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(Anacardium Occidentale L.) Orchards Weeds in Côte D'ivoire

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(Anacardium Occidentale L.) Orchards Weeds in Côte D'ivoire Diversity and uses by farmers of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) orchards weeds in Côte d’Ivoire Latif Mory Konaté, Doudjo Noufou Ouattara, François N’Guessan Kouamé and Adama Bakayoko Research Correspondence Abstract Latif Mory Konaté1*, Doudjo Noufou Ouattara2, 3 Background: Weeds are always seen as pests and François N’Guessan Kouamé and Adama 4 are continuously destroyed by farmers due to their Bakayoko impacts on crop production. But like many other 1 plants, some have several virtues. This work aims to African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, determine the uses of weed plants by cashew Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture, Félix farmers in three 4 regions of Côte d'Ivoire. Houphouët-Boigny University, 01 BP 34 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire. 2 Methods: In each region, an ethnobotanical survey Sciences of Nature RFU, Nangui Abrogoua using semi-direct interviews with 108 cashew University, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 (Côte d’Ivoire) and producers let to identify the weeds of cashew Swiss Centre for scientific research in Côte d’Ivoire, orchards used by farmers and to highlight their uses. 01 B.P. 1303 Abidjan 01,Côte d’Ivoire. 3 Sciences of Nature RFU, Nangui Abrogoua Results: In total, 73 weeds were cited by farmers as University, 31 BP 165 Abidjan 31, Côte d’Ivoire. 4 useful for various uses, thus justifying their Sciences of Nature RFU, Nangui Abrogoua maintenance in their orchards. Five categories of University, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 (Côte d’Ivoire) and uses of these weeds have been recorded, of which Swiss Centre for scientific research in Côte d’Ivoire, food weeds represent 42.39%. Weeds used in 01 B.P. 1303 Abidjan 01,Côte d’Ivoire. traditional medicine represent 34.78% while those * used as fodder and in handicrafts represent 8.69% Corresponding Author: each; 5.34% of these weeds are used in other areas. [email protected] The most used organs are fruits and leaves with a rate of 39% each. EthnoBotany Research & Applications 21:21 (2021) Conclusion: These uses of weeds should induce a new consideration of these plants by farmers who could implement the cashew orchards in Côte Résumé d’Ivoire as an agroforestry systems. Contexte: Les adventices sont toujours considérées comme des pestes et continuellement détruites par Keywords: Cashew, Côte d’Ivoire, weeds, richness les agriculteurs en raison de leurs impacts sur la and uses production agricole. Mais comme beaucoup d'autres plantes, certaines adventices ont plusieurs vertus. Ce travail vise à déterminer les usages de ces adventices par les producteurs d'anacarde dans 4 régions de la Côte d'Ivoire. Manuscript received: 06/02/2021 - Revised manuscript received: 06/04/2021 - Published: 16/04/2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.21.21.1-14 2 Méthodes: Dans chaque région, une enquête the weeds of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) farms ethnobotanique utilisant des entretiens semi-directs, and Traoré et al. (2019) on those of the sugarcane auprès de 108 producteurs de cajou, a permis (Saccharum officinarum L.) farms. The weed flora of d’identifier les adventices des vergers de rice was inventoried by Kouamé et al. (2011), Konan l’anacardier utilisées par les paysans et de mettre en et al. (2014) and Touré (2014). Indeed, many exergue les utilisations de celles-ci. species were harvested from these biotopes by communities for several purposes. Touré et al. Résultats: Au total, 73 adventices ont été citées par (2018) have shown that the riparian communities of les agriculteurs comme utiles pour divers usages the Sanaimbo forest reserve, in the south Côte justifiant ainsi leur maintien dans leurs vergers. Cinq d’Ivoire, knew and maintained the weed species catégories d'utilisations de ces adventices ont été used as traditional medicine, food, house enregistrées parmi lesquelles les adventices construction and basketry material in their fields. For alimentaires représentent 42,39%. Les adventices the cashew (A. occidentale L.) few is known about utilisées en médecine traditionnelle représentent both on the diversity and the use of the associated 34,78% tandis que celles utilisées comme fourrage weed species by farmers. In savannah zones, this et en artisanat représentent chacune 8,69% ; 5,34% crop occupies increasingly large areas (dugué et al. de ces adventices sont utilisées dans les autres 2003) and its relations with other species in the farms domaines. Les organes les plus utilisés sont les fruits and the importance of these plants for farmers et les feuilles avec un taux de 39% chacun. should be understood. Furthermore, it is necessary to know the useful weed species preserved during Conclusion: Ces utilisations des adventices the maintenance operations in the cashew orchards. devraient induire une nouvelle réflexion sur ces In order to gather these data, this study was plantes par les agriculteurs qui pourraient mettre en conducted the regions of Gontougo, Bounkani, œuvre les vergers de l'anacardier en Côte d'Ivoire Marahoué and Kabadougou were cashew is most comme un système agroforestier. cultivated. The objective of this manuscript was to show the richness and diversity of the useful weeds Mots clés: Cajou, Côte d’Ivoire, adventices, richesse in the cashew orchards and their uses by farmers in et usages. the savannah area of Côte d’Ivoire. Context Materials and Methods The definition of the term weed has always been the Study area subject of debate among specialists. It is considered The study was carried out in the regions of Bounkani by some authors as species that lives in a place and Gontougo (Northern-east), of Kabadougou where it should not be, causing serious problems for (Northern-west) and Marahoué (Center-west) in crops (Labrada 2005). The term weed is sometimes Côte d’Ivoire (Figure 1) from July to october 2020 rejected by other authors because of the negative when all the weeds especially herbaceous species connotation for the plant thus designated (Ipou were alive and could be easily named botanically. 2005). Weed can also be defined as a plant The regions of Kabadougou and Bounkani are introduced voluntarily by humans or spontaneously characterized by a Sudanese climate with an into cultivated biotopes (Ipou 2005). Indeed, some average temperature of 30 °C with a Sudanian weeds provide socio-economic services to farmers. savannah vegetation (Monnier 1983). The annual In Mexico, farmers maintain certain species in rainfall of these regions ranged from 800 to 1 200 association with the main crop, which they call “buen mm (Krogba et al. 2016). The regions of Gontougo monte” (good plants) and only eliminate “mal monte” and Marahoué are in a forest-savannah mosaic (bad plants) in traditional agroecosystems (Altieri vegetation (Monnier 1983) where the climatic regime 1987). Indeed, these species are maintained in the was similar to the Guinean zone with an average fields and used for various purposes: food, medicine, annual rainfall varying between 1.200 and 1.500 mm. religious ceremonies, soil improvement (Ruthenberg The annual average temperature is 28.4 ° C (FAo 1976, Gliessman 1988). 2005). In Côte d’Ivoire, previous studies on the identification Data collection of the weed flora were conducted on several This study was conducted in 108 cashew farms cultivated species areas. Aman et al. (2004) and (Figure 2, Table 1) encompassing three villages in Ipou (2005) investigated on the weeds of cotton each region of Bounkani and Gontougo, and six (Gossypium herbaceum L.) farms, while Traoré et al. villages in each region of Kabadougou and (2010) focused on the weeds of palm (Elaeis Marahoué. In each village, six cashew orchards were guineensis Jacq.) plantations. Mangara et al. (2010) visited, and a semi-direct questionnaire (Appendix) studied the weeds in pineapple (Ananas comosus proposed by Touré et al. (2018) was used to (L.) Merr.) farms when Tano et al. (2016) assessed interview the owner of each visited farm. 3 KABADOUGOU BOUNKANI GONTOUGO MARAHOUE Figure 1. Localization of the studied regions on the map of Côte d'Ivoire. Figure 2: A picture of a cashew orchard in the Northern Côte d’Ivoire Specimen identification (1995), and the trees, shrubs and lianas of the The collected weeds were identified in the field using drylands of West Africa of Arbonnier (2009) or at the the West African weed guide of Akobundu and herbarium of the Centre Suisse de Recherches Agyakwa (1989), the Adventrop, weeds from Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire. The nomenclature of Sudano-Sahelian Africa of Bourgeois and Merlier 4 Cronquist (1981, 1983) updated by APG (2016) was djalonensis and Cnestis ferruginea were cited only in followed in this work. Gontougo Region. Annona senegalensis, Arachis hypogaea, Daniellia oliveri and Sarcocephalus Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the latifolius were cited only in Kabadougou region. The cashew farmers interviewed. species cited only in Marahoué region were Borassus aethiopum, Carica papaya, Cocos NumBer nucifera, Coffea canephora, Griffonia simplicifolia, Percentage VariaBles Modalities of (%) Hevea brasiliensis, Newbouldia laevis and farmers Theobroma cacao. Men 91 84.26 Sex Women 17 15.74 The Gontougo region showed the highest 0-30 7 6.48 Age percentage of cultivated weeds and lowest 31-50 59 54.63 (years) percentage of spontaneous weeds (Table 4) while > 50 42 38.89 the lowest percentage of cultivated weeds was found Analphabeti in the Kabadougou Region. 71 65.74 c In terms of morphological types, all regions showed Study Primary 21 19.44 23 weedy trees, 28 weedy shrubs, 14 weedy lianas level and 8 herbaceous weeds (Figure 3). The Gontougo Secondary 13 12.04 University 3 2.78 region showed the highest number of both useful weed trees and lianas species while the Marahoué Data analysis region experienced the poorest useful weeds trees The diversity index of the useful weeds in the farms species (Table 5). The highest number of useful was calculated using the ratio of the species number weeds shrubs was found in the Marahoué region and on the genera number (Aké Assi 1984, Aman et al.
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