Gender in Coastal and Fisheries Resource Management in South and Southeast Asia (Parts 3 and 6)

The designation of geographical entities in this book and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Mangroves for the Future (MFF), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, MFF, SEI or SEAFDEC nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. IUCN, MFF, SEI and SEAFDEC do not take responsibility for errors or omissions in this document resulting from translation into languages other than English (or vice versa). Produced by: Mangroves for the Future in collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: MFF, SEI, SEAFDEC (2018). Gender in coastal and marine resource management: A regional synthesis report. Bangkok, Thailand: MFF, 70pp Cover photo: A woman collects fresh mussels in Trat. © 2016 Ana Grillo/MFF Thailand. Design: Azhar Saeed, IUCN Pakistan Available from: Mangroves for the Future (MFF) IUCN Asia Regional Office 63, Sukhumvit Soi 39 Sukhumvit Road, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand And at http://www.mangrovesforthefuture.org Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) SEI Asia 15th Floor, Witthyakit Building, 254 Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn Soi 64, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand And at http://www.sei.org Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) The Secretariat P.O. Box 1046, Kasetsart Post Office, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10903, Thailand Tel: +66 2940 6326 Fax: +66 2940 6336 E-mail: [email protected] And at http://www.seafdec.org About the authors Mangroves for the Future (MFF) MFF is a partnership-based regional initiative which promotes investment in coastal ecosystem conservation for sustainable development. MFF focuses on the role that healthy, well-managed coastal ecosystems play in building the resilience of ecosystem-dependent coastal communities in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. The initiative uses mangroves as a flagship ecosystem, but MFF is inclusive of all types of coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs, estuaries, lagoons, sandy beaches, sea grasses and wetlands. MFF is co-chaired by IUCN and UNDP and is funded by Sida, Norad, Danida and the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Thailand. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Stockholm Environment Institute is an international non-profit research and policy organization that tackles environment and development challenges. We connect science and decision-making to develop solutions for a sustainable future for all. Our approach is highly collaborative and stakeholder involvement is at the heart of our efforts to build capacity, strengthen institutions, and equip partners for the long-term. Our work spans climate, water, air, and land use issues, and integrates evidence and perspectives on governance, the economy, gender and human health. Across our eight centres in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas, we engage with policy processes, development action and business practices throughout the world. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center is an autonomous intergovernmental body established in 1967. The mission of SEAFDEC considered and adopted by the Special Meeting of the SEAFDEC Council 2017 is “To promote and facilitate concerted actions among the Member Countries to ensure the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture in Southeast Asia.” SEAFDEC comprises 11 Member Countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Center operates through a Secretariat located in Thailand and has five Technical Departments, namely the Training Department, the Marine Fisheries Research Department, the Aquaculture Department, the Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department and the Inland Fishery Resources Development and Management Department. Table of Contents Foreword 3 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 4 Executive Summary 5 Part 1. Introduction 9 Background 9 Rationale for gender analysis in fisheries and coastal resource management 11 Part 2. Research approach 12 A Three-tiered approach to critical gender analysis 12 Context 17 Part 3. Gender equality and women’s empowerment in coastal and fisheries resource management in South and Southeast Asia: A multiscale policy landscape and opportunities for mainstreaming 22 Integrated coastal management 22 Relevance of international policy context for gender 23 Regional policy landscape 25 National level 27 Gender mainstreaming efforts 29 Opportunities for gender mainstreaming in coastal and fisheries resource management 31 Part 4. Gendered lived experiences in Asian coastal communities 34 Positioning women in coastal and marine communities 35 Gendered roles and responsibilities in economic activities – beyond cultural boundaries 37 Part 5. Shifting norms, shifting power: Access and control of livelihoods in changing environments 43 Resource access and use: Beyond livelihoods to emotions 45 Participation and decision-making 46 Part 6. Conclusions and recommendations 49 Concluding reflection 54 References 56 Appendices 64 2 Foreword The overall aim of the Regional Gender Study and synthesis was to examine gender dimensions in coastal resources and fisheries management in order to improve understanding about the state of men and women in environmental decision making and the structural challenges preventing equitable opportunities for men and women in relation to coastal and marine resources in South and Southeast Asia. The commitment to undertake the study came from the interest of Mangroves for the Future programme to share knowledge of the gender context gained through its work with coastal communities and government policy makers across 11 countries in South and Southeast Asia since the programme began in 2006. The study and resulting synthesis report contributes to strengthening our collective understanding and commitment towards achieving gender equality as a core part of coastal and marine resource management and the sustainable development agenda. The study evolved through a working partnership lead by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural resurces (IUCN) through the MFF programme, working in close collaboration with the South East Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) and Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) – Asia Centre. Together the partnership produced a gender analysis tool, completed an extensive literature review and country policy profiles, and undertook gender focused field studies in 12 countries, and along with these engaged in capacity development processes to integrate gender analysis for comprehensive understanding environmental and livelihoods issues in coastal communities. One of the primary objectives of the study was to help broaden and deepen the fundamental understanding that gender equality to environmental management and sustainable development, across all policy makers and practioners influencing change processes in relation to sustainable coastal resource management and fisheries. The study provides a number of evidence based arguments and recommendations that help elaborate exactly why gender equality is fundamental in coastal and marine resources management; arguments that elaborate from an environmental protection point of view, from a poverty alleviation point of view, and from a social justice and economic development perspective, reiterating once again the need for gender inclusive governance and policy decision making prcesses in order to achieve longterm protection of coastal ecosystems and small scale fisheries that so many depend on. Maeve Nightingale MFF Capacity Development Manager and IUCN Asia Regional Gender Focal Point 3 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ACWC ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children ASCC ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BFA Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995 BOBLME Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project BRIDGE Building River Dialogue and Governance in the Mekong Region CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund CGA Critical gender analysis CGEO Chief Gender Equality Officers COBSEA Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia CTI Coral Triangle Initiative FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GAP Gender Action Plan GAT Gender Analysis Toolkit GDP Gross Domestic Product ILO International Labour Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU European Union’s Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported regulation MDG Millennium Development Goals MFF Mangroves for the Future NACA Intergovernmental

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