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Burnt River Water Temperature Study Commitee Final Report

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Burnt River Water Temperature Study Commitee Final Report BURNT RIVER WATER TEMPERATURE STUDY STEERING COMMITTEE FINAL REPORT Prepared for the Burnt River Steering Committee by David Duncan and Associates Boise, Idaho April 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 Study Description ...................................................................................................................... 1 Study Area ................................................................................................................................. 1 OBJECTIVE 1: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO STREAM TEMPERATURES ...................... 2 Baseline Temperatures............................................................................................................... 2 Upper Watersheds .............................................................................................................. 2 Lower Watersheds .............................................................................................................. 2 How Does Heat Energy Enter and Leave a Stream? ................................................................. 3 Radiation.................................................................................................................................... 5 Atmospheric Radiation....................................................................................................... 7 Radiation from Riparian Vegetation and Topographic Features........................................ 7 Solar Radiation ................................................................................................................... 8 Water Radiation.................................................................................................................. 8 Evaporation................................................................................................................................8 Convection and Conduction ...................................................................................................... 9 Streambed Conduction .............................................................................................................. 9 Groundwater .............................................................................................................................. 9 Stream Characteristics Important to Temperature................................................................... 10 Elevation........................................................................................................................... 10 Aspect............................................................................................................................... 10 Topographic Features ....................................................................................................... 10 Flow.................................................................................................................................. 10 Channel Width and Depth ................................................................................................ 10 Vegetative Shade .............................................................................................................. 11 Reservoirs......................................................................................................................... 11 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 13 Processes that Involve the Transfer of Heat Energy......................................................... 13 Stream Characteristics Important to Temperature............................................................ 14 OBJECTIVE 2: TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES .................................... 15 Methodology............................................................................................................................ 15 Shade ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Site Capability .................................................................................................................. 15 Reclamation Findings....................................................................................................... 16 Irrigation Operations................................................................................................................ 17 Combining Shade Improvements with Irrigation Efficiency................................................... 17 OBJECTIVE 3: DEVELOP AND TEST A SURROGATE.......................................................... 18 Rationale for a Surrogate ......................................................................................................... 18 Temperature Surrogate ............................................................................................................ 18 Definition.......................................................................................................................... 19 Components...................................................................................................................... 19 i Process.............................................................................................................................. 19 Healthy Streams Surrogate ...................................................................................................... 20 Considerations .................................................................................................................. 20 Possible Additional Components ..................................................................................... 20 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 21 OBJECTIVE 4: 1010 PLAN.......................................................................................................... 22 Conservation Activities ........................................................................................................... 22 Implementation Problems........................................................................................................ 22 Process.............................................................................................................................. 22 Scientific Disagreements .................................................................................................. 23 Socioeconomic ................................................................................................................. 23 Use of Surrogates..................................................................................................................... 24 Feasibility ................................................................................................................................24 Measures of Progress............................................................................................................... 25 Burnt River 1010 Plan ............................................................................................................. 25 FUTURE RESEARCH ................................................................................................................... 26 Objective 1: Factors Contributing to Stream Temperatures ................................................... 26 Burnt River ....................................................................................................................... 26 General ............................................................................................................................. 26 Tools................................................................................................................................. 26 Objective 2: Temperature Management Alternatives............................................................. 27 Objective 3: Develop and Test a Surrogate ............................................................................ 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................28 NOTES.............................................................................................................................................31 FIGURES Figure 1. Location…………………………….......………………………..……......….Frontispiece Figure 2. Seven-day Average Maximum Daily Stream Temperatures at Upper Monitoring Sites. 2 Figure 3. Seven-day Average Maximum Daily Stream Temperatures at Lower Monitoring Sites. 3 Figure 4. Seven-day Average Mean Daily Stream Temperatures at Lower Monitoring Sites......... 3 Figure 5. Budget of Radiation from the Sun, the Atmosphere, and the Ground.............................. 4 Figure 6. Processes that Involve the Transfer of Heat Energy......................................................... 5 Figure 7. Energy Processes Occurring in the Lower Burnt River During One July Day................. 6 Figure 8. Long-wave Radiation in the Lower Burnt River During One July Day. .......................... 6 Figure 9. Vegetation Shade Angle. ................................................................................................ 11 Figure 10. Unity Reservoir Inflow and Outflow – 7-day Average Mean Daily Stream Temperatures ................................................................................................................................................
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