S.Afr.J.Bot., 1992, 58(3): 165 - 172 165 The classification of the vegetation of Korannaberg, eastern Orange Free State, South Africa. I. Afromontane fynbos communities

P.J. du Preez National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300 Republic of South Africa Present address: Nature and Environmental Conservation Directorate, O.F.S. Provincial Administration, P.O. Box 517, Bloemfontein, 9300 Republic of South Africa

Received 24 May 1991; accepted 16 March 1992

The Afromontane fynbos communities of Korannaberg were classified using TWINSPAN numerical analysis and refined by the Braun-Blanquet technique. The Passerina montana - Cymbopogon dieterlenii fynbos was divided into two communities, of which one was divided into two sub-communities. Descriptions of the plant communities include diagnostic species and the habitat features such as geology, altitude, aspect, slope and soil factors such as soil type, depth and rockiness of the soil surface.

Die Afromontaanse fynbosgemeenskappe van Korannaberg is geklassifiseer deur middel van die TWINSPAN numeriese analise en verfyn met die Braun-Blanquet tegniek. Die Passerina montana - Cymbopogon dieter­ lenii fynbos is in twee gemeenskappe verdeel, waarvan een in twee subgemeenskappe verdeel is. Die gemeenskapsbeskrywings behels differensierende spesies en die habitateienskappe soos geologie, hoogte bo seevlak, aspek, helling en grondeienskappe soos grondsoort, diepte en klipperigheid van die grond­ oppervlak.

Keywords: Afromontane fynbos communities, Braun-Blanquet techniques, eastern Orange Free State, vegetation-site relations.

Introduction which the landowners have pooled some of their resources The term fynbos has been used widely in botanical for the purpose of conserving the wildlife on their combined literature. There is general consensus among botanists that properties (Earle & Basson 1990). The Koranna hiking trail evergreen, sclerophyllous vegetation, typical of the south­ was the first public trail in South Africa to run entirely western Cape, Natal Drakensberg and other areas is true through private land (Botha 1988) and it covers an area of fynbos (Moll et at. 1984). Moll and Jarman (1984a) defined approximately 11 416 ha (114.16 km2). fynbos vegetation as being evergreen, sclerophyllous shrub­ In this paper, the unique Afromontane fynbos vegetation lands, on oligotrophic soils, comprising essentially Cape of Korannaberg is discussed and a phytosociological classi­ Floristic Kingdom elements, consisting predominantly of fication of the Afromontane fynbos communities is pre­ either functionally isobilateral picophyllous-Ieaved and/or sented. microphyllous- to mesophyllous-leaved shrubs and usually associated with evergreen aphyllous- and/or narrow-leaved Study area sclerophyllous hemicryptophytes. Following the definition Location of Moll and Jarman (1984b), all Cape, Afromontane and Korannaberg is situated in both the Excelsior and Clocolan Afro-alpine fynbos types are also considered as heathlands. districts. It is bound by longitudes 27°10' and 27"20' E Killick (1979) distinguished three main types of mountain and latitudes 28°50' and 28°57' S (Figure 1). Korannaberg, heathland, namely montane heathland, sub-alpine heath land like Thaba 'Nchu Mountain, is a solitary foothill of the and alpine heathland. All the non-Cape fynbos communities Drakensberg Range (Roberts 1966). that occur in the Afromontane (White 1978) and Afro-alpine The study area is part of the Grassland Biome (Rutherford regions (Killick 1978) are termed by Moll and Jarman & Westfall 1986) and the vegetation of the study area is (1984a) as Afromontane fynbos, following proposals by located in the Cymbopogon - Themeda veld (Veld Type 48) Cowling (1983). (A cocks 1988). This survey is part of a comprehensive project analysing the vegetation of the southern and eastern Orange Free State Topography and geology and the Highlands of Lesotho (Du Preez, in prep.), and The mountain is surrounded by flat to rolling plains on the forms part of a national phytosociological survey of the western and northern sides, and by valleys, terraces, ridges western Grassland Biome (Bredenkamp et at. 1989), in and mountains on the south-eastern and eastern parts. The order to obtain uniformity and comparability. An ecological altitude ranges from 1500 m on the plains to 1881 m above survey and phytosociological classification of Korannaberg mean sea-level on the mountain (Figure 2). Korannaberg would also be of value for the management of the Koranna consists of two plateaux which are separated by a valley, Conserv ancy . and is drained by the Vet River system (Figure 1). The Koranna Conservancy was formed in 1985 and is the Geologically the study area is underlain by the Karoo first conservancy established in the Orange Free State (Earle Sequence. The stratigraphic units of this sequence are the & Basson 1990). A conservancy is a group of farms on Beaufort, Molteno, Elliot and Clarens Formations. The 166 S.-Afr.Tydslcr.Plantk., 1992, 58(3)

KEY

- Main Roads -<. Rivers & streams --.. - Intemationale Border _ Mountain o Town O__ 5km Scale

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Bophutatswana

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Lesotho )

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Figure 1 The location of Korannaberg in relation to towns.

Karoo Sequence is intruded by numerous dolerite dykes and grained sandstone. Narrow gorges in this formatiom were sills. Recent alluvium and scree covers the valley floors formed by the relatively rapid weathering of dolerite dykes. while the mountain slopes are covered only by scree During the intrusion phase (Jurassic Period), hot igneous (Groenewald 1986). material penetrated the sandstone and baked it to hard solid The first three formations consist of alternating layers of rock, which is resistant to weathering (Bonnett 1977; silt- and mudstone as well as medium- to coarse-grained Groenewald 1986). sandstone. These layers are of fluvial origin. The Clarens Formation consists of thick layers of yellowish sandstone of Soils aeolian origin. This striking formation has characteristic and The Afromontane fynbos communities are restricted to the massive vertical cliffs, and consists of fine- to medium- Ai Land Type on the plateau of the mountain. The Ai Land S.Afr.I.Bot..1992.58(3) 167

Unmapped arc a

Dry grassland

Open shrubland

Afromontanc ravine forests

Fynbos and grassland associated with sandstone outcrops

Follow lands and cultivated grazing

Moist Afromonlanc grassland

Scale lOOOm lkm

Vcrlangdedcel •

•

Figure 2 A map of Korannaberg and Vegkop indicating the distribution of the major vegetation types. 168 S.-Afr.Tydskr.Plantk., 1992,58(3)

Type is predominated by high base status, yellow, apedal, Results well-drained, oligotrophic soils. This land type occurs on Classification approximately 23 910 ha of which an estimated 400 ha are The analysis resulted in the identification of two Afro­ unavailable for agronomy (Land Type Survey Staff, in montane fynbos communities. In an hierarchical classifica­ press). tion these communities are grouped into one major The soils can be classified in one of the following soil community. The phytosociological classification is forms: Clovelly, Mispah, Estcourt, Avalon, Hutton, Cartref, presented in Table l. The average canopy cover and height Longlands, Oakleaf, Dundee, Constantia and Fernwood for each stratum were calculated for every community (Land Type Survey Staff, in press). identified and are presented in Table 2. The hierarchical classification of the communities is as follows: Climate 1. Passerina montana - Cymbopogon dieterlenii Major The study area lies in the mesothermic climatic zone of the Community. Koppen classification. This Cwb climate zone receives 1.1 lschyrolepis schoenoides - Agapanthus campanula­ approximately 550 mm or more rain per annum, mainly tus Community. during summer and autumn. This zone furthermore exper­ l.2 Metalasia muricata - Tristachya leucothrix Com­ iences cold, dry winter periods. The average temperature of munity. the warmest month is less than 22°C, but an average temperature of more than 10°C is maintained for at least Table 1 A phytosociological table of the Afromontane four months per year (Van der Wall 1976). fynbos communities The mean annual precipitation over 11 years (1951 - 1962) was 766 mm at Modderpoort, near Ladybrand (Figure MAJOR COMMUNITY NUMBER I 1), most falling between October and April (Weather Bureau I COMMUNITY NUMBER 1.1 I 1.2 1.3 1 1986). At Modderpoort tile mean daily maximum tempera­ 1 1 1 ture for the hottest month (January) is 27.9°C and 16.3°C 3333111111121 111443331 RELEVE NUMBER 9999101655925177005551 for the coldest month (July). The mean daily minimum 7568115614150168567891 temperature for January is 12SC and for July 1 1 1 -O.rc NUMBER OF SPECIES/RELEVE 1 1112111 1111111 (Weather Bureau 1986). A variation in the microclimate of 9719123005819109090321 the study area may be expected owing to differences in 1 1 1 ASPECT SSSSISENESSSEISSSSSSSI habitat conditions and vegetation structure (Van Zinderen­ I W E IW EEW 1 Bakker 1971). This aspect is excluded from this study. I 1 1 SLOPE 1 1111321 1 111112221 0240150005955100321431 Methods 1 1 1 I I I The vegetation survey of the entire mountain was done by means of stratification based on land types and terrain units SPECIES GROUP A Agapanthus campanulatus IR RRI 1 (Land Type Survey Staff, in press; Eloff 1984). The 426 Ischyrolepis schoenoides IR2++1 1 sample plots were distributed pro rata on an area basis Andropogon appendiculatus I R R+ I + 1+ within the stratification units to ensure that all the units were SPECIES GROUP B sampled and that sufficient samples were placed in the types Diheteropogon filifolius 11+1R++ RI with smaller areas. Due to the relatively restricted area Senecio glaberrimus I R R RI Mohria caffrorum 1 R R 1 R occupied by the fynbos communities, only 20 sample plots Haplocarpha scaposa I RR RRRI Themeda triandra I +RR+ 21 were located in the fynbos. Plot sizes were fixed at 16 m2• Helichrysum subglomeratum IR R RI Total floristic composition was recorded in each plot, using Hypericum lalandii I RR R I R the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale (Mueller­ Helichrysum melanacme I + R RRI He/ichrysum niveum IRRR I Dombois & Ellenberg 1974) for estimating cover of each Ajuga ophrydis IR R R I species. The percentage canopy cover of each stratum was SPECIES GROUP C also estimated and recorded. Furthermore, the height of each Muraltia alticola I +RRI 1++RRR++1 stratum was measured and recorded. Physiographic informa­ Anthospermum monticola IR R I I + RR+I tion recorded included terrain types, altitude, aspect, slope, SPECIES GROUP D soil depth and soil surface rockiness. Metalasia muricata + 11?2+ 1 12+++1++1 Watsonia densiflora I +2R1~ I+RRR+RRI By applying the TWINSPAN numerical analysis (Hill 1979) Tristachya leucothrix 1121R++ +1++ R +RI to the data, a first approximation in the definition of the Helichrysum nudifolium IRRR RR I R RI vegetation types was obtained. Refinement of this classifi­ Senecio isatideus I R R+ I RR I Eragrostis racemosa 1+ R I R RR I cation was done by the application of Braun-Blanquet procedures in order to obtain a final, ecologically sound SPECIES GROUP E Passerina montana 1+1R+12224342RI2411+111 classification, that is ecologically as sound as possible (Behr Erica maesta 1+111IR1R+34+RI2112 111 & Bredenkamp 1988; Bredenkamp et al. 1989; Bezuiden­ Cliffortia ramosissima 1111+12 +43 3 124121121 Selago galpinii I+RRRI RRR R IRRR+RRRI hout & Bredenkamp 1990; Kooij et al. 1990a - d; Kooij et Cymbopogon dieterlenii IR++RI+11R++141 +++RRRI al. 1991; Van Wyk & Bredenkamp 1986). Pentaschistis setifolia I+R +1 + R + IR + RI All species names conform to those of Gibbs Russell et Schoenoxiphium sparteum I R RI R R I R R I al. (1985, 1987a & b, 1988) and De Wet et al. (1989,1990). Species with an occurrence of less than 4 have been omitted. S.AfrJ.Bot.,1992,58(3) 169

Table 2 The average height (H) and canopy cover (C) 1.1 lschyrolepis schoenoides - Agapanthus campa­ of the shrub and herbaceous strata of the fynbos nulatus Community communities of the Korannaberg This community occurs on the south-facing slope of a Stratum sandstone ridge (Clarens Formation). The community is totally protected from fire and grazing by the high sandstone Shrub Herbaceous ridge on three sides and a vertical cliff on the southern side. Community No" H (m) C (%) H (m) C (%) During the rainy season and for some time thereafter, water 1.1 1.2 45.0 0.6 25.0 constantly seeps from the sandstone ridge, creating an ideal 1.2.1 1.4 60.0 0.5 30.0 habitat for this community. 1.2.2 1.7 70.0 0.7 18.0 Species group A is diagnostic of this community (Table • See text for plant community names. 1). Diagnostic species include the only member of the Restionaceae present here, namely Ischyrolepis schoenoides (Kunth) Linder [= Restio sieberi Kunth var. schoenoides (Kunth) Pillans] (Linder 1985), in this Afromontane fynbos 1.2.1 Diheteropogon filifolius - Themeda triandra Sub­ major community, as well as Agapanthus campanulatus and community. Andropogon appendiculatus (species group A) (Table 1). 1.2.2 Muraltia alticola .- Anthospermum monticola Sub­ The shrub stratum is 1.2 m tall, with an average canopy community. cover of 45% (Table 2). This layer is dominated by the temperate fynbos species Muraltia alticola and Antho­ Description of the communities spermum monticola (species group C), as well as Passerina 1. Passerina montana - Cymbopogon dieterlenii Major montana. Erica maesta. Clijfortia ramosissima and Selago Community galpinii (species group E). The herbaceous layer has an The major community at Korannaberg forms dense sclero­ average height of 0.6 m and an average canopy cover of phyllous stands which are similar to those from Thaba 25%, and is dominated by the differential species forming 'Nchu Mountain identified by Roberts (1966) as the Cymbo­ species group A and prominent species such as Cymbopo­ pogon - Passerina Macchia. Roberts (1961, 1966) listed gon dieterlenii and Pentaschistis setifolia (species group E) both Cymbopogon dieterlenii and Passerina montana as (Table 1). diagnostic of this macchia. Both species have a frequency of The shallow, sandy Glenrosa and Mispah Forms, con­ 100%. The following Thaba 'Nchu species have a frequency stantly moist conditions, isolation from grazing and fire as between 20% and 100%: Anthospermum tricostatum. Erica well as the south-facing slopes, create an ideal environment maesta. Stoebe vulgaris. Chrysocoma ciliata. Ruschia for temperate species such as Ischyrolepis schoenoides. putterillii. Helichrysum piloseloides. Eriocephalus punc­ Pentaschistis setifolia and Metalasia muricata which have tulatus. Cliffortia nitidula. Euclea crispa. Rhus divaricata specific habitat requirements to survive in relatively warm and Gazania krebsiana (Roberts 1%6). and dry climatic conditions. The Cymbopogon - Passerina Major Community on Korannaberg is characterized by the presence of species 1.2 Metalasia muricata - Tristachya leucothrix Com­ munity from species group E (Table 1). According to Kruger (1979) and Cowling and Campbell (1983), the distribution of Cape This extensive community occupies a relatively drier habitat fynbos is determined more by infertile soils than by climate. than the previous one. Although it is more widespread, it The Afromontane fynbos community also occupies a specif­ still has a restricted distibution. It usually occurs in steep gullies, rock-crevices, between large sandstone boulders, in ic habitat, and occurs only on the Clarens Formation, at high depressions on flat slabs of sandstone and on ledges. All altitudes (above 1750 m), in very stony sites having a sandy these habitats are usually inaccessible to fire, and variations soil of soft consistency and a low pH. This major commun­ in aspect, soil depth, percentage of slope and stone do occur. ity exhibits a low degree of trampling and erosion. The The community is characterized by the presence of species are mainly shrub and herbaceous species. Trees are species group D (Table 1) which includes the diagnostic absent. The average height of these strata in the fynbos woody species Metalasia muricata, the geophyte Watsonia communities are very constant (Table 2). densiflora, the grasses Tristachya leucothrix and Eragrostis Indicator species include the woody species Passerina racemosa and the two herbs Helichrysum nudifolium and montana. Erica maesta. Cliffortia ramosissima and Selago Senecio isatideus. galpinii as well as the grass Cymbopogon dieter/enii. In the The community can be divided into two sub-communities. communities, Passerina montana. Erica maesta and Clif­ fortia ramosissima are usually co-dominant, but there are 1.2.1 Diheteropogon filifolius - Themeda triandra Sub­ localities where the afore-mentioned species dominate community stands individually. In most of these cases Passerina This is an open sub-community, typically found in shallow montana dominates. depressions on flat rock slabs or on the edge where the soil The Cymbopogon - Passerina Major Community is sub­ is shallow. Water accumulates on the rock slabs during rain divided into two communities, namely the Ischyrolepis and drains towards the depressions and edges. The lithosols schoenoides - Agapanthus campanulatus Community and are 50 - 200 mm deep and stony. the Metalasia muricata - Tristachya leucothrix Community. This sub-community is characterized by several herbs, 170 S.-Afr.Tydskr.Plantk., 1992,58(3)

namely Senecio glaberrimus. Haplocarpha scaposa. Unum schoenoides - Agapanthus campanulatus community has the thunbergii. Ajuga ophrydis. Helichrysum subglomeratum. H. lowest average number of species per releve, namely nine. melanacme and H. niveum, the fern Moria caffrorum and The restriction of fynbos to rocky sandstone outcrops and the grasses Diheteropogon filifolius and Themeda triandra. sheltered sites could be a result of protection from fire. This These species are all diagnostic for this sub-community and type of fynbos, like several others (Story 1952; Killick are in species group B (Table 1). The herbs and grasses 1%3, 1978; Downing et al. 1978; Taylor 1978; Van Wilgen indicate this sub-community's affinity to the neighbouring 1982; Bond 1981; Cowling & Campbell 1983; Kruger & grassland communities. Bigalke 1984), are very susceptible to fire. In fact, fire is The shrub layer is represented by species such as Meta­ used to control the invasion of fynbos into grassland lasia muricata (species group D), Passerina montana, Erica communities in the eastern Cape (Trollope 1973; Downing maesta. Cliffortia ramosissima and Selago galpinii (species et al. 1978). group E) (Table 1). This layer is 1.4 m tall and covers 60% The aim of this study was to identify, characterize and of the community (Table 2). interpret ecologically, the Afromontane fynbos vegetation The herbaceous layer has an average canopy cover of that occurs on Korannaberg and to describe its habitat 30%, is 0.5 m tall (Table 2) and is dominated by the differ­ characteristics. Killick (1979) stated that the detailed ential herbs forming species group B as well as the promi­ ecological information on African mountain heathlands is nent species Watsonia densiflora, the grass Tristachya scarce. This paper is a contribution to the better under­ leucothrix, the herbs Helichrysum nudifolium and Senecio standing of the mountain heathlands of Africa and especially isatideus (species group D) and Cymbopogon dieterlenii of the Afromontane fynbos of the eastern Orange Free State. (species group E) (Table 1). The classification obtained by TWINSPAN and refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures resulted in one major fynbos 1.2.2 Muraltia alticola - Anthospermum monticola community that could be divided into two communities of Sub-commnnity which one could be subdivided into two sub-communities. In contrast to the previous sub-community, this one is more The vegetation varies as a result of variations in habitat, for closed and occurs largely in steep gullies, crevices and example topography, soil depth, drainage regime and slope. ledges. The soil is stony and sandy. A special attempt should be made to prevent the destruc­ This sub-community is characterized by species group C tion of these fynbos communities by fire, trampling and (Table 1). The differentiating species are woody and tempe­ erosion. rate Muraltia alticola and Anthospermum monticola. The prominent species present in the shrub layer are Acknowledgements Muraltia alticola and Anthospermum monticola (species I am indebted to the Directors and Council of the National group C), Metalasia muricata (species group D), Passerina Museum, Bloemfontein, for financing this research, and the montana, Erica maesta. Cliffortia ramosissima and Selago financial support of the Free State branch of the Wildlife galpinii (species group E) (Table 1). This layer is 1.7 m tall Society of Southern Africa is also gratefully acknowledged. and covers 70% of the community (Table 2). I thank Me R.I. Kok and Mr M.I. Strydom for their valuable The herbaceous layer is dominated by the differentiating information as well as all the members of the Koranna herbs Watsonia densiflora, Tristachya leucothrix (species Conservancy for their hospitality and continued interest in group D), Cymbopogon dieterlenii and Pentaschistis seti­ the project. folia (species group E) (Table 1). This layer covers 18% of the community and is 0.7 m tall (Table 2). References ACOCKS, I.P.H. 1988. Veld types of South Africa, 3rd edn. Discussion Mem. bot. Surv. S. Afr. 57: 1 - 146. Numerous Cape temperate species have been distinguished BEHR, C.M. & BREDENKAMP, G.I. 1988. A phytosociological by Weimarck (1941) and the following genera presented in classification of the Witwatersrand National Botanic Garden. S. Table 1 are considered as typical of the Cape centre: Cliffor­ Afr. I . Bot. 54: 525 - 533. tia. Erica. Metalasia. Muraltia. Passerina. Pentaschistis. BEZUIDENHOUT H. & BREDENKAMP, G.I. 1990. A recon­ Restio. 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