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Weight Losses of Wheat Grains Caused by Psocid Infestation (Liposcelis Bostrychophila: Liposcelididae: Psocoptera)

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Weight Losses of Wheat Grains Caused by Psocid Infestation (Liposcelis Bostrychophila: Liposcelididae: Psocoptera) Plant Protection Science – 2002 Vol. 38, No. 3: 103–107 Weight Losses of Wheat Grains Caused by Psocid Infestation (Liposcelis bostrychophila: Liposcelididae: Psocoptera) ZUZANA KUČEROVÁ Department of Stored-Product Pest Control – Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic Abstract KUČEROVÁ Z. (2002): Weight losses of wheat grains caused by psocid infestation (Liposcelis bostrychophila: Liposcelidi- dae: Psocoptera). Plant Protect. Sci., 38: 103–107. Psocids are commonly found to be a persistent pest in structures of grain stores. Grain residues are potential pest reservoirs that serve as sources of grain re-infestation. Weight losses caused by psocids on broken wheat kernels were measured. Average weight loss of grain samples was 9.7% after 3 months of Liposcelis bostrychophila infestation. The weight losses were positively correlated with progeny production. Keywords: Liposcelis bostrychophila; Psocoptera; stored grain; weight losses Stored product losses resulting from insect infestation sociated with this problem. Certain psocids (liposcelids) are extensive. They are usually associated with the oc- are allergenic to susceptible people (TURNER et al. 1996). currence of internal feeders such as Rhyzopertha domi- Heavy infestations of these insects can cause discomfort nica (STEJSKAL et al. 1999) or Sitophilus sp. (KUČEROVÁ amongst store workers, especially in tropical countries & STEJSKAL 1994). But many of the so-called second- (MILLS et al. 1992). Presence of insects in a commodity ary pests can also play an important role in directly dam- can cause its rejection for export. Furthermore, psocid aging stored products. infestation can also cause physical damage to stored grain. Stored-product psocids used to be regarded as a nui- Psocids are able to readily feed even on grain germ and sance, feeding especially on moulds. In recent years there endosperm which do not have any fungal contamination. has been a gradual world-wide recognition that psocids MCFARLANE (1982); REES and WALKER (1990) and do produce a series of distinct pest problems in the area of PIKE (1994) investigated damage caused by some li- food and grain storage (TURNER 1994, 1999; TURNER & poscelids to rice and to maize (SHIRES 1982). Some pub- ALI 1993, 1996). Psocids are commonly found and often lications provide information on L. bostrychophila as pest very abundant in cereal stores (SINHA 1988; KALINO- of grain, but without data on weight losses (GHANI & VIC & GÜNTHER 1990; KALINOVIC & IVEZIC 1994; PIKE SWEETNAM 1951; WATT 1965; MILLS et al. 1992). 1994; BÜCHI 1994, 1995; ROESLI & JONES 1994; REES KUČEROVÁ (1999) studied differences in reproduction 1994; REES et al. 1994; SANTOSO et al. 1996). They are of L. bostrychophila in relation to weight losses in whole a real problem in grain stores (HO & WINKS 1995), par- kernels, caused by psocid infestation on various wheat ticularly in hot and humid areas. In the Czech Republic cultivars under storage in the Czech Republic. they also appeared to infest stored grain more often than The present work has been undertaken in order to add in previous years (WERNER et al. 1998). Psocids deteri- information in respect of weight losses caused by psoc- orate quality of stored commodities by their presence (live ids on broken wheat kernels (endosperm). Broken ker- and dead specimens, excrements) and by their distribu- nels are found in debris inside most empty grain storage tion of moulds. Their importance as health hazard is as- facilities, or in cracks and crevices of structures. Such Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic (Project No. MZe M01-01-03). 103 Vol. 38, No. 3: 103–107 Plant Protection Science – 2002 particles are potential pest reservoirs that serve as sourc- RESULTS es of re-infestation of freshly stored crop. Liposcelis bostrychophila was used as a model species. It is a cos- The results of weight losses caused by psocids infesta- mopolitan synanthropic psocid, with polyphagous feed- tion and their population size are given in Figs 1–3. The ing habit and a great reproductive potential because of population of psocids L. bostrychophila increased more its asexual reproduction. It is a highly adaptive species than 100 times during the experiment (Fig. 1). The wheat that does well in both cold and warm climates. grain damage caused by psocids feeding increased con- tinuously during experiment. The final mean weight loss MATERIALS AND METHODS of grain sample was 0.237 g (11.8% of primary weight) (Fig. 2). The weight losses were positively correlated with L. bostrychophila stock culture was maintained at 26°C progeny production (r = 0.91) (Fig. 3). and 75% relative humidity (RH) on wheat germs, milled oat flakes and dried yeast. Samples of wheat kernels (Vi- DISCUSSION ginta) used for experiments were first broken into rough pieces, separated from small fragments and dust by siev- MCFARLANE (1982) recorded 4–5% weight losses of ing, and sterilized. Grain samples were stored at 26°C rice after 6 months of L. bostrychophila infestation. PIKE and 76% RH for 6 weeks to obtain stabilized moisture (1994) found weight losses up to 2.9% in lightly milled content (conditioning period). rice after 3.5 months of L. paeta infestation. REES (1994) Experiment conditions were 26°C, 76% RH, glass jars expected extensive damage to grain commodities, espe- (2.5 cm in diameter, 3 cm height). Average moisture con- cially seed grain and malting barley, due to psocid pref- tent of grain samples was 15.3%. After the conditioning erences for grain germ. KUČEROVÁ (1999) confirmed period 30 replicates of wheat samples were weighed (2 g) this presumption when reporting large germ damage to and then infested with 20 females (1–2 days old) of various wheat cultivars under laboratory conditions (6– L. bostrychophila per jar. Five replicates without psoc- 54%) and 0.5–1.4% weight losses of whole kernels due ids were used as a control for correction of weight losses to 3 months of L. bostrychophila infestation. Moisture and determination of grain moisture. Three new infested content of wheat kernels was 11.6–12.6%, and physical replicates and 5 controls were always used at individual damage was concentrated mostly at the germ. Results pre- intervals, sifted and weighed (Mettler AE 240 analytical sented in this paper show both higher psocid population balance) during the 3 months of experiment to determine size and weight losses of wheat (9.7%) after the same weight losses of samples and numbers of adults and exposure period of L. bostrychophila infestation. In this nymphs. Any gain or loss in weight of the control sam- experiment, psocids fed also on endosperm, which was ples was used as a correction factor for the infested sam- more easily accessible because of broken kernels and high- ples. er moisture content of wheat (15.3 %). Despite a different 3500 nymphs Population size 3000 adults 2500 2000 1500 1000 Number of speciemens 500 0 5 3549596277899699 Days Fig. 1. Liposcelis bostrychophila progeny on wheat grains 104 Plant Protection Science – 2002 Vol. 38, No. 3: 103–107 20 weight losses (%) 300 (mg) (%) weight losses (mg) 250 16 200 12 150 8 100 4 50 0 0 5 3549596277899699 Days Fig. 2. Weight losses of grain infested with Liposcelis bostrychophila population designs of experiments, all studies clearly indicated that Optimal conditions may cause rapid development of psocids could play an important role in deterioration of psocid population on grain fragments and their further stored grain. Deterioration level depends on specific con- penetration into whole bulk of stored grain, leading to ditions in a store, and mainly on the starting population contamination with unacceptable quantities of both liv- size, temperature, humidity of stored grain and other en- ing and dead insects in some years. This contamination vironmental circumstances (presence of grain residues may decrease seed germination. In long-term storage it and grain dust, moulds, other pests and predators, type could cause physical damage of endosperm as well. and cultivars of stored grain, etc.). 3000 y = 11.564x + 92.357 2 2500 R = 0.9191 p 2000 1500 1000 Mean number of adults and nym 500 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Mean weight losses (mg) Fig. 3. Relationship between weight losses of wheat and numbers of Liposcelis bostrychophila individuals 105 Vol. 38, No. 3: 103–107 Plant Protection Science – 2002 References Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) infesting bulk-stored barley. In: HIGHLEY E., WRIGHT E.J., BÜCHI R. (1994): Effects of two insect growth regulators on th the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila. J. Stored Prod. BANKS H.J., CHAMP B.R. (eds): Proc. 6 Int. Working Conf. Res., 30: 157–161. Stored-product Protection. Canberra, Australia, April 1994. Vol. 2: 1214–1219. BÜCHI R. (1995): Staub fördert Staubläuse und Milben in Getreidelagern. Agrarforschung, 2: 519–521. ROESLI R., JONES R. (1994). The use of various insect traps for studying psocid populations. In: HIGHLEY E., WRIGHT GHANI M.A., SWEETMAN H.L. (1951): Ecological studies of th the booklouse Liposcelis divinatorium (Mull.). Ecology, 32: E.J., BANKS H.J., CHAMP B.R. (eds): Proc. 6 Int. Working 230–244. Conf. Stored-product Protection. Canberra, Australia, April 1994. Vol. I.: 448–450. HO S.H., WINKS R.G. (1995): The response of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. entomophila (Enderlein) SANTOSO T., SUNJAYA DHARMAPUTRA O.S., HALID H., (Psocoptera) to phosphine. J. Stored Prod. Res., 31: 191–197. HODGES R.J. (1996): Pest management of psocids in milled rice stores in the humid tropics. Int. J. Pest Manage., 42: KALINOVIC I., GÜNTHER K.K. (1990): Faunal research of domicole species of Psocoptera (Insecta). Znan. Prak. Pol- 189–197. jopr. Tehnol., 20: 104–131. SINHA R.N. (1988): Population dynamics of Psocoptera in farm-stored grain and oilseed. Can. J. Zool., 66: 2618–2627. KALINOVIC I., IVEZIC M.
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