DOCSLIB.ORG

Sin Título De Diapositiva

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sin Título De Diapositiva SISTEMÀTICA MOLECULAR, FILOGEOGRAFIA I GENÈTICA DE LA CONSERVACIÓ DE MUSTÈLIDS I DE MACACS Josep Marmi i Plana Tesi Doctoral 2004 Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA Sistemàtica molecular, filogeografia i genètica de la conservació de mustèlids i de macacs Memòria presentada per Josep Mª Marmi Plana per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Aquest treball ha estat realitzat sota la direcció del Dr. Xavier Domingo i Roura al Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Dr. Xavier Domingo i Roura Josep Mª Marmi i Plana Director de Tesi Barcelona, març de 2004 Dipòsit legal: B.43715-2004 ISBN: 84-688-8523-1 Als meus pares per haver-me ajudat tant durant tots aquests anys Als meus germans A la Queralt A GRAÏMENTS En aquest apartat vull agrair l’ajuda que m’han ofert tot un seguit de persones des que em vaig començar a introduir en el món de la genètica de poblacions i de l’evolució molecular. Sobretot vull agrair als Drs Alfredo Ruíz i Xavier Domingo que em donessin una oportunitat per iniciar-me productivament en aquestes especialitats. Sota la supervisió del primer vaig cursar - juntament amb el col·lega Oscar Ramírez i dins de la llicenciatura de Biologia - l’assignatura de Pràctiques en Empreses i Institucions Públiques amb l’objectiu de realitzar un treball recopilatori d’estudis de diversitat genètica en fauna dels Països Catalans. Amb el segon, després de col·laborar- hi durant una mica més d’un any (entre el setembre de 1998 i el desembre de 1999), vaig iniciar la tesi doctoral que ara presento. Al setembre de 1998 vaig començar a treballar amb en Xavier, en el Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). En aquesta institució, en Guerau Fernández i la Begonya Jaén van ser els primers que em van ajudar a aprendre les tècniques de biologia molecular que havia d’utilitzar per fer els experiments i en teoria estava supervisat per la Rogelia Lorente, una estudiant de màster mexicana molt trempada però que sempre desapareixia quan més la necessitava (Murphy??), doncs aquell any en Xavier començava a treballar a la Universitat Pompeu Fabra . Al febrer de 1999 en Xavier em va proposar incorporar-me a la Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Els companys de la Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva m’han ajudat a millorar les tècniques apreses i me n’han ensenyat de noves amb molta paciència, dedicació i amabilitat. Ells són l’Aida Andrés, la Stephanie Plaza, en David Comas, l’Elena Bosch, l’Eva Mateu. Dins d’aquesta unitat vull agrair especialment l’ajuda oferida per la Mònica Vallès en els treballs d’extracció d’ADN de les mostres; pel Jordi Clarimón que m’ha explicat tots els secrets de les electroforesis en gels de poliacrilamida; pel Bernal Morera per haver pescat algunes de les seqüències de GenBank que he utilitzat; per l’Anna Pérez-Lezaun, per les vegades que m’ha ajudat a seqüenciar (també per les vegades que m’ha donat suport moral després dels terribles atacs d’ira de la Rosa Martínez) juntament amb en Roger Anglada (el deixeble de l’Anna en el Servei de Seqüenciació i d’Anàlisi de Fragments). Sóc conscient que dec uns quants pernils “jabugos” als cervells de la casa (que fan la seva vida a la “sala de pensar”). En Francesc Calafell, l’Arcadi Navarro i l’Oscar Lao han tingut una paciència digna d’admirar amb mi i m’han ofert una ajuda impagable en les anàlisis de dades. També vull agrair en aquestes línies l’amistat que m’han ofert la Marta Soldevila, que ja es va convertir en una molt bona amiga meva quan estudiàvem a la UAB, i en Carles Lalueza-Fox, del qual admiro la seva saviesa i els seus treballs. En aquest darrer any s’han incorporat noves persones a la Unitat, la Lourdes Sampietro, l’Anna Ramírez, en Tomàs Marquès, l’Anna González, la Michelle Gardner, l’Andrés Moreno, la Gemma Berniell, l’Anna Ferrer, la Cristina Santa i en Ferran Casals, entre d’altres, que també s’han convertit en uns bons companys. Les següents línies van dedicades a aquells que es van afegir posteriorment al projecte d’en Xavier després d’en Guerau, la Begonya, la Rogelia, la Rachel Whiteley i jo mateix. Començant una altra vegada pel Guerau (que es va reincorporar temporalment però ara a la UPF) i l’Anna Belém Ibarz amb els que vaig coincidir durant els primers anys a la UPF i que ara han seguit camins diferents. L’Anna actualment és a Oxford amb la intenció de començar un doctorat i en Guerau ja el té encarrilat a l’Hospital de Can Ruti. A ells dos els desitjo un munt d’èxits al llarg dels seus respectius camins. El següent en incorporar-se va ser en Joan Francesc López, un dels grans amics que he fet en aquesta casa i una de les persones que més m’ha ajudat. L’altra és l’Aïnhoa Ferrando a la qual també li dec molt, sobretot després d’ajudar-me amb les delicades extraccions dels pèls de les brotxes d’afaitar. He de reconèixer que després de la incorporació d’ells dos la qualitat del treball del grup va millorar notablement. L’última onada de fitxatges va arribar amb l’aprovació del Projecte Europeu ”INPRIMAT”. Arrel d’això es van incorporar en el nostre grupet, a partir del novembre de 2002, l’Olga Andrés i en Francesc Bisbal. Tots ells també han demostrat ser uns bons companys de treball i el que és més important, uns bons amics. Cal dir aquí que l’Olga ha fet la feixuga feina de llegir-se aquesta tesi per corregir les faltes d’ortografia i gramàtica que a vegades se m’escapen. Al mateix temps que l’Olga, ens va arribar l’ajuda celestial del Bruno Guallar (el tito), com a gestor de projectes. A part d’encarregar-se de resoldre els “marrons de grup” que suposen la paperassa i la sol·licitud de projectes, m’ha ofert una valuosa ajuda en moltes ocasions. És com la nostra padrina i ell m’ha ajudat, per exemple, a fer notables progressos en el disseny i composició de seminaris amb el “Power Point”. Almenys ara les meves presentacions no són tan horteres com ho eren al principi. En Bruno també ha tingut la santa paciència d’ajudar-me en els múltiples i variats problemes de format que he patit a l’etapa final de la tesi que teniu a les vostres mans. El setembre del 2003 s’ha incorporat al nostre grup en Thomas Kellermann, un estudiant alemany molt trempat, i més recentment, el mes de novembre, la Montserrat Bosch ha començat a treballar amb nosaltres com a “postdoc”. Ella m’ha donat consells molt útils per acabar el meu recorregut pre-doctoral. També agraeixo a l’Amarant Martínez, estudiant de la UPF a punt de llicenciar, l’ajuda oferta en el treball de la filogeografia del teixó i a un dels grans amics que he fet a fora del nostre grup, en Luís Magano li agraeixo el seu companyerisme i li desitjo molta sort en la seva nova feina. Per acabar, també tinc en compte l’ajuda desinteressada que m’ha ofert l’amic i biòleg Pere Aymerich, el qual, a part de deixar- me alguns llibres ben interessants, m’ha ensenyat, en diverses tertúlies de cafè, alguns punts de vista sobre el treball de camp que sovint els moleculars desconeixem. Vull dir també, que la realització d’aquesta tesi no hagués estat possible sense el finançament de les següents institucions - Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (Ref. PB98-1064); Institut d’Estudis Catalans; European Commission (Ref. INPRIMAT QLRI-CT-2002-01325); Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació, Generalitat de Catalunya (Ref. 2001SGR 00285); People’s Trust for Endangered Species, United Kingdom; Parfumerie Douglas Netherland B.V.; Fundació Territori i Paisatge, Caixa de Catalunya - la beca pre-doctoral que he gaudit durant aquests quatre anys concedida pel Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació, Generalitat de Catalunya (Ref. 2000FI-00698) – i tot un seguit de col·laboradors que ens han proporcionat mostres i que estan citats en els diferents capítols. Per acabar, també vull donar les gràcies a l’Eulàlia Garcia-Franquesa, conservadora de vertebrats del Museu de Zoologia de Barcelona, per haver acudit als assatjos de la defensa pública d’aquesta tesi i ajudar-me a millorar la meva presentació. ÍN DEX PRESENTACIÓ 11 INTRODUCCIÓ 15 1. La classificació dels éssers vivents i la conservació de la biodiversitat 1.1 Cap a on va la taxonomia actual? 16 1.2 Caràcters morfològics i caràcters moleculars 19 1.3 El paper de la variació intraespecífica 23 1.4 La sistemàtica molecular i la conservació de la fauna 27 2. Els marcadors genètics 2.1 Genoma mitocondrial i genoma nuclear 33 2.2 El gen citocrom b 35 2.3 Les regions flanquejants de regions repetitives nuclears 36 2.4 La regió control de l’ADN mitocondrial 38 3. Els mustèlids 3.1 Distribució, descripció i història evolutiva 42 3.2 Taxonomia confusa 47 3.3 Estatus i conservació a nivell mundial 49 4. El teixó euroasiàtic 4.1 Distribució, descripció i història evolutiva 50 4.2 Importants diferencies morfològiques 51 4.3 Estatus i conservació 53 5. Els macacs 5.1 Distribució, descripció, taxonomia i història evolutiva 54 5.2 Història evolutiva del grup “Fascicularis” 56 5.3 Els genomes mitocondrial i nuclear discrepen sobre l’evolució de les espècies de macacs 58 5.4 Els macacs rhesus i japonès 60 OBJECTIUS 63 RESULTATS 67 Capítol I: Phylogeny, Evolutionary History and Taxonomy of the Mustelidae Based on Sequences of the cyt b Gene and a Complex Repetitive Flanking Region 69 Capítol II: Badgers Are Divided into Four Clearly Separated Taxonomic Units Across Eurasia 101 Capítol III: Inquiring into the Origin of Badger Hair Used in the Manufacturing of Shaving Brushes 125 Capítol IV: Radiation and Phylogeography in the Japanese Macaque, Macaca fuscata 137 DISCUSSIÓ GENERAL 149 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene Locality of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Gornji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
    Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-018-0353-0 ORIGINAL PAPER The Carnivora (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene locality of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Gornji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Katharina Bastl1,2 & Doris Nagel2 & Michael Morlo3 & Ursula B. Göhlich4 Received: 23 March 2018 /Revised: 4 June 2018 /Accepted: 18 September 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The Carnivora (Mammalia) yielded in the coal mine Gračanica in Bosnia and Herzegovina are composed of the caniform families Amphicyonidae (Amphicyon giganteus), Ursidae (Hemicyon goeriachensis, Ursavus brevirhinus) and Mustelidae (indet.) and the feliform family Percrocutidae (Percrocuta miocenica). The site is of middle Miocene age and the biostratigraphical interpretation based on molluscs indicates Langhium, correlating Mammal Zone MN 5. The carnivore faunal assemblage suggests a possible assignement to MN 6 defined by the late occurrence of A. giganteus and the early occurrence of H. goeriachensis and P. miocenica. Despite the scarcity of remains belonging to the order Carnivora, the fossils suggest a diverse fauna including omnivores, mesocarnivores and hypercarnivores of a meat/bone diet as well as Carnivora of small (Mustelidae indet.) to large size (A. giganteus). Faunal similarities can be found with Prebreza (Serbia), Mordoğan, Çandır, Paşalar and Inönü (all Turkey), which are of comparable age. The absence of Felidae is worthy of remark, but could be explained by the general scarcity of carnivoran fossils. Gračanica records the most eastern European occurrence of H. goeriachensis and the first occurrence of A. giganteus outside central Europe except for Namibia (Africa). The Gračanica Carnivora fauna is mostly composed of European elements. Keywords Amphicyon . Hemicyon .
    [Show full text]
  • Oldest Mephitine Cranium and Its Implications for the Origin of Skunks
    Oldest mephitine cranium and its implications for the origin of skunks MIECZYSEAW WOLSAN Wolsan, M. 1999. Oldest mephitine cranium and its implications for the origin of skunks. -Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44,2,223-230. -- Recent molecular studies have recognized the skunks (Mephitinae) to be the sister taxon of a clade comprising the Procyonidae and Mustelidae. These findings are inconsistent with the traditional placement of the skunks among mustelids, which is based on mor- phological evidence from extant taxa. This paper reports on a well-preserved cranium of a young individual, recovered from the middle Miocene deposits (MN 7+8, about 11-12 Ma) of Steinheim am Albuch, Germany. The fossil is the holotype of Palaeo- mephitis steinheimensis Jager, 1839, which is here recognized as a senior subjective syn- onym of Trochotherium cyamoides Fraas, 1870 (consequently, Palaeomephitis Jager, 1839 is a senior subjective synonym of Trochotherium Fraas, 1870). The specimen is identified as the oldest and most primitive mephitine cranium known to date, approach- ing the primitive morphology for the Mephitinae. It exhibits a combination of mephitine (accessory middle-ear chamber, lateral swelling of the squamosal) and mustelid (mus- telid suprameatal fossa) synapomorphies,corroborating the view that skunks are derived from a mustelid ancestor. Its auditory bulla shows a slightly inflated and relatively large caudal entotympanic, which indicates that the uninflated and relatively small caudal entotympanics of adult mephitines, as well as their hypertrophied ectotympanics, are not primitive (as hitherto assumed) but derived, providing a synapomorphy that supports a sister-group relationship between the Mephitinae and Lutrinae. Key words : Palaeomephitis, Trochotherium,Mephitinae, Mustelidae, Carnivora, phy- logeny, taxonomy, morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Primate Newsletter
    LABORATORY PRIMATE NEWSLETTER Vol. 44, No. 3 July 2005 JUDITH E. SCHRIER, EDITOR JAMES S. HARPER, GORDON J. HANKINSON AND LARRY HULSEBOS, ASSOCIATE EDITORS MORRIS L. POVAR, CONSULTING EDITOR ELVA MATHIESEN, ASSISTANT EDITOR ALLAN M. SCHRIER, FOUNDING EDITOR, 1962-1987 Published Quarterly by the Schrier Research Laboratory Psychology Department, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island ISSN 0023-6861 POLICY STATEMENT The Laboratory Primate Newsletter provides a central source of information about nonhuman primates and re- lated matters to scientists who use these animals in their research and those whose work supports such research. The Newsletter (1) provides information on care and breeding of nonhuman primates for laboratory research, (2) dis- seminates general information and news about the world of primate research (such as announcements of meetings, research projects, sources of information, nomenclature changes), (3) helps meet the special research needs of indi- vidual investigators by publishing requests for research material or for information related to specific research prob- lems, and (4) serves the cause of conservation of nonhuman primates by publishing information on that topic. As a rule, research articles or summaries accepted for the Newsletter have some practical implications or provide general information likely to be of interest to investigators in a variety of areas of primate research. However, special con- sideration will be given to articles containing data on primates not conveniently publishable elsewhere. General descriptions of current research projects on primates will also be welcome. The Newsletter appears quarterly and is intended primarily for persons doing research with nonhuman primates. Back issues may be purchased for $5.00 each.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    UNDERSTANDING CARNIVORAN ECOMORPHOLOGY THROUGH DEEP TIME, WITH A CASE STUDY DURING THE CAT-GAP OF FLORIDA By SHARON ELIZABETH HOLTE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Sharon Elizabeth Holte To Dr. Larry, thank you ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my family for encouraging me to pursue my interests. They have always believed in me and never doubted that I would reach my goals. I am eternally grateful to my mentors, Dr. Jim Mead and the late Dr. Larry Agenbroad, who have shaped me as a paleontologist and have provided me to the strength and knowledge to continue to grow as a scientist. I would like to thank my colleagues from the Florida Museum of Natural History who provided insight and open discussion on my research. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Aldo Rincon for his help in researching procyonids. I am so grateful to Dr. Anne-Claire Fabre; without her understanding of R and knowledge of 3D morphometrics this project would have been an immense struggle. I would also to thank Rachel Short for the late-night work sessions and discussions. I am extremely grateful to my advisor Dr. David Steadman for his comments, feedback, and guidance through my time here at the University of Florida. I also thank my committee, Dr. Bruce MacFadden, Dr. Jon Bloch, Dr. Elizabeth Screaton, for their feedback and encouragement. I am grateful to the geosciences department at East Tennessee State University, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard for the loans of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyaenodonts and Carnivorans from the Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Xianshuihe Formation, Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China
    Palaeontologia Electronica http://palaeo-electronica.org HYAENODONTS AND CARNIVORANS FROM THE EARLY OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE OF XIANSHUIHE FORMATION, LANZHOU BASIN, GANSU PROVINCE, CHINA Xiaoming Wang, Zhanxiang Qiu, and Banyue Wang ABSTRACT Fieldwork in the 1990s produced a few records of carnivorous mammals (cre- odonts and carnivorans) in the early Oligocene through early Miocene of Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China. Although only five taxa are known so far, most repre- sented by fragmentary material, the new carnivore assemblage is unique and shows little resemblance to faunas elsewhere in eastern Asia. The early Oligocene record is represented by a single premolar of a Hyaenodon, referable to H. pervagus. In the early Miocene, a new species of Hyaenodon, H. weilini sp. nov., represented by sev- eral cheek teeth, is the last record of this genus in east Asia. A horizontal ramus of an amphicyonid, here identified as Ictiocyon cf. I. socialis, is the first record of this taxon in Asia, and a very small musteloid lower carnassial, although difficult to identify to genus, is clearly a new record because nothing of this small size has been known in Asia. The overall faunal composition seems to suggest affinity with northern Eurasia rather than southern Asia. Xiaoming Wang. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007, United States [email protected] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 643, Beijing 100044, China. Zhanxiang Qiu. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 643, Beijing 100044, China.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Thz American MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY Number 485 New York City Aug
    AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by THz AmERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 485 New York City Aug. 25, 1931 56.092T EXPLORATIONS, RESEARCHES AND PUBLICATIONS OF PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, 1911-1931 WITH MAP AND LEGEND SHOWING CHIEF FOSSIL COLLECTING AREAS OF CHINA, 1885-1931 By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN In recent years the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology of the American Museum has enjoyed the cooperation of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, especially in the Eocene fauna of France from the Paleocene stage up to the close of the Phosphorites or Lower Oligocene time, also through explorations and researches first reported to the Mus6e National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris in the year 1920. The Ameri- can Museum Central Asiatic Expedition of the summer of 1930 was fortunate in obtaining the cooperation of Teilhard in the field. On February 10, 1931, he addressed the Osborn Research Club and sum- marized the results of his explorations in China, accompanying his address by the map which is reproduced herewith. The present article is prepared as a brief outline of the principal observations made by Teil- hard in the Eocene of France and Belgium and as a summary of the observations made in China, concluding with an abstract of the address of February 10 above mentioned, a bibliography of his writings now contained in the Osborn Library of the American Museum, and a map showing twenty-three of the chief fossil collecting areas of China pre- pared by Teilhard for the present publication. OLIGOCENE TO MIDDLE EOCENE Under the direction of Marcellin Boule, now the ranking verte- brate palheontologist of France, Teilhard began his studies in 1911 with a synthetic review of the creodonts and true carnivores, of the PHOS- PHORITES DU QUERCY, the famous fissure horizon of Eocene to Oligo- cene age, tracing their phylogeny (1915, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Volume 7Th Swiss Geoscience Meeting Neuchâtel, 20Th – 21St November 2009
    Abstract Volume 7th Swiss Geoscience Meeting Neuchâtel, 20th – 21st November 2009 6. Darwin, Evolution and Palaeontology 198 6. Darwin, Evolution and Palaeontology Lionel Cavin Schweizerische Paläontologische Gesellschaft (SPG/SPS), Kommission der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Abhandlungen (KSPA), Swiss Commission of Palaeontology Award 6.1 Becker D., Berger J.-P., Hiard F., Menkveld-Gfeller U., Mennecart B. & Scherler L.: Late Aquitanian mammals from the Engehalde locality (Bern, Switzerland) 6.2 Brühwiler T., Bucher H., Goudemand N., Ware D., Hermann E.: Smithian ammonoids (Early Triassic): explosive evolu- tionary radiation following the Permian/Triassic mass extinction 6.3 Buffetaut, E.: Darwinian dinosaurs : missing links or evolutionary failures ? Symposium 6: Darwin, Evolution and Palaeontology 6.4 Girault F. E. & Thierstein H. R.: Diatom assemblage turnover in the NW-Pacific at the 2.73 Ma climate transition 6.5 Girault F. E., Weller A. F. & Thierstein H. R.: Neogene global cooling: diatom size variability in a changing ocean 6.6 Goudemand N., Orchard M., Tafforeau P., Urdy S., Brühwiler T., Bucher H., Brayard A., Galfetti T., Monnet C., Lebrun R. & Zollikofer C.: Paleobiology of Early Triassic conodonts: implications of newly discovered fused clusters imaged by X-ray synchrotron microtomography 6.7 Klug C., Kröger B., Kiessling W., Mullins G.L., Servais T., Frýda J., Korn D. & Turner S.: The Devonian Nekton Revolution 6.8 Klug C., Schulz H. & De Baets K.: Red trilobites with green eyes from the Devonian of Morocco 6.9 Klug C., Schweigert G., Fuchs D. & Dietl G.: First record of a belemnite preserved with beaks, arms and ink sac from the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (Kimmeridgian, SW Germany) 6.10 Lavoyer T., Bertrand Y.
    [Show full text]
  • An Arctomorph Carnivoran Skull from the Phosphorites Du Quercy and the Origin of Procyonids
    An arctomorph carnivoran skull from the Phosphorites du Quercy and the origin of procyonids MIECZYSEAW WOLSAN and BRIGI'ITE LANGE-BAD& Wolsan, M. & Lange-BadrC, B. 1996. An arctomorph carnivoran skull from the Phosphorites du Quercy and the origin of procyonids. Acta Palaeontologica Poloni- ca 41, 3, 277-298. The size and morphological characteristics of a skull of an arctomorph carnivoran mammal from Mouillac (old collection of the Phosphorites du Quercy, of unknown age) in France closely match those of the holotype of the earliest known procyonid Pseudobassaris riggsi and another skull referred to this species, both from old collections of the Phosphorites du Quercy (Caylus and Mouillac), probably earliest Late Oligocene in age. The skull is more primitive in morphology than those of ~seudobassarisrig&i and every other known procyonid, approaching a hypothetical primitive procyonid morphotype. The only, but methodologically fundamental, departure from this morphotype is the lack of the procyonid supra- meatal fossa, which is the crucial synapomorphy of the family Procyonidae. To explain the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of the arctomorph represented by the skull, three competing hypotheses are put forward. Hypothesis A, which considers the arctomorph as an individual of Pseudobassaris riggsi, assumes that the procyonid suprameatal fossa first appeared in a common ancestor of Pseudo- bassaris and other procyonids but was still of variable occurence within Pseudo- bassaris riggsi. Hypothesis B, which proposes the arctomorph as a member of a new Pseudobassaris species ancestral to Pseudobassaris riggsi, concludes that the procyonid suprameatal fossa arose in Pseudobassaris riggsi and in the Procyonidae independently, excluding Pseudobassaris from the procyonids.
    [Show full text]
  • Macaques at the Margins: the Biogeography and Extinction of Macaca Sylvanus in Europe. Sarah Elton1 and Hannah J. O'regan2 1D
    Macaques at the margins: the biogeography and extinction of Macaca sylvanus in Europe. Sarah Elton1 and Hannah J. O’Regan2 1Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE 2Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD. KEYWORDS Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, primate, fossil, modelling, Eurasia, time budgets ABSTRACT The genus Macaca (Primates: Cercopithecidae) originated in Africa, dispersed into Europe in the Late Miocene and resided there until the Late Pleistocene. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the evolutionary history of Macaca in Europe, putting it into context with the wider late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene European monkey fossil record (also comprising Mesopithecus, Paradolichopithecus, Dolichopithecus and Theropithecus). The Pliocene and Pleistocene European Macaca fossil material is largely regarded as Macaca sylvanus, the same species as the extant Barbary macaque in North Africa. The M. sylvanus specimens found at West Runton in Norfolk (53°N) during the Middle Pleistocene are among the most northerly euprimates ever discovered. Our simple time-budget model indicates that short winter day lengths would have imposed a significant constraint on activity at such relatively high latitudes, so macaque populations in Britain may have been at the limit of their ecological tolerance. Two basic models using climatic and topographic data for the Last Interglacial and the Last Glacial Maximum alongside Middle and Late Pleistocene fossil 1 distributions indicate that much of Europe may have been suitable habitat for macaques. The models also indicate that areas of southern Europe in the present day have a climate that could support macaque populations. However, M. sylvanus became locally extinct in the Late Pleistocene, possibly at a similar time as the straight-tusked elephant, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, and narrow-nosed rhinoceros, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus.
    [Show full text]
  • Comms GSN 23 Complete
    A Reference Section for the Otavi Group (Damara Supergroup) in Eastern Kaoko Zone near Ongongo, Namibia P.F. Hoffman1,2,*, S.B. Pruss3, C.L. Blättler4, E.J. Bellefroid5 & B.W. Johnson6 1School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8P 5C2 2Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3Department of Geosciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01065, USA 4Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 5Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0E8 6Department of Geological & Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1027, USA * 1216 Montrose Ave., Victoria, BC, Canada, V8T 2K4. email: <[email protected]> Abstract : A reference section for the Otavi Group (Damara Supergroup) in the East Kaoko Zone near Ongongo is proposed and described. The section is easily accessible, well exposed, suitable for field excursions, and well documented in terms of carbonate lithofacies, depositional sequences and stable- isotope chemostratigraphy. The late Tonian Ombombo Subgroup is 355 m thick above the basal Beesvlakte Formation, which is not included in the section due to poor outcrop and complex structure. The early- middle Cryogenian Abenab Subgroup is 636 m thick and the early Ediacaran Tsumeb Subgroup is 1020 m thick. While the section is complete in terms of formations represented, the Ombombo and lower Abenab subgroups have defined gaps due to intermittent uplift of the northward-sloping Makalani rift shoulder. The upper Abenab and Tsumeb subgroups are relatively thin due to erosion of a broad shallow trough during late Cryogenian glaciation and flexural arching during post-rift thermal subsidence of the carbonate platform.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnivorous Mammals from the Middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and Their Diversity Trajectory in a Post-Warming World
    Journal of Paleontology, Volume 95, Memoir 82, 2021, p. 1–115 Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Paleontological Society. All rights reserved. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 0022-3360/21/1937-2337 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2020.74 Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world Susumu Tomiya,1,2,3 Shawn P. Zack,4 Michelle Spaulding,5 and John J. Flynn2,6 1Center for International Collaboration and Advanced Studies in Primatology, Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan <[email protected]> 2Negaunee Integrative Research and Gantz Family Collections Centers, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA 3University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 4Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA <[email protected]> 5Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, 1401 S US Highway 421, Westville, Indiana 46391, USA <mspauldi@ pnw.edu> 6Richard Gilder Graduate School and Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, New York 10024, USA <jfl[email protected]> Abstract.—The middle Eocene Washakie Formation of Wyoming, USA, provides a rare window, within a single deposi- tional basin, into the faunal transition that followed the early Eocene warming events.
    [Show full text]
  • Miocene Carnivorans from the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula)
    Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia Unitat d’Antropologia Biològica Miocene carnivorans from the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula) Josep Maria Robles Giménez Tesi Doctoral 2014 A mi padre y familia. INDEX Index .......................................................................................................................... 7 Preface and Acknowledgments [in Spanish] ....................................................... 13 I.–Introduction and Methodology ........................................................................ 19 Chapter 1. General introduction and aims of this dissertation .......................... 21 1.1. Aims and structure of this work .............................................................. 21 Motivation of this dissertation ................................................................ 21 Type of dissertation and general overview ............................................. 22 1.2. An introduction to the Carnivora ............................................................ 24 What is a carnivoran? ............................................................................. 24 Biology .................................................................................................... 25 Systematics and phylogeny ...................................................................... 28 Evolutionary history ................................................................................ 42 1.3. Carnivoran anatomy ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]