DOCSLIB.ORG

The World of Andrei Sakharov: a Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The World of Andrei Sakharov: a Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist’s Path to Freedom Gennady Gorelik OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The World of Andrei Sakharov This page intentionally left blank The World of ANDREI SAKHAROV A Russian Physicist’s Path to Freedom Gennady Gorelik with Antonina W. Bouis 1 2005 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gorelik, G. E. (Gennadii Efimovich) [Andrei Sakharov. English] The world of Andrei Sakharov : a Russian physicist’s path to freedom / Gennady Gorelik with Antonina W. Bouis. p. cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13 978-0-19-515620-1 ISBN 0-19-515620-X 1. Sakharov, Andreæ, 1921– 2. Physicists—Soviet Union—Biography. 3. Dissenters—Soviet Union—Biography. 4. Human rights workers—Russia (Federation)—Biography. 5. Soviet Union—Politics and government—1953–1985. I. Bouis, Antonina W. II. Title. QC16.S255G67 2004 530'.092—dc22 [B] 2003016991 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper In memory of Lydia Chukovskaya This page intentionally left blank his book is about how a theoretical physicist and the acknowl- Tedged father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb became a human rights activist and the first Russian to win the Nobel Peace Prize. In order to understand this incredible transformation, we must examine how several powerful forces—life-enhancing as well as death-dealing—intersected in Andrei Sakharov’s life. Within his family, he joined the enigmatic world of the Russian intelligentsia. Just the fact that this word, so Western in appear- ance, is followed by the tag “Russ” in dictionaries around the world is an indi- cation of its mystery. It was Sakharov’s lot to live his life during the era of Soviet civilization with its glaring contrasts: the first Sputnik in space while kerosene burned in lamps in the villages, the heights of creativity in the arts against the background of daily suppression of freedom. The scientific school, or rather scientific family, where Sakharov began his path in physics was a miracle, given the backdrop of the Stalinist era. In a society in which conformity was a means of survival, the teachers of this school contrived to follow the voices of their conscience. And finally, Sakharov’s life unfolded against the backdrop of the nuclear alchemy which had, in just a few short years, jumped from the pages of physics journals, understandable to very few people, to the front pages of newspapers around the world. Only by comprehending how these forces shaped Andrei Sakharov’s life can his role in history be grasped. One of the main sources for this book was a collection of oral histories—about fifty interviews with colleagues, friends, and family of Andrei Sakharov—that the author began collecting in 1989. My direct contact with the people who participated in and witnessed events helped me understand archival materials and publications. viii Sakharov’s own eyewitness account is contained in his book, Memoirs.1 Although he wrote most of it during his exile in Gorky, relying only on his memory and respecting the constraints of secrecy then in effect, it is truly an invaluable source. Quotations from his book in the body of this text are trans- lated directly from Russian and cited without endnotes.2 Those who shared their reminiscences with the author include Leon Bell, Yury Zamyatin, Boris Erozolimsky, Mikhail Levin, Sofya Shapiro, and Akiva Yaglom, who remembered Andrei Sakharov from his student years; Izrail Barit, Vitaly Ginzburg, Moisei Markov, Pavel Nemirovksy, Iosif Shapiro, and Yevgeny Fein- berg, who knew him as a graduate student; Mates Agrest, Viktor Adamsky, Lev Altshuler, Lev Feoktistov, Yefim Fradkin, German Goncharov, Mikhail Mesh- cheryakov, Vladimir Ritus, Yury Romanov, Yury Smirnov, and Isaak Khalat- nikov, who worked with him on the Soviet atomic project; Boris Bolotovsky, David Kirzhnits, Lev Okun, and Vasily Sennikov, who knew the Sakharov who returned to theoretical physics; Lyubov Vernaya, Sakharov’s daughter, and Maxim Frank-Kamenetsky, who told me about the lives of their families in the closed city of Sarov (aka Arzamas-16); Yakov Alpert, Boris Altshuler, Sarra Babenysheva, Natalya Dolotova, Aleksandr Esenin-Volpin, and Maria Petrenko,who knew Sakharov as a defender of human rights; and Elena Bonner, Sakharov’s widow, who talked to me about the last twenty years of his life (I also relied on fascinating material that she collected about Sakharov’s genealogy). The photographs and autographs from personal collections appear in this book courtesy of Elena Bonner and Lyubov Vernaya, as well as Vladimir Kartsev and Maxim Frank-Kamenetsky. I received enormous help in my archival research from Galina Savina. Irina Dorman helped conduct many of the interviews with participants in and eye- witnesses of the events described in this book. I acquired much understand- ing about Soviet history from my association with Pavel Rubinin. Priscilla McMillan helped me grasp the history of the American nuclear project. I am indebted to Helmut Rotter for a perspective of events on both sides of the Iron Curtain from the center of Europe. Friendship with these wonderful people was an important support in my work. Bela Koval and Yekaterina Shikhanovich helped me a great deal in Sakharov’s archive in Moscow. Boston University’s Center of Philosophy and History, headed by Fred Tauber, extended me hospitality while I worked on the book, 1. Andrei D. Sakharov, Vospominaniya, 2 v., New York: Chekhov Publishing Corp., 1990. English editions: Memoirs (Richard Lourie, trans.), New York: Knopf, 1990; Moscow and Be- yond, 1986 to 1989 (Antonina W. Bouis, trans.), New York: Knopf, 1991. 2. All the original Russian versions of quotations presented here can be found in the Russian edition of this book—Gennady Gorelik, Andrei Sakharov: nauka i svoboda (Moscow: Vagrius, 2004), while the full references to the Russian-language sources as well as Sakharov’s Memoirs are available at http://ADSakharov.narod.ru/. ix and my contact with Bob Cohen, its director emeritus, was particularly inspir- ing. I am grateful to Anne Fitzpatrick and Tom Reed for acquainting me with the world of Los Alamos and Livermore. I am very thankful to Dmitri Zimin for helping me to understand the problem of antiballistic defense that was so important for transforming Andrei Sakharov the scientist into the public figure and human rights advocate. Boris Altschuler, Sarra Babenysheva, Leon Bell, Boris Bolotovsky, Elena Bonner, Elena Chukovskaya, Vitaly Ginzburg, German Goncharov, Boris Erozolimsky, Vladimir Kogan, Leonid Litinsky, Klara Lozovskaya, Lev Okun, Galina Shabelskaya, Sofya Shapiro, Lyubov and Aleksandr Vernyi, Akiva Yaglom, and Sergey Zelensky all read this book in manuscript form (complete or partial) and made stimulating comments. I am deeply grateful to all of them. My work in the history of science would have been impossible without the support of people who believed in me. The first was my father, from whom I learned about life, with whom I discussed all the questions that interested me. For many years, my wife, Svetlana, was a major help in deciphering extensive interviews, while selflessly supporting the family hearth. I am grateful to David Holloway for stimulating contact of many years’ du- ration and for his support of my oral history program on Soviet physics. Loren Graham imbued me with the confidence that I needed to tackle Sakharov’s biography. And it was their encouragement helped me to start this work at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at MIT, thanks to a fellowship from the Bern Dibner Fund in 1993. My work on this book was generously supported by a grant for research and writing from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; a fellow- ship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation; grants-in-aid from the Friends of the Center for the History of Physics, the American Insti- tute of Physics, and the International Research and Exchanges Board; and funds provided by the U.S. Department of State (Title VII program) and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The generous support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation made it possible for Antonina W. Bouis to devote herself to the translation of this book. While none of the providers are responsible for the views expressed here, we gratefully acknowledge this assistance. Heather Hartman and her colleagues at Oxford University Press were incred- ibly thorough and patient with a complex text, and we would like to acknowl- edge their artistry and skill. And we both are very thankful to Anya Kucharev for her felicitous transla-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • German Defeat/Red Victory: Change and Continuity in Western and Russian Accounts of June-December 1941
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2018 German Defeat/Red Victory: Change and Continuity in Western and Russian Accounts of June-December 1941 David Sutton University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Sutton, David, German Defeat/Red Victory: Change and Continuity in Western and Russian Accounts of June-December 1941, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Russian Bomb from Stalin to Yeltsin
    MAKING THE RUSSIAN BOMB FROM STALIN TO YELTSIN by Thomas B. Cochran Robert S. Norris and Oleg A. Bukharin A book by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. Westview Press Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford Copyright Natural Resources Defense Council © 1995 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................. List of Tables ................................................... Preface and Acknowledgements ..................................... CHAPTER ONE A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BOMB Russian and Soviet Nuclear Physics ............................... Towards the Atomic Bomb .......................................... Diverted by War ............................................. Full Speed Ahead ............................................ Establishment of the Test Site and the First Test ................ The Role of Espionage ............................................ Thermonuclear Weapons Developments ............................... Was Joe-4 a Hydrogen Bomb? .................................. Testing the Third Idea ...................................... Stalin's Death and the Reorganization of the Bomb Program ........ CHAPTER TWO AN OVERVIEW OF THE STOCKPILE AND COMPLEX The Nuclear Weapons Stockpile .................................... Ministry of Atomic Energy ........................................ The Nuclear Weapons Complex ...................................... Nuclear Weapon Design Laboratories ............................... Arzamas-16 .................................................. Chelyabinsk-70
    [Show full text]
  • David Sheldon Boone Charging Him with Selling the Security Apparatus
    CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION In the early 1990s, the new Russian in the Leningrad KGB.1 Putin also quietly replaced counterintelligence service embarked on a mission fourteen presidential representatives in the regions to reclaim the former KGB’s internal security with former security offi cers. power, which had been diminished with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. A spate of press FSB director Patrushev said that, in 1999, his service articles in early 1996 by spokesmen for the Federal stopped the activities of 65 foreign individual Security Service (FSB) boasted the service’s role in offi cers and prevented 30 Russian citizens from protecting the state from foreign subversion. FSB passing secrets to foreign intelligence services. In offi cers noted that the service has the responsibility 1998, the FSB foiled the activities of 11 intelligence to monitor foreign astronauts at “Star City” and to offi cers and caught 19 Russian citizens attempting to prevent the emigration of Russian scientists. The sell classifi ed information to foreign secret services. FSB has also bragged about the arrest of Israeli, And in 1996, then-FSB chief Nikolai Kovalyov said Turkish, and North Korean spies and the expulsion the FSB had exposed 400 employees of foreign of a British businessman and an Israeli diplomat. intelligence services and 39 Russians working for The government moves against ecologists further them during the period 1994-96. revealed a resurgence of FSB internal power. The Sutyagin case follows the sentencing in Although there continues to be mutually benefi cial December 2000 of retired US Navy offi cer Edmund cooperation between Washington and Moscow, Pope to 20 years for spying.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydrogen Bomb
    1 APRIL 2002 DRAFT: PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE CHAPTER FOUR: THE HYDROGEN BOMB By David Holloway Origins It was the prospect of the uranium bomb that gave rise to the idea of the hydrogen bomb. In the years before World War II physicists had identified the nuclear fusion of light elements as the source of energy in the sun and the stars. Since fusion takes place only at temperatures of tens of millions of degrees, this research did not appear to have practical application.1 Early in 1942 Enrico Fermi speculated, in a conversation with Edward Teller, that a fission explosion could be used to initiate a thermonuclear reaction in a mass of deuterium, one of the isotopes of hydrogen. Fermi and Teller understood from the outset that the explosive yield of a fusion bomb could be made indefinitely large, depending only on the amount of thermonuclear fuel it contained. Teller went on to examine the idea of a thermonuclear bomb and in the summer of 1942 presented his preliminary ideas to the Berkeley conference on the physics of nuclear weapons. When Los Alamos was established in the spring of 1943, 2 work on the superbomb or Super (as the hydrogen bomb was known) was one of its main tasks.2 It soon became apparent, however, that the Super would be difficult to develop. Significant amounts of tritium – another, heavier, isotope of hydrogen – would be needed, but tritium occurs rarely in nature and is difficult and costly to produce. This lessened the promise of the hydrogen bomb as a wartime project.
    [Show full text]
  • CORRESPONDENCE Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals!
    GW ISSN 0001 — 0545 ABN B 20004 F CORRESPONDENCE Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals! Verlagspostamt: Miinchen 2 January-February 1988 Vol. XXXIX No. CONTENTS: Eric Brodin 7 Decades Of Soviet Russian Empire.................................4 Glasnost And The Summit...................................................5 Bohdan Nahaylo Ukrainian Association Of Independent Creative Intelligentsia Formed............................................ 7 The Tragic Fate Of Vasyl Stus...........................................9 Mykola And Raissa Rudenko In The West....................... 13 Communique Of The VII Supreme Assembly Of The Organization Of Ukrainian Nationalists..........................18 Gregory Udod What Has Christianity Given To Ukraine During The First Millennium?....................................................... 22 Joint Communique Of The WACL And APACL Executive Committee Meeting..........................................31 Linda Shapiro The Victims Of Communism............................................. 33 Cao Thang Tran Denouncing The Viet Cong Extortion Scheme................ 35 News & Views.....................................................................37 From Behind The Iron Curtain..........................................42 Cover: Volodymyr the Great by Gregor Kruk. Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals! ABN CORRESPONDENCE BULLETIN OF THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS Publisher and Owner (Verleger und It is not our practice to pay for contribut­ Inhaber): American Friends of the Anti- ed materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth? Josephson, Paul R
    Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth? Josephson, Paul R. Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Josephson, Paul R. Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth? Technological Utopianism under Socialism, 1917–1989. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.2819. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/2819 [ Access provided at 30 Sep 2021 13:39 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth? This page intentionally left blank Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth? Technological Utopianism under Socialism, 1917–1989 Paul R. Josephson The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2010 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2010 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Josephson, Paul R. Would Trotsky wear a Bluetooth? : technological utopianism under socialism, 1917–1989 / Paul R. Josephson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9410-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8018-9410-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Technology—Social aspects. 2. Technology—Political aspects. 3. Technology and civilization. 4. Utopian socialism— History—20th century. I. Title. T14.5.J67 2010 338.06409470904—dc22 2009013967 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 an Anthology of the Distinguished Achievements
    Electrical Engineering. Great Events. Famous Names UDC 621.3: 537.8: 910.4 doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2017.5.01 M.I. Baranov AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 40: THE SCIENTIFIC OPENING OF THE METHOD OF EXPLOSIVE IMPLOSION FOR THE OBTAINING ABOVE CRITICAL MASS OF NUCLEAR CHARGE AND UKRAINIAN «TRACK» IN THE «MANHATTAN» AMERICAN ATOMIC PROJECT Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about the prominent American scientist-chemist and physicist George Bogdan Kistiakowsky, having the Ukrainian «roots» and bringing in a considerable scientific and technical contribution to development and creation of the first atomic bombs in the USA. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of the opened scientific and technical information of world level in area of atomic and nuclear physics, physics of hyperpessure, applied electrophysics, modern experimental physics, atomic science and technology. Results. The state- of-the-art review of the state of basic scientific and technical problems, arising up before scientists and engineers at development and creation within the framework of the «Manhattan» American atomic project of the first standards of atomic bombs of the USA is resulted. Two basic methods of receipt in the a-bomb of above critical mass of the divided nuclear material of military load are described: method of «cannon-shot» and method of «explosive implosion». Basic information is resulted about the declassified scheme and construction decisions, applied scientists and specialists in the first atomic bombs of the USA. Technical information is indicated about basic ordinary hard chemical explosive matters (EM), atomic bombs of the USA of implosend type utillized in the first.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the Soviet Bomb and the Shaping of Cold War Science
    CHAPTER xx The Making of the Soviet Bomb and the Shaping of Cold War Science Alexei Kojevnikov Preface: Oppenheimer and the History of the Soviet Bomb Until relatively recently, it has seemed a rather thankless job to study the history of the Soviet atomic project. Some basic pieces of information were solid; most oth- ers relied on ambiguous sources such as censored official accounts and propaganda, conspiracy theories of espionage “experts,” circumspect memoirs, banquet speeches, unverifiable rumors, or recollections and interviews recorded long after the fact. A few outside scholars, most notably David Holloway, were capable of navigating through this swamp, separating realistic from rhetorical and deceptive descriptions.1 Yet from the professional historian’s standpoint, the situation appeared frustrating—not because historians are unable to deal with a deficient source base, but because it was all too clear that incomparably richer collections of authentic primary documents existed somewhere very near, behind concrete walls, awaiting their time to become accessible. And it was hard to predict how long the wait might last. Then things suddenly began to change—thanks in part to J. Robert Oppenheimer’s ironic role in the infamous “Sudoplatov affair” of 1994. That affair has a history of its own, which in this context merits a brief excursion. The retired KGB lieutenant-general Pavel Sudoplatov had once supervised special operations, including the assassination of Leon Trotsky in 1940 and guerilla actions against the Nazi occupiers during the Second World War. After the arrest of his boss, Lavrenty Beria, a few months following Stalin’s death in 1953, Sudoplatov was also arrested on accusations of mismanaging espionage networks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Highly-Enriched Uranium As Fuel in Russia
    The Use of Highly-Enriched Uranium as Fuel in Russia Pavel Podvig, Editor Research Report No. 16 International Panel on Fissile Materials The Use of Highly-Enriched Uranium as Fuel in Russia Pavel Podvig, Editor With contributions by Nikolay Arkhangelskiy, Anatoli Diakov, Anton Khlopkov, Dmitry Konukhov, Dmitry Kovchegin, Eugene Miasnikov 2017 International Panel on Fissile Materials This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License To view a copy of this license, visit www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 On the cover: Main users of HEU in Russia Table of Contents About the IPFM 1 Summary 2 1 Introduction: Reactor use of highly enriched uranium in Russia 5 2 Pulsed reactors, critical and subcritical assemblies 15 Appendix 2A Pulsed reactors, critical and subcritical assemblies 24 3 Prospects for conversion of Russia’s HEU-fueled research reactors 32 Appendix 3A Russian civilian research reactors with HEU fuel 39 4 Conversion of Soviet-origin research reactors outside Russia 47 5 Removal of Russian-origin HEU fuel from research reactors outside Russia 62 6 Nuclear security aspects of HEU minimization 73 7 Russian/Soviet naval reactor program 90 Appendix 7A Russia’s nuclear submarine fleet 103 8 Conclusion: Prospects for HEU minimization in Russia 111 Appendix A HEU-fueled reactors and research facilities in Russia 118 Appendix B Soviet-provided research reactors and other facilities abroad 129 Appendix C Shipments of Russian-origin HEU fuel to Russia 135 Endnotes 140 About the authors 190 Tables 2.1. HEU-fueled pulsed reactors, critical assemblies, and subcritical assemblies 16 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Cheliabinsk As a Mirror of Russia in the 20Th Century
    Notes 1 Cheliabinsk As a Mirror of Russia in the 20th Century 1. The conversation – ‘Que dit-on de la guerre?’, ‘On n’est pas prêt. Surtout l’usine de Tcheliabinsk. L’armée est prête, le pays paysan ne l’est pas.’ – is described in Boris Souvarine, Souvenirs sur Isaac Babel, Panaït Istrati, Pierre Pascal, Paris: Gérard Lebovici, 1985, p. 17. Isaak Babel (1894–1940) was born in the Jewish ghetto in Odessa; he grew up in the harbour town of Nikolaev and studied at the university in Kiev. He then moved to St Petersburg, where he published essays criticising Tsarism, antisemitism and the bureaucracy. Babel held a very optimistic view of the prospects for the socialist movement. During the Russian Civil War, he joined Budennyi’s Red Cavalry army. In 1923, he started to publish short stories set during that period, which he later assem- bled in Krasnaya konnitsa (Red Cavalry). Babel was one of the most highly regarded Soviet authors and was privi- leged to travel abroad. On many occasions he visited his wife Eugenia, who had lived in Paris since 1925. Babel made a speech at the International Writers Congress in Paris in 1935. Babel had been living in a Ukrainian village in 1930, at the time of the ‘dekulakization’ and deportation of peasants from their villages to Northern Russia and Siberia. He was deeply shocked by what he had seen, which was a drastic change from the policies of the 1920s. Thereafter, Babel had lived on a kolkhoz in order to gather information for a new book on the peasants’ new lives.
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the UMIWorld's Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8804046 Soviet perceptions of global ecological problems: An analysis based on simulated interviewing Hall, Barbara Welling, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Hall, Barbara Welling. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. A n n Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Age of Russia Occult and Esoteric Dimensions
    New Age Russia The of Occult and Esoteric Dimensions Michael Hagemeister and Birgit Menzel - 978-3-86688-198-3 edited by birgitDownloaded menzel from PubFactory michael at 01/11/2019 hagemeister 02:22:40AM bernice glatzer rosenthalvia free access The New Age of Russia Occult and Esoteric Dimensions Michael Hagemeister and Birgit Menzel - 978-3-86688-198-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:22:40AM via free access Michael Hagemeister and Birgit Menzel - 978-3-86688-198-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:22:40AM via free access The New Age of Russia Occult and Esoteric Dimensions edited by Birgit Menzel, Michael Hagemeister and Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal Verlag Otto Sagner · München–Berlin 2012 Michael Hagemeister and Birgit Menzel - 978-3-86688-198-3 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/11/2019 02:22:40AM via free access Studies on Language and Culture in Central and Eastern Europe Edited by Christian Voß, Volume 17 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de © 2012 by Kubon & Sagner GmbH Heßstraße 39/41 80798 München (Germany) www.kubon-sagner.de «Verlag Otto Sagner» is an imprint of Kubon & Sagner GmbH. All rights reserved, including the rights of translation. No part of this book may be reproduced in any way without the permission of the publisher. Layout: robert jones Cover: Christopher Triplett Printed in Germany by: Difo
    [Show full text]