcely live to see its glorious close; but the flaunts and the mockery of thine enemies? and powerful men, and that everyone, rich It is remarkable that we Jews should have inauguration of it is enough to bring a noble Wilt thou yield before. .? Where is thine or poor, will give his best labours to the holy dreamt this kingly dream all through the kind of happiness intu our lives. We shaU ancient pride, thine olden spirit? Remember cause. long night of our history. Now day is dawn­ plant for our children in the same way as our that thou wast a nation possessing a wise Greetings, dear brethren and sisters. ing. We need only rub the sleep out of our fathers preserved the tradition for us. Our religion, a law, a constitution, a ceJestial Hear, a Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord lives represent but a moment in the perma­ Temple, whose wallc is still a silent witness is one, and our Land, Zion is our one hope. eyes, stretch our limbs, and convert the nent duration of our people. This moment to the glories of the Past, that thy sons dwelt God be with us! dream Into a reality. Though neither prophet has its duties. in Palaces and towers, and thy cities flour- nor visionary, I confess I cherish the hope

Source: Nahum Sokolow, History of Zionism (London: Longmans, Green &: Co., 1919), vol. 2, pp. 332-33. Source: TheJewish Chronicle, January 17, 18%, pp. 12-13.

532

=------~."'J'1,'~..;. 4 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 535 fwo phenomena arrest our attention by "anatocism."3 In the Ghetto we had become portion of the globe large enough to satisfy day. For we shall march into the Promised rson of the consequences with which they somewhat unaccustomed to bodily labour the requirements of the nation-the rest we Land carrying the badge of labour.... ! fraught. One, the high culture, the other, and we produced in the main but a large shall manage for ourselves. Of course, I fully Let all who will join us fall in behind our ~ profound barbarism of our day. I have number of mediocre intellects. Hence, our expect that each word of this sentence, and flag [and] fight for our cause with voice and entionally put this statement in the form emancipation set us suddenly within the cir­ each letter of each word, will be tom to tat­ pen and deed. I count on all our ambitious a paradox. By high culture. I mean the de of the middle classes, where we have to ters by scoffers and doubters. I advise them young men, who are now debarred from rrvellous development of all mechanical sustain a double pressure, from within and to do the thing cautiously, if they are them­ making progress elsewhere. nrrivances for making the forces of nature from without. The Christian bourgeoisie selves sensitive to ridicule. The creation of a Thus we also need a "gestor" [manager] to -ve man's purposes. By profound barbar­ would not be unwilling to cast us as a sacri­ new state has in it nothing ridiculous or im­ direct this Jewish political cause. The Jewish n, 1 mean antisemitism. fice to Socialism, though that would natu­ possible. We have, in our day, witnessed the people are as yet prevented by the Diaspora The Jewish Question still exists. It would rally not improve matters much. But the Jew­ process in connection with nations which from undertaking the management of their foolish to deny it. It exists wherever Jews ish Question is no more a social than a were not in the bulk of the middle class, but business for themselves. At the same time e in perceptible numbers. Where it does religious one, notwithstanding that it some­ poor, less educated, and therefore weaker they are in a condition of more or less severe t yet exist, it will be brought by Jews in the times takes on these and other forms. It is a than ourselves. The governments of all distress in many parts of the world. They .rrse of their migrations. We naturally national question which can only be solved countries, scourged by antisemitism, will need a "gestor." A first essential will there­ eve to those places where we are not per­ by making it a political world-question to be serve their own interests, in assisting us to fore be the creation of such. -uted, and there our presence soon pro­ discussed and controlled by the nations of obtain the sovereignty we want. These gov­ This "gestor" cannot, of course. be a sin­ ces persecution. This is true in every the civilised world in council. ernments will be all the more willing to meet gle individual, for an individual who would untry, and will remain true even in those We are one people-One People. We have us half-way, seeing that the movement I sug­ undertake this giant work alone, would est highly civilised-France itself is no honestly striven everywhere to merge our­ gest is not Likelyto bring about any economic probably be either a madman or an impos­ :eption-till the Jewish Question finds a selves in the social life of surrounding com­ crisis. Such crises, as must follow every­ tor. It is therefore indispensable to the integ­ lution on a political basis. I believe that I munities, and to preserve only the faith of where as a natural consequence of Jew­ rity of the idea and the vigour of its execu­ derstand antisemitism, which is in reality our fathers. It has not been permitted to us. baiting, will rather be prevented by the car­ tion tha t the work should be impersonal. highly complex movement. I consider it In vain are we loyal patriots, in some places rying out of my plan. For I propose an inner The "gestor" of the Jews must be a union of un a Jewish standpoint. yet without fear or our loyalty running to extremes; in vain do migration of Christians into the parts slowly several persons for the purpose, a body cor­ tred. I believe that I can see what elements we make the same sacrifices of We and prop­ and systematically evacuated by Jews. If we porate. This body corporate or corporation, I ere are in it of vulgar sport, of common erty as our fellow-citizens; in vain do we are not merely suffered to do what I ask, but suggest, shall be formed in the first instance .de, of jealousy, of inherited prejudice, of strive to increase the fame of our native land are actually helped, we shall be able to effect from among those energetic English Jews to igtous intolerance. and also of legitimate in science and art, or her wealth by trade a transfer of property from Jews to Chris­ whom I imparted my scheme in London. Let f-defence. and commerce. In countries where we have tians in a manner so peaceable and on so that body be called "the Society of Jews," Only an ignorant man would mistake lived for centuries we are still cried down as extensive a scale as has never been known in and be entirely distinct from the Jewish odem antisemitism for an exact repetition strangers; and often by those whose ances­ the annals of his tory. Company" previously referred to. The Soci­ the Jew-baiting of the past. The two may tors were not yet domiciled in the land Everything must be carried out with due ety of Jews is the point of departure for the ve a few points of resemblance, but the where Jews had already made experience of consideration for acquired rights and with whole Jewish movement about to begin. It lin current of the movement has now suffering. Yet, in spite of all, we are Joyal absolute conformity to law, without compul­ will have work to do in the domains of sci­ anged. In the principal countries where subjects, loyal as the Huguenots, who were sion, openly and by light of day, under the ence and politics, for the founding of the tisemitism prevails, it does so as a result forced to emigrate. If we could only be left in supervision of authority and the control of Jewish state, as I conceive it, presupposes the emancipation of the Jews. When civil­ peace" .. public opinion. the application of scientific methods. We -d nations awoke to the inhumanity of ex­ We are one people-s-our enemies have Our clergy, on whom I most especially cannot journey out of Mizraim [Egypt] to­ rsive legislation, and enfranchised us­ made us one in our despite, as repeatedly call, will devote their energies to the service day, in the primitive fashion of ancient tr enfranchisement came too late. For we happens in history. Distress binds us togeth­ of this idea. They must, however, clearly un­ times. We must previously obtain an accu­ d. curiously enough, developed while in er, and thus united, we suddenly discover derstand from the outset, that we do not rate account of our number and strength. e Ghetto into bourgeois people, and we our strength. Yes, we are strong enough to mean to found a theocracy, but a tolerant My pamphlet (The Jewish State] will open a epped out of it only to enter into fierce form a state, and a model state. We possess modem civil state. We shall, however, re­ general discussion on the Jewish question. mpetttion with the middle classes. Histori­ all human and material resources necessary build the Temple in glorious remembrance of Friends and enemies will take part in it, but I circumstances made us take to finance, for the purpose. . The whole matter is in the faith of our fathers. We shall unroll the it will no longer, I hope, take the form either r which, as every educated man knows, its essence perfectly simple, as it must neces­ new banner of Judaism-a banner bearing of violent abuse or of sentimental vindica­ e had, as a nation, no original bent. One of sarily be, if it is to come within the compre­ seven stars on a while field. The white field tion, but of a debate, practical, large, earnest e most important of these circumstances hension of all. symbolizes our pure new life, the seven and political. The Society ofJews will gather 1S the relation of the Catholic Church to Let the sovereignty be granted us over a stars, the seven golden hours of a working- all available information from statesmen, 6 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 53 537

parliaments, Jewish communities and soci­ our would be the great symbol of the solu­ immediately drive all Jews, rich and poor lives will come a new significance. Let each eties, from speeches, letters and meetings, tion of the Jewish Question after nearly alike, into the ranks of the revolutionary par­ of them but think of himself, and what vast from newspapers and books. It will thus nineteen centuries of Jewish suffering.... ty. Even under present conditions the first proportions the movement must assume! find out for the first lime whether Jews really I know full well that in bringing forward a official violation of Jewish liberties invariably And what glory awaits those who fight un­ wish to go 10 the Promised Land, and very old idea in a new form, I am laying brings about an economic crisis. The weap­ selfishly for the cause! A wondrous genera­ whether they ought to go there. Every Jew­ myself open to derision and to every kind of ons used against us cut the hands that wield tion of Jews will spring into existence. The ish community in the world will send contri­ attack. Gentler spirits will call my idea Uto­ them. Meantime, hatred grows apace. Maccabeans will rise again. butions to the Society towards a comprehen­ pian. But what is the difference between a Again, it will be said that our enterprise is And so it will be: It is the poor and the sive collection of Jewish statistics. Further Utopian scheme and a possible one? A Uto­ hopeless, because, even if we obtain the simple who do not know what power man tasks, such as investigation by experts of the pian scheme may be a piece of cleverly com­ land with the supremacy over it, the poorest already exercises over the forces of nature, it new country and its natural resources, plan­ bined mechanism, lacking only the requisite Jews only will go there. But it is precisely the is just these who will have firmest faith in ning of joint migration and settlement, pre­ force to Set it in motion; a possible scheme poorest whom we need at first. Only desper­ the new message. For these have never lost liminary work for legislation and administra­ on the other hand rests on a known and ados make good conquerors. The rich and the hope of the Promised Land. tion, etc., must be judiciously evolved out of existent propelling force. well-to-do will follow later, when they will This is my message, fellow Jews! Neither the original scheme. In short, the Society of The force we need is created in us by anti­ find the new country as pleasant as the old, fable nor fraud! Every man may test its truth Jews will be the nucleus of our public organi­ semitism. Some people will say that what I or even pleasanter. for himself, for every man will carry with zations. am doing is to kindle antisemitism afresh. But we can do nothing without the enthu­ him a portion of the Promised Land-one in Shall we choose [the] Argentine [Republic} This is not true, for antisemitism would con­ siasm of our own nation. The idea must his head, another in his arms, another in his or Palestine? We will take what is given us tinue to increase irrespective of my project, make its way into the most distant miserable acquired possessions. We shall live at last, as and what is selected by Jewish public opin­ so long as the causes of its growth are not holes where our people dwell. They will free men, on our own soil, and die peace­ ion. Argentina is one of the most fertile removed. Others will tremble for their goods awaken from gloomy brooding, for into their fully in our own home. countries in the world, extends over a vast and chattels, and professional business in­ area, and has a sparse population. The Ar­ terests. gentine Republic would derive considerable What form of constitution shall we have? I NOTES profit from the cession of a portion of its incline to an aristocratic republic, although I territory to us. The present infiltration of am an ardent monarchist in my own coun­ 1. Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), father of political obtained for Herzl an invitation to a banquet of Jews has certainly produced some friction, try. Our history has been too long inter­ Zionism and founder of the WorldZionist Organi­ the Maccabeeans Club, at which Herzl expounded and it would be necessary to enlighten the rupted for us to attempt direct continuity of zation. While serving as the Paris correspondent his ideas and where he established important con­ Republic on the intrinsic difference of our the ancient constitutional forms without ex­ for the Neue Freie Presse of Vienna, from 1890 tu tacts. Herzl met Asher Myers of The Jewish Chroni­ new movement. posing ourselves to the charge of absurdity. 1895, Herzl-an assimilated Jew of minimal Jew­ cle at the club. Myers asked Herzl for an article, Palestine is our ever-memorable historic What language shall we speak? Every man ish commil:ment-was aroused by the growing with the result that The [cunsh: Chronicle preceded horne. The very name of Palestine would at­ can preserve the language in which his antisemitism in the birthplace of liberalism and The Jewish State by four weeks in its publication of tract our people with a force of extraordinary thoughts are at home. Switzerland offers us Jewish emancipation. The Dreyfus Case-the trial Herzl's views. potency. Supposing His Majesty the Sultan an example of the possibility of a federation and the public demand for "Death to the Jew"­ 3. The principle of charging compound inter­ were to give us Palestine, we could in return of tongues. We shall remain there in the new prompted Herzl to draw the conclusion that the est. only feasible solution to the Jewish problem was a pledge ourselves to regulate the whole fi­ country what we now are here, and shall 4. This paragraph appears to have been taken mass exodus of the Jews from the countries of verbatim from The Jewish Stale. never cease to cherish the memory of the nances of Turkey. There we should also form their torment and a resettlement in a land of their 5. According to Herzl's plan, the jewish Com­ a portion of the rampart of Europe against native land out of which we have been driv­ own. He devoted the remainder of his life to the pany was to be entrusted with the execution ofthe Asia, an outpost of civilisation as opposed to en. realization of this idea. This article, published in transfer of the Jews to their own state. The society barbarism .... We should remain a neutral state People will say that I am furnishing our the influential London Jewish weekly The Jewish that Herzl proposed was later to be called the in intimate connection with the whole of Eu­ enemies with weapons. This is also untrue, Chronicle, adumbrates the main points of his Der World Zionist Organization. rope, which would guarantee our continued for my proposal can only be carried out with [udensuun: Vm;uch einer modemen loeeung der 6. This passage, which also appears in The Jew­ existence. The sanctuaries of Christendom the free consent of a majority of Jews. Indi­ juedlschm Frage {TheJewish State: An Attempt at a ish State, is frequently cited as proof of the coloni­ would be safeguarded by assigning to them viduals, or even powerful bodies of Jews, Modem Solution of the Jewish Question] (Vienna: al, imperialist intentions of Zionism. However, an extra-territorial status, such as is well might be attacked, but governments will M. Breitenstein, 1896), in which he introduced his this statement by Hen! must be viewed in light of plan to the world. known to the law of nations. We should take no action against the collective nation. his vision of the Zionist homeland as an ally of 2. Herzl arrived in London on November 21, colonized people in their struggle for liberation The equal rights of Jews before the law can­ form a guard of honour about these sanctu­ 1895. Through Max Nordau (see document 8) he and restored dignity. See, for example, the pas­ aries, answering for the fulfillment of this not be withdrawn where they have once met Israel Zangwitl (see document 11) who intro­ sage in his novel Old-New Land-Herzl's romantic duty with our existence. This guard of hen- been conceded, for their withdrawal would duced him to some influential people and also vision of the New Society of a sovereign Jewry­

'-.,.~ 538 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 539 in which Professor Sfeineck. head of the Scientific "NoI only the whites!" replied Steineck theirs. Hence, we are permitted to urge the speak for all of Jewry, but behind whom Institute of the New Society, relates to two foreign gravely. "The blacksas well. There is stillone complete implementation of equal rights stands not one single Jewish congregation. vtsttors, Dr. Loewenberg and Mr. Kingscourt. his. problem of racial misfortune unsolved. The and to perceive every curtailment of these We are convinced that no Rabbi or Director nopes for using the institute's knowledge "to open depths of that problem, in all its horror, only rights as an injury to our most righteous sen­ of a German congregation will appear at the up Africa." a Jew can fathom. I mean the Negro prob­ sibilities. congress. Thus will be demonstrated to the lem. Don't laugh Mr. Kingscourt. Think of What more can one say, if people are so entire world that German ]f:Wry has nothing "Yes, Mr. Kingscourt. . I hope to find the hair-raising horrors of the slave trade. naive as to believe that the West European in common with the intentions of the Zion­ the CUT"" for malaria. We have overcome it Human beings because their skins are black, here in Palestine. . But conditions are dif­ are stolen, carried off, and sold. Their de­ Jews will hand over their money to purchase ists. ferent in Africa. The same measures cannot scendants gmw up in alien surroundings de­ Palestine from the lurks and to create a jew­ Dr. S. Maybaum", Berlin; Dr. H. Vogel­ be taken there because the prerequisite-­ spised and hated because their skin is differ­ ish organization that will reverse the entire stein.s Stettin. mas"! immigration-is not present. The ently pigmented. I am nor ashamed to say, development of the Jewish nation. Eighteen white colonist goes under in Africa. That though I be thought ridiculous, now that J hundred years ago, history made its deci­ [B.] OWing to the convening of a Zionist country can be opened up to civilization only have lived to see the restoration of the Jews, I sion regarding Jewish nationhood through Congress and the publication of its Agenda, after malaria has been subdued. Only then should like to pave the way for the restora­ the dissolution of the Jewish State and the so many erroneous impressions have gone wiJl enormous areas become available for the tion of the Negroes." (Theodor Hem. Old­ destruction of the Temple. Recent Jewish forth respecting the teachings of Judaism surplus populations of Europe. And only New Land, trans Lotta Levensohn [New scholarship can count among its highest and its efforts, that the undersigned Execu­ then will the proleteria n masses find a York: Bloch Publishing Company and the achievements the fact that this conception tive Committee of the Union of Rabbis in healthy outlet. Understand?" Herzl Institute, 1960], pp. 169-70). Kingscourt laughed. "You want to cart off has gained the widest circulation among the Gennany deem it their duty to make the fol­ the whites to the black continent, you Jews of all civilized countries. lowing Declaration: wonder-worker!" The Zionists want to provide "an interna­ 1. The efforts of so-called Zionists to cre­ tionally guaranteed place to call home" for ate a Jewish National State in Palestine are those Jews "who cannot or do not want to antagonistic to the messianic promises of Ju­ assimilate in their present places of resi­ daism, as contained in Holy Writ and in later dence." But where are the Jews who do not religious sources. PRarESTRABBINER want to assimilate? The fact that right now 2. Judaism obliges Its followers to serve they are still unable to assimilate in many the country to which they belong with the 3. Protest Against Zionism (1897)1 countries makes it precisely OUl' duty 10 fight utmost devotion, and to further its interest in common with the most noble and best with their whole heart and all their strength. men of all confessions for the removal of dis­ 3. There is no antagonism, however, be­ [AI. We recently received from Vienna the Jewish nationhood and, on the other hand, criminatory laws. Let us protest in the most tween this duty and the noble efforts di­ new newspaper of the "Zionists," Die VW/t. 2 complain that the Austrian government re­ decisive manner against such a defamation rected towards the colonisation of Palestine It appeared on the eve of the holiday of the quired a baptismal certificate from the candi­ (implied in the claim that there are Jews who by Jewish agriculturists, as they have no re­ Feast of Weeks, which reminds us more than date for the position of secretary of do not wish to assimilate] as well as against lation whatsoever to the founding of a Na­ any other holiday that it was Israel's destiny Bukowina. If the Austrian Jews support the the insult that the Zionists level at us in that tional State. from the start to be a "Kingdom of Priests." efforts of the Zionists, then they should not they speak of a "Jewish distress" which they Religion and Patriotism alike impose upon This newspaper contains propaganda for a complain that they are treated by the gov­ want to eliminate. In this protest, we shall us the duty of begging all who have the wel­ Congress of Jewish Nationals, called for the ernment like foreigners and are barred from know ourselves to be in complete agreement fare of Judaism at heart, to hold aloof from twenty-fifth of August of this year [1897] in public office. with all the Jewish communities of the Ger­ the before-mentioned Zionist Movement, Munich. We, however, can say to our fellow coun­ man fatherland. and to abstain from attending the Congress, Die Welt is a calamity and must be resisted. trymen with complete conviction that we We ask the Zionists then, in whose name which in spite of all warnings is yet to be As long as the Zionists wrote in Hebrew comprise a separate community solely with and by what authority do they speak? Who held. they were not dangerous, but now that they respect to religion. Regarding nationality, we gave them a mandate to call for a congress in The Executive Committee: Dr. Maybaum. are writing in Gennan, they must be op­ feel totally at one with our fellow Germans Munich, when it would not even be suitable Berlin; Dr. Horovita.f Frankfurt; Dr. Gutt­ posed. It is not a question of refuting their and therefore strive towards the realization for Przemysl. Grodno, or Jaffa. We are pro­ mann," Breslau; Dr. Auerbach." Halberstadt; claims. For how can one speak with people of the spiritual and moral goals of our dear testing against the organizers who claim to Dr. Werner, Munich. who on the one hand are fanatics regarding fatherland with an enthusiasm equalling

Source: Allgemeine Zeilung des [udentums, June 11, 1897. Trans. by M. Gdber. Berliner Tageblatt (July 6, 1897), trans. in The Jewish Chronicle, July 9, 1897, p. 9­

"":"' ' .. ~'l!l! THE MIZRAHI MAX NORDAU 7. Manifesto (1902)1 8. Jewry of Muscle (Iune 1903)1

In the lands of the Diaspora the soul of OUr for respite: Zion and Jerusalem. We have al­ Two years ago, during a committee meeting to live again. Let us take up our oldest tradi­ people-our Holy Torah-can no longer be ways been united by that ancient hope, by at the Congress in Basle;" I said: "We must tions; let us once more become deep­ preserved in its full strength, nor can the the promise which lies at the very roots of think of creating once again a Jewry of chested, sturdy, sharp-eyed men. commandments, which comprise the entire our religion, namely, that only out of Zion muscles. " This desire of going back to a glorious past spiritual life of the people, be kept in their will the Lord bring redemption to the people Once again! For history is our witness that finds a strong expression in the name which Original purity, because the times are besieg­ of Israel. The emancipation which our Ger­ such a Jewry had once existed. the Jewish gymnastic club in Berlin has cho­ ing us with difficult demands. It is impossi­ man brethren so desired did much to divide For too long, aD too long have we been sen for itself.3 Bar Kokhba was a hero who ble for us to respond to those demands with­ us and keep us scattered in the countries of engaged in the mortification of our own refused to know defeat.v When in the end out ignoring the holy treasure entrusted to our dispersion. When the limbs are dis­ flesh. victory eluded him, he knew how to die. Bar us at Sinai, without God forbid, turning it persed, the body disintegrates, and when Or rather, to put it more precisely-others Kokhba was the last embodiment in world into a thing of little value in our eyes, as each there is no body, the spirit has no place to did the killing of our flesh for us. Their ex­ history of a bellicose, militant JeWT)'. To of us strays further and further away from dwell in this world. traordinary success is measured by hun­ evoke the name of Bar Kokhba is an unmis­ the other. Against his will each loses his Jew­ It has therefore been agreed by all those dreds of thousands of Jewish corpses in the takable sign of ambition. But ambition is well ish self in the [non-Jewish] majority, for only who love the spirit of their people and ghettos, in the Churchyards, along the high­ suited for gymnasts striving for perfection. in their midst can he fulfill aU those secular are faithful to their God's Torah, that the re­ ways of medieval Europe. We ourselves For no other people will gymnastics fulfill requirements which the times demand of awakening of the hope of the return to Zion would have gladly done without this "vir­ a more educational purpose than for us him. The people has found one remedy for will provide a solid foundation as well as tue" [i.e., the Christian virtue of corporal Jews. It shall straighten us in body and in this affliction-to direct their hearts to that lend a special quality to our people. It will mortification]. We would have preferred to character. It shall give us self-confidence, al­ one place which has always been the focus serve as a focus for the ingathering of our develop OUI bodies rather than to kill them though our enemies main tain that we al­ of our prayers, that place wherein the op­ spiritual forces and as a secure fortress for or to have them-figuratively and actually­ ready have too much self-confidence as it is. pressed of our people will find their longed- our Torah and its sanctity. killed by others. We know how to make ra­ But who knows better than we do that their tional use of our life and appreciate its value. imputations are wrong. We completely lack a If, unlike most other peoples, we do not con­ sober confidence in our physical prowess. NarE ceive of [physical] life as our highest posses­ Our new muscle-Jews [Muskeljuden} have sion, it is nevertheless very valuable to us 1. Mizrahi, the religious Zionist movement therefore founded in Vilna in 1902 the movement not yet regained the heroism of our fore­ and thus worthy of careful treatment. Dur­ based on the Basle Program and dedicated to the Mizrahi, an abbreviation of the words merkl1z fathers who in large numbers eagerly en­ establishment of the people of Israel in the land of ndumi (vspiritual center"), adopting the motto ing long centuries we have not been able to tered the sport arenas in order to take part in Israel in accordance with the precepts of the "The land of Israel for the people of israel accord­ give it such treatment. All the elements of competition and to pit themselves against Torah. When the Fifth Zionist Congress (Basle, ing to the Torahof Israel." Mizrahi has remained a Aristotelian physics-s-light, air, water and the highly trained Hellenistic athletes and 19(1) resolved that the education of the people in faction within the World Zionist Organization. earth-were measured out to us very spar­ the powerful Nordic barbarians. But morally, the spirit of Jewish nationalism was an important This manifesto was distributed as a leaflet an­ ingly. In the narrow Jewish street our poor even now the new muscle-Jews surpass aspect of Zionist activity and an obligation for ev­ nouncing in Hebrew the establishment of Mtz­ limbs soon forgot their gay movements; in their ancestors, for the ancient Jewish circus ery Zionist, the religious Zionists felt that there rahi. the dimness of sunless houses our eyes be­ fighters were ashamed of their Judaism and could be no compromise in spiritual matters. They gan to blink shyly; the fear of constant per­ tried 10 conceal the sign of the Covenant by secution turned our powerful voices into means of a surgical operation," ... While Source: Kol koreh (Vilna, 1902). Trans. by D. Goldman frightened whispers, which rose in a cre­ the members of the "Bar Kochba [Associa­ scendo only when our martyrs on the stakes tion]" loudly and proudly affirm their na­ cried out their dying prayers in the face of tional loyalty. their executioners. But now, all coercion has May the jewish gymnastic club flourish become a memory of the past, and at least and thrive and become an example to be imi­ we are allowed space enough for our bodies tated in all the centers of Jewish life!

Source: "Muskeljudentum," Juedische Turnzeifung (June 19(3). Republished in Max Nordau, Zwnistische 5chriflen(Cologne and Leipzig; juedischer Verlag, 1909), Pp- 379-81. Trans. by J. Hessing.

546 547

·.']19 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM ,48 549.

'1OTES a relief measure, a temporary means of allaying fragile unity of the World Zionist Organization distress." By a slim majority, the Sixth Congress was the task of the Seventh Congress. The con­ 1. Max Norden (1849-1923), physician, avant­ of Jewish youth. In response, the Bar Kochba voted in favor of the resolution. But those op­ gress duly re-evaluated the Uganda scheme, es­ aarde literary critic, novelist. One of the most coo­ gymnastic club was founded in Berlin in 1898. posed, mostly delegates hom Russia, threatened pecially after having received from a commission .roverstat and influential authors of his day, he Similar clubs were soon established throughout to leave and dissolve the unity of the World Zion­ of inquiry a negative report on the conditions in ,yas among Herzl's earliest supporters. Europe. ist Organization. Only through the personal ef­ the proposed territory. After acrimonious debate 2. Congress in Basle, i.e., the Second Zionist 4. Bar Kokhba (Simeon bar kosevah) (d. 135 forts of Herzl was this prevented. Preserving the this resolution was passed on July 30, 1905. Congress. held in Beste, Switzerland, during the C.E.) led the Jewish revolt against Hadrian that summer of 1898. broke out in 132 C.E. 3. At the Second Zionist Congress, Nordan and 5. According to Josephus (a Jewish historian), 'vlax Mandelstamm (a Russian ophthalmologist Hellenized Jews, who in accordance with Greek md Zionist leader who supported Herzl) pro­ custom wrestled in the nude, would often under­ SEVENTH ZIONIST CONGRESS posed a program to promote the physical fitness go surgery in order to disguise their circumcision. 10. Resolution on Palestine (July 31, 1905)1

The Seventh Zionist Congress resolves that, provement and organisation of Palestine SEVENTH ZIONIST CONGRESS concurrently with political and diplomatic Jews through the acquisition of new intellec­ 9. Anti-Uganda Resolution (july 30, 1905)1 activity, and with the object of strengthening tual forces; and (4) Acquisition of conces­ it, the systematic promotion of the aims of sions. the movement in Palestine shall be accom­ The Seventh Zionist Congress rejects every plished by the following methods: (1) Explo­ aimless, unsympathetic and philanthropic The Seventh Zionist Congress declares: ther with the proposal. The Congress re­ ration; (2) Promotion of agriculture, indus­ colonisation on a small scale which does The Zionist organisation stands firmly by cords with satisfaction the recognition ac­ try, etc., on the most democratic principle not conform to the first point in the Basle corded by the British Government to the the fundamental principle of the Basle pro­ possible; (3) Cultural and economic im- Program. gram, namely: "The establishment of a Zionist organisation in its desire to bring legally-secured, publicly recognised home about a solution of the Jewish problem, and for the Jewish people in Palestine," and it expresses the sincere hope that it may be NOTE rejects either as an end or as a means all accorded the further good offices of the Brit­ colonising activity outside Palestine and its ish Government where available in any mat­ 1. Immediately aHer the adoption of the anti­ nizational work among the Jewish people in the adjacent lands. ter it may undertake in accordance with the Uganda resolution, the Seventh Zionist Congress Diaspora. The last paragraph of the resolution was The Congress resolves to thank the British Basle program. deliberated upon a statement of policy proposed an amendment framed by Alexander Mannorek Covemment for its offer of a territory in Brit­ The Seventh Zionist Congress recalls and by Menahem Ussishkin (1863--1941), who was (1865-1923), a French Zionist and a dose associate ish East Africa, for Ihe purpose of establish­ emphasizes the fact that, according to Article close to the Zionist pioneers (haluzim) in Palestine. of Herzl. He advanced this amendment to prevent This proposal reflected the ideas he had devel­ ing there a Jewish settlement with autono­ I of the statutes of the Zionist organisation, the Basil' Program, in his words, "hom degenerat­ oped in a pamphlet, Our Program (19(5), pub­ mous rights. A Commission having been the Zionist organisation includes those Jews ing into a petty Odessa Committee,. . hom lished on behalf of Russian Zionists opposed to drifting back into Hovevet Zionism. N The resolu­ sent out to examine the territory, and having who declare themselves to be in agreement the Uganda scheme. In this pamphlet he laid the tion was adopted on July 31, 1905, and represents reported thereon, the Congress resolves that with the Basle program. foundation for synthetic Zionism: political action, the policy that thereafter dominated the Zionist the Zionist organisation shall not engage fur- agricultural settlement, and educational and orga- movement.

Source: The {t."Wish Chronicle, August 4, 1905, p. 21. NOTE

1. The Seventh Zionist Congress, held in Basle Uganda, East Africa. At that congress, Herzl ad­ hom July 17 to August 2, 1905, was the first con­ vanced the Uganda scheme for serious examina­ gress after Herzl's death in July 1904. The previous tion, while simultaneously emphasizing that "our congress (August 1903) debated an official offer views on the land of Israel cannot and will not be from the British government, which was willing to subject to change; Uganda is not Zion and will allocate a territory for Jewish resettlement in never be Zion. This proposal is nothing more than

Source: The !/!Wish Chronicle, August 4, 1905, p. 21.

'.~~~:~,~~ 552 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 553 porters of the Uganda scheme. Upon the rejection Palestine-centered Zionism possessed, the ITO national education, national cultural autono­ of this proposal at the Seventh Zionist Congress, never commanded the support and credibility en­ capital brought by the immigrants to the he withdrew from the World Zionist Organization joyed by the rid Zionist Organization. Zang­ my, linguistic equality and proportional rep­ land of Israel creates the basis for the pro­ and established the Jewish Territorial Organize­ will was t resident of the ITOuntil its dissolu­ resentation in legislative, executive and judi­ gressive democratization of society there. cial jru>titutions. tion (lTD), whose program he delineated in this tion i 25. 5. Jewish immigration to the land of Israel statement. The ITO endorsed the Basle Program . Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914), secretary Guiding Principles for the Realization of Zion­ is a stychic3 process resulting from the grow­ but held that priority should be given to the most f state for the colonies from 1895 to 1902in the ism: 2.... Since the bourgeois Zionists of­ ing difficulties Jews face in acquiring posi­ suitable territory-which need not, it was emph cabinet of Lord Salisbury and from 1902to 1903in ten tend to use means and methods which in sized, be Palestine-for Jewish settle-men e Arthur Jame-s Balfour'scabinet. On April 23, 1903, tions on the higher forms of production are linked with reactionary and degenerate those large capitalist countries which for. ITO investigated the possibility of se g the he suggested to Hem the establishment of a self­ forms of social organization and which in no governing Jewish settlement in Uganda. Four merly absorbed Jewish immigration. At the Jews in various lands (e.g., Britis st Africa. way lead to the true realization of Zionism, Australia, Angola, Cyrenaica. ) but without weeks later he offered a territory in the East Africa same time the Jews' need to emigrate, rather and since the stages in the realization of Zi­ success. Because of Utili fail and the lack of the Protectorate. than weakening, is becoming even more ur­ emotional appeal among e Jewish masses that onism are deterrrunsd by relations based on gent as their economic position is increas­ Realpolitik and the practical interests to ingly undermined by intensive national which Zionist policy must continually adapt competition. Today, therefore, Jews are itself, proletarian Zionism believes that part: forced to tum more and more to the land of of its task is to support any policy which Israel, [an underdeveloped] agrarian coun­ BER BOROCHOV rests on real interests and to oppose any pol­ try and the only One which is capable of ab­ icy based on philanthropy, other-worldly sorbing the immigration of Jewish petty 12. Program for Proletarian Zionism (1906)1 idealism, obsequious intercession with au­ bourgeoisie. thorities, and the like. 6. Proletarian Zionism, unlike preceding 3. Proletarian Zionism recognizes that utopian trends in Zionism, recognizes that The Party's General Program: 1. The primary mocratization of society by means of the historical necessity leads to the strengthen­ Zionism's primary task is not to find a terri­ class struggle, and thus shares the second­ program of the Party is the proletarianiza­ ing and expansion of the Jewish positions in tory, obtain a charter or initiate settlement. tion of the means of production and the ary program o[ all SOcial-democratic parties. the land of Israel and to increasing interests Rather, it consists of the programmatic regu­ transformation of the social structure accord­ 2. When relating this aim to the national by other nations in a solution to the Jewish lation of the stychic process of Jewish immi­ ing to the principles of scientific socialism. problem, the Party demands national politi­ question along the following lines: (a) the gration to the land of Israel and the achieve­ cal The only way of achieving these goals recog­ autonomy, with wide economic, cultural gradual dissolution of the masses of Jewish ment of political territorial autonomy in the nised by the Party is through the participa­ and financial authority in all internal nation­ petty bourgeoisie (a process involving po­ land of Israel itself. ,. The general Zionist tion of the Jewish proletariat in the class al matters, for those nations whose interests groms and impoverishment, the growth of institutions can only facilitate, regulate and struggle and in the ranks of the world social­ cannot be satisfied in a suitable manner by Jewish revolutionary activity and Jewish em­ rationally organize this stychic immigration, territorial or regional democratic movement. autonomy.e . . . igration) has awakened the interest of civi­ by relying on the factors mentioned above: 4. 2. The main item in the Party's secondary Along with the demand for national lized nations in a territorial solution to the international interest, the democratization of program, and that which distinguishes it political autonomy as the leading formula­ Jewish question; meanwhile the increasing society and the augmentation of Jewish na­ from other social-democratic parties, is the tion of Jewish national rights in the Diaspo­ national influence of Diaspora Jewry can en­ tional influence. demand for Jewish territorial autonomy ra, the Party emphasizes, however, that the list this awakening international interest The Party's Relations with the General Zionist based on democratic principles, as a neces­ autonomous political institution described to further the cause of Zionism; (b) the Institutions: 1. Proletarian Zionism recog­ sary condition [or the undisturbed develop­ above cannot be considered the sole means strengthening of the Jewish positions in the nizes the need to coordinate its activities land of Israel. ment of the forces of production of the Jew­ of achieving the realization of Zionism, and with those of the bourgeois Zionists in mat­ ish people. that until territorial autonomy is acquired, 4. Jewish capital and Jewish Iabor are [di­ ters relating to the practical work in the land 3. Jewish territorial autonomy can be no democratic institutions and no national alectically] working in the general directions of Israel. This must be done in such a way, achieved only in the land of Israel, and the rights can guarantee a solution to the Jewish outlined above: (a) in the Diaspore the however, so that the Party will avoid respon­ Jewish proletariat must contribute to the re­ problem. Until such a time as those national struggle between labor and capital draws the sibility for activities opposed to proletarian alization of this aim.... rights attainable in the Diaspora are in fact Jewish proletariat into the worldwide class tamcs.. Party Policy in the Diaspore: 1. In the Dias­ realized, the Party proposes the implemen­ struggle and allows him to benefit from the 7. Given that the bourgeoisie in general nora the Party aims to achieve maximal de- tation of intermediate reforms: freedom in democratization of society, which also en­ have a role to play in the regulation of those tails the strengthening of the national char­ factors which produce the stychic historical Source: [Program of the "Poalei Zion-the Jewish Social DemocraticWorkers' Party in Russia" (1906)], in acter of society in general and the augmenta­ Kitvt!i &rochav, ed. L Lavita and D. Ben-Nahum (Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad-Silriat HapoaJim, processes of the capitalist regimes, and giv­ tion of Jewish influence in particular; (b) the 1955), vol. 1, pp. 383-87. Gte

'~ , >o}:l 554 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD cesses and the introduction of a revolution­ that the World Zionist Organization under-­ ary element into them and that the Jewish take immediate practical work in the land of HELSINGFORS CONFERENCE bourgeoisie, like all other bourgeois groups, Israel. 13. Gegemoartsarbeit (December 1906)1 needs the liberating power of the proletariat 4. The Party demands the democratiza­ to carry out its regulating functions in the tion of the internal administration of the stychic process of the realization of Zionism Jewish settlements in the land of Israel, The third conference of the Zionist Organi­ of Zionism, and accordingly, to change our -the proletarian Zionist party formulated based on principles of municipal autonomy zation in Russia, which took place in Hel­ tactics. To be sure, our goal remains the its demands regarding Zionist tactics and and large-scale participation of workers in singfors, inaugurated a new era in the histo­ same, only our tactics have anged. We policies of the bourgeois Zionist institutions the self-governing institutions of the settle­ ry of the movement. The conference put an now understand that onI an organized, in the conviction that, sooner or later, when ments. The Party demands that the settle­ end to the crisis of the last three years." This unified Jewry is capable f mobilizing the reality will have forced bourgeois Zionism to ments themselves regulate the relations crisis was not a crisis of objectives but rather vast material and spirt I resources needed recognize its own interests, OUI demands between capital and labor within the juris­ one of tactics. The fundamental goal of Zion­ to realize our objectiv s. But the effective or­ will be met. diction without the intervention of the Turk­ ism was, and remains, the political reuit'Ql of Practical Work in the Land of Israel: . 2. ish administration.. ganization of Ie requires two basic cle­ ments: an atten . n to the daily needs of the Even before right of free entry for Jews into 6. The Party shall organize the Jewish the Jewish people in the land of Israel. The main error committed by our movement was the Jewish masse' nd the ongoing work, espe­ the land of Israel has been obtained through proletariat in the land of Israel and regard blind faith that our will, and the genius of rially that It which can be carried out al­ the class struggle of the Jewish proletariat, the establishment of the World Federation of our leader [Le.. Herzl] were sufficient to ob­ ready in e present, toward the attainment even before the foundations have been laid Jewish Social Democratic Workers, Poalei tain almost instantly the land of Israel [for of the tirnate goal of Zionism. for obtaining other essential legal guarantees Zion, as a necessary prerequisite to the un­ Jewish resettlement]. We expected the Char­ Zi ism must address itself to all aspects by means of the class struggle in the land of dertaking of systematic proletarian work in ter>to be granted any day, and this expecta­ of ewish life, and respond to all issues be­ Israel. the proletarian Zionist party demands the land of Israel. tion caused us to treat with indifference the etling Jewry. [The movement will thereby] mundane problems of the present life. tap all the hidden resources of the nation. In NarES At the time we thought that we must no consonance with these considerations, it waste our energies on matters concern' g was necessary to prepare an appropriate 1. Ber Burochov (1881-1917), leader and fore­ gy that neglected GegenultJrt5t1rbeit, i.e., attention the Jews in the Diaspora (golah], but er program. The Conference dealt with this most theoretician of the socialist Zionists. For a to the everyday needs of the Jewish masses in the concentrate our entire effort toward t real­ task successfully. . . . generation of Russian Jl?WS drawn to Marxism, Diaspora. In early 1906, in the Ukrainian city of ization of our ideal. Our work du ng that Neither the terrible pogroms [recently per­ Polteve. Poalei Zion groups loyal to the resolu­ Borochov developed a synthesis of the seemingly period consisted of soliciting new embers, petrated against our people] nor the shat­ irreconcilable demands of revolutionary class tions of the Seventh Zionist Congress founded, under the leadership of Borocbov. the Poalei the sale of shares in the Jew' Colonial tered hopes that our situation in Russia will struggle and the devotion to the national needs of Trust- and the collection of d ations to the change radically in the near future can shake the Jewish people. Based on the precepts of Marx­ Zion-Jewish SocialDemocratic Workers' Party in Jewish National Fund." The ptimism which our determination to reach our ultimate ist analysis, Borochov's forceful arguments exer­ Russia. In the party's program, written largely by cised a commanding influence on the ideology of Borochov, the ideological challenges presented by led us to believe that we ould imminently goal. On the contrary, both the Jewish bour­ the emerging socialist Zionist movement. the dissident Poalei Zion groups were met, and get the Charter, prevent us from perform­ geoisie and the Jewish proletariat are con­ Borochov was a delegate of the Poalei Zion the participation of Jewish proletariat in the World ing practical work bot in the land of Israel vinced, now more than ever, that the basic (Workers of Zion) to the Seventh Zionist Con­ Zionist Organization justified. and in the Diaspora But reality destroyed problems of our nation cannot be solved in gress, where he cooperated closely with Men­ 2. The reference is to ""extraterritorial" peoples the dream, and we ere forced to recognize Exile [galut]. ahem Ussishkin (one of the foremost leaders of who are not concentrated in a particular region the evolutionary d developmental nature Russian Zionism) and the struggle against the and do not constitute a majority in any single Uganda scheme. At the time the PealerZion was a country. loose association of socialist Zionist groups in 3. A Greek term used by Borochov to designate NarES Russia. The deliberations of the Seventh Congress an "elemental," historically necessary proCl?ss. The millennial migration of the Jewish people is, exacerbated the ideological dissension between 1. The T d All-Russian Zionist Conference the death of Herz], the Seventh Zionist Congress, these groups and left the Poalei Zion in disarray. according to Borochov, such a process, which will met from t e fourth to the tenth of December 1906 the growing influence of competing ideologies objectively necessitate the territorial concentration Some groups felt that continued membership in in Helsi fors (Helsinki), Finland. In the wake of among the Jewish masses-the conference dealt of the Jewish masses in Palestine. Zionism apprl?­ the World Zionist Organization was intolerable, recent ents-c-the Revolution of 1905, pogroms, with fundamental issues facing the Zionist move­ for it entailed cooperation with the Jewish bour­ dates the stychic dimension of Jewish history and geoisie; others preferred territorialism; still other merely serves it as a"midwife," and it is therefore Sou.r': [Memorandum of the central committee of the Zionist organization of Russia, December 1906], in groups demanded that Zionism should be aban­ not a utopian movement. aer, Hatm.lJlh Iwzionit be-Rusyah [The Zionist Movement in Russia] (Jerusalem: Hasifriyah Hazjonit, doned altogether, because it was a utopian ideolo- e World Zionist Organization, 1973), pp. 318-19. Cited by permission. Trans. by R. Weiss.

555

1 :;;""~

;76 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 577

restored will become the house of the to acknowledge God with our words ber's essay. He responded with a rebuttal in the and, since emancipation, politically at home in the Lord for all peoples and the center while betraying God with our lives, but K.-C.-Blaetfer issue of July-August 1916. Buber re­ Diaspore. By demanding the negation of the Dias­ of the new world, ... in which "the to serve God faithfully through the plied to Cohen's rebuttal in an article published in pora, Cohen held, the Zionists were negating the blood-stained garment of war is burned" establishment of a human community the September 1916 issue of Ocr Jude. Both Buber's messianic vision and task of Israel. Buber coun­ and Cohen's arguments were published as sepa­ tered that Zionism furthers the realization of mes­ and "the swords are turned into plow­ according to His wilL Our contribution rate pamphlets and were widely . ussed in Jew­ sianism. shares." to the new humanity consists not in ish circles throughout Europe' xcerpts from their 2. Moses Hess (1812-1875), German-jewish s0­ The new humanity needs us. How­ explaining and asserting that there debate are presented abov . Although Cohen was cial philosopher, who at one time was close to ever, it needs us not dispersed and is a God, but in showing how God lives not a typical Reform and Buber was hardly a Marx and Engels. His work Rome and Jerusalem working at cross-purposes, but together in us-how through a true human life, typical Zionist, t r debate brought into focus (1862) anticipated many of the major tenets of po­ and united; not befouled by pretences we realize both ourselves and God with­ many of the c ral issues that divided the Liberal litical and socialist Zionism. and rumors, but purified and ready; not in us. Western J and the Zionists. These issues were 3. Martin Buber, "Renewal of Judaism" (1911], epito ed in their respective understanding of trans. E. joepe. in Martin Buber, On Judaism, ed. Ex' and messianism. Buber advanced the view N. N. Glatzer (New York: Schocken Books, 1%7), NarES Exile as a tragic situation of spiritual and physi­ p.51. cal homelessness. Cohen'denied that the Diaspora 4. Ibid., p. 51. 1. Martin Buber (1878-1965), since the early the ultimate goal being an absolute universalism was Exile; the Jew was, he affirmed, spiritually, 1900s a leading figure in German letters. Buber and unity of mankind. Cohen identified this un­ joined the Zionist movement in 1898 and became derstanding and vision of history with the messia­ one of the opponents to Herzl and political Zion­ nism of the Jewish prophets. He held that the ism. He favored a shift of priorities from diplo­ spirit of modem German culture and th ght was macy and the drive to obtain a charter to a renewal remarkably consonant with that of p phetic Ju­ HASHOMER HAZAIR of Jewish culture, with special attention to youth daism, and thus as a Jew he felt piritually at as the fulcrum of this renewal. Buber's under­ home in Gennan culture. Cohen cognized the 21. OUf World-View (january 17, 1917)1 standing of Jewish culture, however, differed Jews as a "nationality" or ethnic up. However, from that other cultural Zionists. For Buber, Jew­ he sharply distinguished n onality from "na­ ish culture meant a unique aesthetic and spiritual tion," a designation he rese ed for the citizens of ... We believe that the future of the Jew- men. Only in the last two decades, in fact, sensibility, which was ultimately based on what a nation-state. Accor y, since their Exile, ish people is hidden in our youth. We be- has there been a strong movement among he called Jewish religiosity (to be distinguished Cohen believed, the [e s have ceased to be a na­ lieve that the Jewish people will be revived the youth-primarily Gennan youth-to from "religion"), that is, a primal awareness of tion and are simply tionality. As a nationality and longing to realize "the Unconditional" in Jewry is associate ith a particular religion. In- in the simplest possible way: Youth will re- break the bonds with which the schools re­ one's actions. Before the development of his phi­ deed, Cohen so ht to emphasize the religious new us. strained attempts at individual development losophy of dialogue in the 19205, Buber hesitated vocation of the ws as opposed to their ethnicity. In bringing out this work-program we are and to find better forms for the experiences to identify the Unconditional as the personal God The Jews' na anality is for Cohen but a "fact of convinced that we can provide a cure for the and communality of individuals. But the of traditional faith. nature," or n anthropological means to support mortal disease that is consuming our youth. youth of other peoples have, relatively, a Hermann Cohen (1842-1918). One of Ger­ Judaism. e religious vocation of Israel, which Our meaning is this: We are not complete simpler mission to fulfill. For they enjoy a many's most esteemed professors of philosophy, require the loss of statehood, is to point to the and healthy men, and we are not complete normal national life while we, the children he taught for more than forty years at the Univer­ messi .c future of mankind by transcending the and healthy Jews; we lack the harmony of a people with an abnormal national exis­ sity of Marburg; from 1912 until his death he lec­ s of everyday concrete reality and those of which should reign between these two fun- tence unlike that of any other, have a double tured at the Lehransralr fuer die wtssenscbaft des immediate community. This affirmation of damental elements of the "I" in us. task. We wish to save both the man and the ludenturns in Berlin, an institute of advanced Jew­ Diaspore occasioned by Israel's messianic mis­ ish studies associated with Liberal Judaism. His on placed Cohen ideologically dose to the liber­ Hitherto attention has been paid solely to Jew together.... system of philosophical analysis, known as neo­ al camp of Judaism. the lack of Judaism and attempts were made Let us look closely at the Jewish youth. Kantianism, reflects his dee p belief in the progress In June 1916 Cohen wrote in the Jewish journal to correct this defect insofar as possible. But Even before he is twenty he is an old man. of man as a rational and moral being. He found K.-C.-Blaetter a critique of Zionism. Buber pub­ no attention whatsoever was paid-or if so His soul is shrouded in deep darkness. If he confirmation for this conviction in the evolution i lished in the July issue of Der Jude, a journal that then only min.imally-to the general human be a superficial man he ultimately becomes the modem period of the nation-state, W~'Che he founded and edited, a response to Cohen, enti­ side. For the sake of veracity we must admit an opportunist lacking an independent viewed as essentially defined by the legal sys m tled "Begriffe und Wirklichkeit" (Concepts and Re­ that other peoples too, until very recently, mind. If he be an intellectual his heart will be which aspires to a rational conceptualiza . n of ality). The title was an allusion to Cohen's philo­ worried more about producing good patriot- eaten by despair and poisoned by pessimism IUStin! and by the tendency of the state 0 unite sophical method which assigned an epistemologi­ ic citizens than about raising whole, healthy and Weltschmerz. within its legal framework and national identity cal role to conceptual constructs. Buber argued in disparate peoples. A world federation of states, his article that Cohen's understanding of Jewish Source: Anonymous (The world-view of the Shomer] (Vienna, January 1917), in Seter Hasaomer Hll2Jlir, Cohen insisted, would be the next and higher matters was divorced from reality. Cohen was as eds. Levi Dror and Israel Rosenzweig, 2nd ed. [Merhavia: Sifriat Poalim, 1956), vel. 1, pp. 40--43. Cited by stage in the development of man's moral reason; deeply hurt by the tenor as by the content of Bu- permission. Trans. by L. Sachs.

'~P""# ;78 TIlE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 579

In both cases his soul is bleak and moum­ advancing one's studies, On Jewish learning pages. Our fathers revered ancient books, the concept of a "true Jew" from the disgrace ul as though in an eternal autumn; he is but and not on the education of a human being. and their SOns admired modern books also, into which it has fallen. We declare openly I withered flower. Where is the optimism Therefore, let us establish a new basic ele­ but the latter brought about no change in the and dearly: no one will bear the name of a hat makes life worth living, that gives ment in our program: to give the individual state of affairs. But must the need to aban­ Jew, or will be numbered in our ranks, who trength to bear the sufferings of life and the opportunity to live a full and many­ don books lead inevitably to the second ex­ has not absorbed the culture of our people to hat gives the yuung man encouragement,' faceted life in our organization. We will do treme, to the sword? We think that there is the depths of his soul. All the arguments oy and vigor? Where is that sincere opti­ this in the form of small associations of yet another way-that is, in becoming close about the question of language are ended for nism which imparts a goal and a purpose to members called "troops." We will endeavor to nature. Undoubtedly, there will be people us since we proclaim that the Hebrew lan­ ife and which every truly young man wor­ to make our organization a second family, who will see in this idea a desire, sincere or guage is our national language, and that, hy of the name should profess? Where, we for the youths who join us. In some cases we affected, to return to the bosom of nature or further, anyone wishing to know our people sk. is that fresh and sweet-smelling wind of may be the primary family, for as is well to the natural life in the sense that Ruskin as it now lives, thinks, and speaks must pring that breathes upon us when we draw known a blood relationship is not always and Rousseau used the terms. This is far know the language of the people-Yiddish lose even to a smail group of youth? One of spirit or affinity. But the whole organi­ from our intention. We mean simply a grow­ -and the literature in that tongue. But for TIlls and more. In addition to youth, we zation can be a "spiritual family" to a young ing intimacy with nature, and we hope that us the Bible stands above all; we wish to ark also a pure and true humanity. We member in the most general and inclusive nature will return to us the freshness, the make it our primer, for it is the never-failing rand, therefore, as the miserable inheritors meaning of the term. Therefore, the form of optimism, the love of beauty characteristic of source of idealism, and will forever remain .f the faults of our fathers. And these faults organization should be a small company of youth, that it will straighten our crooked the spring from which the thirsty may drink. re numerous and evil. Truly! Let us not members (a troop) which will constitute a back, stretch our muscles and strengthen We wish to remain young Hebrews, and it tide within us the words which rise to our little society unlo itself. our resolve. Our young man will cast off the will be easier for us to do so if we absorb the ps and demand of expression. Our love for And ifone of the disciples of extreme indi­ urbanized dress of an old man in the city spirit of the ancient Hebrews, the spirit of -ur people is strong and loyal. We wish to vidualism should come forward with his and put on the many-colored garments of the prophets, the spirit of a moral world­ ee our nation great and noble. But precisely theories and claim that, in general, commu­ youth! He will bathe in the pure springs of view. .rr this reason we have a duty to examine nallife with one's fellowman, even with fel­ nature and his happiness, his freedom, and This is how we see our educational tasks. ur faults and defects. It pains us greatly but lowmen of the same psychological disposi­ his innocence will return to him. Our ideal is a young Jew of strong body re are forced to admit that those traits of tion, curbs and restrains the individual, we Once we define our belief as a first princi­ and courageous spirit, whose thoughts are haracter and that nobility of soul which we will reply in brief: Man is a social animal and ple (the belief in optimism and idealism), healthy and normal, not hair-splitting and assess are obscured by the general appear­ feels the need to live communally with his when we say that the value of life lies not sophistic, Who is disciplined and knows nee of the Jewish community today. The fellows-that is, of course, with men who only in what it gives us but also in what we how to obey, a Jew to the depth of his heart. veragc Jew is but a caricature of a man are congenial to him. A man can be com­ give to it, then we will find it easier to define His world-view is idealistic; he loves all that ealthy and normal in body and soul. His pared to a flint which will spray off sparks our duty to the Jewish people. The concept is beautiful and noble. We will form a group rhole life is but a procession of irregular and only when it is struck on another flint. Or in of Judaism has become superficial and its of such youths-and Zion will be built! nhealthy acts performed to enable him to our terms: only through confrontations and content has been removed. We must rescue urvive. He is convinced, nevertheless, that communal life can the "I" of a man be e is the most perfect creature under the sun molded and forged. For a man yearns for the NOTE nd this his people are a shining example to company of men who will love and under­ re family of nations. stand him and with whom he can share his 1. Haehoiner Hazair (The YoungGuard), word­ turally and morally-c-for pioneering settlement in Until now it has been thought that a rule dreams and ideals, his joys and sorrows. wide Zionist youth movement founded in Vienna Palestine and for the "new" Judaism that would equiring the study of Jewish history, or the How can we become young and healthy? 1916, merging two groups-Hashomer, a British­ arise there. In the twenties, influenced interIllim; by cqaisition of the Hebrew language was suf­ It should be pointed out that this problem styled scouting organization, and Zeirei Zion, a Borochov (see document 12 in this chapter), Hash­ cient to give us good Jews, even if their appeared more than len years ago in mod­ cultural association-established somewhat ear­ orner Hazair evolved a Marxist-Zionist ideology, alue as human beings was small. But the ern Hebrew literature, and many different lier in Galicia, then a province of the Auetro­ which stressed class struggle and pioneering set­ oncept of a "human being" is wider and answers were given. The young and the Hungarian Empire. Inspired by the revolutionary tlementin Palestine, particularlywithin the frame­ lore inclusive than the concept of a "Jew," ferment of the period but especiallyby the Gennan work of communttanan kibbutzim. Together with most extreme coined the phrase: "Let us Blau-weiss, a Gennan Zionist youth movement nd it is humanity itself which is the basis of youth movement, Hashomer Hazair sought to de­ give up books and grasp the sword!" Only Hashomer Hazair was the forerunner of similar idaisrn. It is hard for us to understand how velop an independent culture and life for Jewish the first part of this slogan is acceptable to youth. The lifestyle and values of the movement youth movements and was identifil'd with vir­ base human being can be a good Jew. us. We agree, in fact we strive, for an end to were conceived as an alternative to the lifeof their tuaUy l'very ideological trend to emerge within Until now the individual was not given an the idolatrous worship of books which is parl'nlS with its supposed lackof vitality, genuine Zionism.The youth movements were an important pporturuty to live a full life in the move­ typical of us. Everything we say or write or fellowship, warmth and ideals. Specifically, the force in Zionist recruitment and in the shaping of Lent, for the whole system was based on think gives off the odor of mold on worn-out movement prepared its members-physically, cul­ the ethos of the Zionist movement.

1 ':~~;;tf~ 622 THE JEw IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 623 NOTE the equality of numerical representation it with numerous obstructions. Separate econ­ grants the component units of a state not­ omies tend to become competitive; and eco­ 1. Haim Hazaz (1898-1973) was i) Hebrew writ­ ideals. In "The Sermon," perhaps the most fa­ withstanding any differences in the numeri­ er. Born in Ukraine, he escaped pogroms that mous of his shorter works, Hazaz somewhat iron­ nomic competition between two races must cal voting strength of their electors. It is thus erupted in the wake of the Russian Revolution, ically depicts the Zionist ideal of the "negation of lead to grave political complications. intended as a means of preserving the equal­ settling first in Constantinople, then Paris and galut" through the sermonic soliloquy of his pro­ Now, the merging of the two existing Berlin. In 1931 he immigrated to Palestine. He be­ tagonist Yudka, who declares at a general assem­ ity of rights of smaller units against the economies into one broad economic system gan his literary career in Russia and is regarded as bly of his kibbutz his "opposition to Jewish histo­ weight of population enjoyed by the bigger would depend on an increasing measure of one of the major authors of modem Hebrew fic­ ry." Freeof the debilitating and debasing quietism ones.... Parity should be regarded as the economic cooperation between Jews and Pu­ tion. In his novels. stories and plays he often ex­ of gulu/ Judaism, he explains, Zionism is bent on indispensable constitutional and administra­ ebs in all walks of life. But this, in tum, plored inner conflicts of it generation beholden to returning the Jewish people to history as heroic tive form of regulating the relations between would require a greater similarity in their revolutionary ideals-c-socialism and Zionism­ masters of their fate. In this tale Hazaz deftly cap­ Jews and Arabs in any system of self­ respective living standards as well as in their especially as they faced the inevitable frustrations tures one of the most pervasive themes of classical government that may be set up in Palestine. general social and intellectual levels. Hence, and disappointments in seeking to realize therr Zionism. Both peoples are entitled to the maximum it would be essential to the satisfactory solu­ amount of safeguards. Any constitution tion of the Palestine problem that the Arab adopted for the country in the future will, in standard of living should be raised as quick­ our opinion, have to take special care to pro­ ly as possible to the present Jewish standard HASHOMER HAZAIR vide both communities with adequate and that simultaneously corresponding means of preventing effectively the enact­ changes in the social and educational level 38. The Case for a Bi-National Palestine (November 1945)1 ment of measures designed to encroach should be effected. We have no doubt that it upon their vital, legitimate interests. Parity is on the manner in which economic activ­ in a legislative body possessing the final vote ities in Palestine will affect the Arabs during The subject of this memorandum is an at­ possess and why it could not be resolved in passing the important legislation of the the next five years that removal of the last tempt to outline a policy for Palestine which, instead in a form which might be termed a country seems to us the most far-reaching of vestiges of Arab intransigence depends. while providing for the ultimate fulfillment Jewish-Arab State.. guarantees to either party against eventual With this in mind, we propose that for the of the respective Jewish-Zionist and Arab as­ We [therefore] suggest that the logical and domination by the other. next twenty or twenty-five years Palestine pirations is the only one, in our opinion, realistic way out of the situation is an Arab­ The possibility for constitutionally imple­ should be placed under the administration likely to lead to Jewish-Arab cooperation Jewish State or a Palestinian State which menting the principle of joint sovereignty of a Special Development Authority the spe~ and to peace and prosperity in this coun­ would merit the appellation "Jewish" or and parity seems to us to lie in a form which dfic objective of which would be: try. . . . "Arab" as little as Belgium deserves to be we choose to term "Communal Federalism." 1. To promote the settlement in Palestine [We hold that] a state is not an end in it­ called WaHoon or Flemish, or South Africa­ By this is meant the setting up of a system of of at least two to three million Jews during self. In its political implications it is only an Boer or English.... It must be fully grasped government to be constituted as a federation the next twenty or twenty-five years by de­ instrument whereby a people seeks to insure and appreciated once and for all that neither not of territories but of two organized na­ veloping the economic possibilities of the its national welfare and felicity. Assuming in justice nor in practice can either Jews or tional communities. The territory would re­ country to full capacity. that millions of Jews could be saved from Arabs maintain exclusive sovereignty over main undivided and as such would be ad­ 2. To raise the standard of living and edu­ their present distress, enabled to build "their the country. Sovereignty Can, however, be ministered by the Central Government. But cation of the Palestinian Arabs to approx­ own body social in Palestine undisturbed by exercised jointly and equally to the benefit of this Central Government would, again be imately the present Jewish level during the anyone," yet in no way affect or violate either all concerned. It is this jointsovereignty which set up by two component units jointly ad­ same period. the Palestine Arabs' "profound attachment to we have laid down as an essential principal ministering the country's sovereignty and 3. To promote and actively encourage their soil and culture" or their motive of "self­ in our efforts to formulate a solution. It is, in between them maintaining a state of parity; Jewish-Arab cooperation in every field and preservation and self-determination": as­ fact, the core and substance of binational­ the demarcation between them, be it noted, by every legitimate means available as well suming, furthermore, that adequate safe­ ism... would run along national and not along gee­ as to encourage the gradual development of guards to that effect could be agreed upon Parity in Cooemment has been offered as graphical lines. self-governing institutions, local and nation­ and their practicality demonstrated, we fail the practical concept for implementing non­ . The successful operation, however, of al. on bi-natlonal Iines, until the stage of full to see what meaning the controversy of a domination in terms of constitution and ad­ any hi-national constitution would require a independence within the framework of a bi­ Jewish VeTSUS an Arab State would then still ministration.... The essence of parity is in suitable economlc foundation. As long as national constitution is reached. there continued to exist two distinct national No doubt, it is far from easy to accomplish Source: Executive Committee of the Haehomer Hezair Workers' Party in Jerusalem. "Memorandum Sub­ economies within the one country-a Jew­ such a threefold undertaking in a compara­ mitted to the Anglo-American Inquiry Commission" {Ier-usalern. 1946), pp. 7, 49, 59ft, 71ff, 126-29, 131, ish economy and an Arab economy-the tively short time. But, equally we have no 136. functioning of a bi-national slate would meet doubt that it could be done, given the proper

"·!f!!-:"cM_Q!£,• •, :. -"'~ :';'.<' 1! :i 62 THE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 4 625 conditions, authority, and leadership. could not cooperate in a single Palestine, lished numerous kibbutzim. In 1946 the party re­ omy. Foremost among the proponents of bi­ The other alternative, often spoken of, how would they ever do so across frontiers ceived 20percent of the votes cast in the Histadrut nationalism was the BritShalom, founded in 1926 and advanced with vigour and persuasion which each would regard as the burning (General Federation of Jewish Labor in Palestine). by Arthur Ruppin; the Ihud, organized in 1941 by by the Royal Commission? is to partition wounds in their national life? ... The prem­ After the establishment of the State of Israel, interaliosJ. Magnes and M. Buber;and Hashomer Palestine between the Jews and the Arabs. ise, then, if it is all a true one, that conflict Hashomer Haaair participated in the formation of Hazair, which submitted the above proposal to Mifleget Pualim (Mapem, The Royal Commission started from the as­ Meuhedet "United the Anglo-American Inquiry Commission appoin­ between Jews and Arabs is inevitable, would Workers' Party"). sumption that the Jews and the Arabs could not be removed by partition. On the con­ ted in November 1945 to reconsider the Palestine Since the 1920s various Zionist groups advo­ problem in light of the plight of Jewish survivors not live together. "Half a loaf is better than trary, partition would only project it into the cated as a solution to the Palestinian conflict the of the Holocaust. no bread,"-c-so let's give each one half the future by fixing and amplifying its causes. establishment of a bi-national state in which both 2. Le., the Royal Commission appointed in loaf-was the underlying idea behind the By eliminating the unpromising altema­ the Jewish and Arab communities would govern 1936, and headed by Lord Peel. Royal Commission's recommendation. It tives, once more we reach our original con­ on a parity basis while enjoying communal auton­ seems simple, it seems easy, it seems plausi­ clusions: that there is no other way out of the ble. It seems just for an occasion where there deadlock save through a system calculated is "a conflict of right with right." ... to bring the Jews and the Arabs together. No The protagonists of the partition plan matter how much this idea may be criticised cherish the illusion that certain Jewish and as unrealistic by people unable to see be­ MOSHE SHERTOK Arab circles favour partition as the "lesser yond a particular, though temporary, situa­ 39. Bi-Nationalism Is Unworkable (July 17, 1947)1 evil" so that their support, or at least their tion, we have no doubt that any, or every, acquiescence, might be gained. They over­ other settlement is much more unrealis­ look the fact that what these Jews and Arabs tic. respectively have in mind is a "good" [A bi-national solution] cannot hope to be The [Arab-Jewish conflict in Palestine) can independence. For in this case again, in or­ certainly not be met by the adoption of a bi­ partition-c-vgood" meaning favourable to carried into effect if Jews, Arabs and British der to save the situation from a state of per­ national solution based on parity. Such a so­ their own point of view. But there is no parti­ alike each persist in maintaining that they petual deadlock, a third party would have to lution, to be operative, presupposes two col­ tion that would be "good" for Jews and Ar­ have always been right while only the others be introduced either as a result of foresight lective wills acting, by and large, in unison. abs at one and the same time. If it were were in the wrong. A thorough heart­ or as a result of an espirit d'escalur. It "good" for the Jews, it would rally all the searching on the part of all concerned is is not a question of individuals combin­ I do not think I am fully competent to Arabs against it, and via versa. Most proba­ what is needed. Previous mistakes should ing on some minor matters. Individuals may judge the subject from the point of view of bly, it would rally both sides against it. The be acknowledged. And we hope that the combine across the barriers of race or com­ comparative constitutional law, but I am not munity or religion, but on major matters, problem would be further complicated by greatness of the cause at stake will not suffer aware of any precedent for such an arrange­ the additional interests bearing on the situa­ on account of petty considerations. We hope what one would have to face for a consider­ ment. There are bi-national and multi­ able tion, such as strategic, cultural. commercial, that faith in humanity, in the better qualities time-heaven knows for how long-­ national states in the world, and in all of would be two national entities, each with a or religious considerations.... of mankind, in progress and the victory of them, I believe, sovereignty in the ultimate collective will of its own. And to imagine [Moreover) these carved out portions of a the masses will be the inspiring force in the resort is vested in the majority of the popula­ that such a state would be something work­ small country, which would be arbitrarily solution of this grave problem. It is not only tion or the majority of some elected assem­ designated as "states" would be absolutely Palestine that stands at the cross-roads. The able is to presuppose a willingness to walk bly. In the last resort the majority prevails, untenable either economically or politically. issue affects the entire Middle East. The together on the part of those two national and nowhere do you find two equally bal­ entities. Trade and commerce would be strangled. choice is between friction and harmony, be­ anced communities set against each other. It The normal flow of goods and services in a tween Balkanisarion and cooperation, be­ These prerequisites do not exist, and would have been more logical to expect such country which naturally presents a single tween fascist reaction and democratic pro­ therefore the issue, I am afraid, is a purely an arrangement in those countries than in a If, geographic and economic unit would be pre­ gress. Now is not the time to set the dock academic one. for the sake of argument, I country like Palestine, because in those am to vented. It must always be remembered that back. A wise decision on Palestine will start assume that it may be practical coun tries there are no such fundamental the reason for any partition would be that us off in the right and glorious direction. politics-which I do not-then I would have cleavages and no such diametrical divergen­ "Jews and Arabs will not cooperate." If they to say that it would either lead to a state of cies as we have to face in Palestine. It is not a permanent deadlock. on major matters, or workable solution. that it would lead to the virtual abolition of I must stress again and again that the NarES Source: Oral testimony given on July 17, 1947, to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, in 1. Hashomer Hazair (The Young Guard)--a youth movement of the same name (see document "The Jewish Plan for Palestine: Memoranda and Statements Presented by the Jewish Agency for Palestine Palestinian politicalparty associated with a Zionist 21 in this chapter). In Palestine its members estab- to the United Nations Special Ccrnmittes on Palestine" (Jerusalem, 1947), pp. 511-13.

"-:c:. y4!""rg , ",....' ..' 626 TliE JEW IN THE MODERN WORLD ZIONISM 627 question is no! whether Jews and Arabs can could and would prevent Jewish immigra­ the mandatory power for Palestine, and to in the territory of the Jewish State, including live together within the framework of one tion and that is the most fundamental issue all other Members of the United Nations the a seaport and hinterland adequate to pro­ state. They can. They do. They will. The for the Jews. adoption and implementation, with regard vide facilities for a substantial immigration, question is whether they can operate a state You do not solve the problem by taking to the future government of Palestine, of the shall be evacuated at the earliest possible machinery by pulling an equal weight in its immigration out of the context and entrust­ Plan of Partition with Economic Union set date and in any event not later than Febru­ councils. They will pull apart. The problem ing it to some ad hoc authority. It cannot be out below; ary 1, 1948. in this country is not how to compose the taken out of the context. The problem of im­ Requests that (a) The Security Council 3. Independent Arab and Jewish States differences between two static sections of migration is bound up with the whole ma­ take the necessary measures as provided for and the Special Intemational Regime for the the country's population. If that were the chinery of Government, with economic poli­ in the plan for its implementation; . City of Jerusalem, set forth in part ill of this cast>, it would not be so difficult. The prob­ cy, with fiscal policy. It is not merely a plan, shall come into existence in Palestine lem is how to reconcile independence with question of issuing visas and letting people Part I two months after the evacuation of the the dynamic development of the Jewish sec­ in. It means absorbing those people, provld­ A. Termination of Mandate, Partition and in­ armed forces of the mandatory power has tion and of the country as a whole. Perhaps I ing for them, so Shaping the country's eco­ dependence. been completed but in any case not later could formulate it a little differently, and that nomic policy as to enable us to absorb immi­ 1. The Mandate for Palestine shall termi­ than October 1, 1948. perhaps would be more correct. The prob­ grants. If there is harmony between the ad nate as soon as possible but in any case not D. Economic Union and Transit lem is how to make of independence an in­ hoc immigration authority and the state ma­ later than August 1, 1948. 1. The Provisional Council of Govern­ strument of development and not a stran­ chinery, then it is all right. But if there is 2. The armed forces of the mandatory ment of each State shall enter into an under­ glehold on development. But if you assign complete discord, the possibility of it, the power shall be progressively withdrawn taking with respect to Economic Union and equality to both statics and dynamics, then certainty of it, then it will not work, and the from Palestine, the withdrawal to be com­ Transit. . the statics will have the advantage. Equality immigration powers which you might grant pleted as Soon as possible but in any case not Part III-City of Iersualem of veto will mean Jewish defeat. 'What can a to the ad hoc authority would prove a delu­ later than August 1, 1948. A. Special Regime Jewish veto do to the Arabs, vitally, cru­ sion.... Again, in a bi-national state .. The mandatory power shall advise the The City of Jerusalem shall be established cially? The Arabs are here. Nobody in his we shall be irresistibly driven to the installa­ Commission, as far in advance as possible, as a corpus separatum under a special interna­ senses would try to eradicate them; anyhow tion of a third party wielding real power of its intention to terminate the Mandate and tional regime and shall be designated to dis­ you won't do it by a veto. What positive act with all the negative results-primarily, no to evacuate each area. charge the responsibilities of the Administer-­ can doom the hopes of the Arabs to live independence. The mandatory power shall use its best ing Authority on behalf of the United here, 10 enjoy prosperity? But an Arab vela endeavours to ensure that an area situated Nations.

NarE NarE

1. Moshe Shertok (1894-1965). From 19).3 to Home. Indeed, with the establishment of the State 1. On February14,1947, His Majesty's govern­ mended by the United Nations Special Committee 1948he was the secretary of the Jewish Agency's of Israel in 1948Shertok (who then hebraized his ment announced that, given the anarchy reigning on Palestine. Among the states voting in favor of political department. a position equivalent to the name to Sharett) was appointed foreign minister in Palestine, the mandate could no longer be prop­ the plan were the United States and the Soviet foreign minister of the nascent Jewish National of the Provisional Government. erly administered and that Britain would thus Union-Britain abstained. The plan was accepted. seek to return the mandate to the United Nations by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs, who de­ (which had replaced the League nf Nations). On clared that they would do all in their power to November 29, 1947, the United Nations General prevent its implernentatton. Britain stated it Assembly approved, by a vote of thirty-three to would do nothing to enforce the plan. UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY thirteen, of the partition plan for Palestine recom­ 40. Resolution on Palestine (November 29, 1947)1

The General Assembly, . Considers that Takes note of the declaration by the man­ the present situation in Palestine is one datory power that it plans to complete its which is likely to impair the general welfare evacuation of Palestine by August I, 1948; and friendly relations among nations; Recommends to the United Kingdom, as

Sou.rcp: New York Time, November 30, 1947, p. 1. Copyright 1947 by the New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission.

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