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by degraded compounds some are Why xenobiotics? are What en- the into released and synthesized been have compounds organic toxic highly decades, few last the In eoi raarbcboerdto fa rai compound. organic an of biodegradation anaerobic or Aerobic – ‘ atclrymicroorganisms particularly oeg olife to foreign – i,wtr soil water, air, 21]. “ affinity ‘ oeg olife to foreign Xenobiotic ’ exhibiting ” o h otmnn n h viaiiyo h otmnn.I diin sufficient addition, In contaminant. the of availability the and contaminant the for or , sediment opud r hmcl hc r oeg otebopee Depending biosphere. the to foreign are which chemicals are compounds ’ tsol entdta rai hmcl fatrpgncoii are origin anthropogenic of chemicals organic that noted be should It . ‘ unnatural – eoitcpluat a eoeaalbet irognssin microorganisms to available become may pollutants xenobiotic , lyamr motn oei h eoa fmn aadu or- hazardous many of removal the in role important more a play ’ tutrlfaue osntncsaiyipyta xenobiotics that imply necessarily not does features structural co-metabolism Bri ngot,a rai pollu- organic an growth, In . š iadVukovi and ki catalysed ć Domanovac euto in reduction Microbial . 15 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd il ofiin,gg h usrt erdto aecnas eepesdb h olwn eq.(6): following by the also beexpressed can rate degradation The substrate g/g. coefficient, yield and degraded is substrate the biomass, the is: of rate production degradation the substrate as the time for same equation the the At 1/d. biomass, of rate growth where where for important 21]. is [15, processes. ecosystem parameter treatment microbial of kinetic restrictions the of and within determination applicability microorganisms the the the or- be into surrounding of insight can concentration degradation gain events substrate biological to of The describe used one to groups are developed from or models been The events differ have matter. models some can ganic kinetic complex, that Several very model. factors are a biological using rate processes and presented the microbial physical, and Though chemical, another. complex, on very to depends are ecosystem biodegradation conditions biodegradation of environments, degree natural and In matter. contamination organic of of persistence words idation other in [18]. or processes contamination environmental metal by heavy decomposed inafood instance, be occurs for cannot chain of, that food which result the ofsubstance a enter is or inconcentration humus, It soil theincrease chain. is the of Biomagnification part biomagnification. metabolic become to environment, and leading xenobiotics the persistent in However, importance. accumulate microbial will ecological by products enormous biodegradation dead-end of and be processes to to thought Co-metabolic leading are bioconver- consortium. eventually consortia maybe of microbial microorganisms, products the other the by by environments, degraded degradation natural or complete reduced transformed In further microbially habitats. be be anoxic may in can processes carcinogen, sion trichloroethane known hazardous and more a even tetrachloroethane chloride, or example, vinyl hazardous as to For be compound. may they original or compound, the original than the as harmful less be may xenobiotic 14: Figure 16 foreq. (4): equation kinetic the first-order yields following volume the constant by at described reactor is batch which the rate on growth balance biomass biomass and substrate the Performing o odsrb idgaaino rai matter? organic of biodegradation describe to How 7 Example pcfcezmsb h el a nraeo eraetert fcnaiatdegradation. expression of rate ofcontaminant or the the present ordecrease of microorganisms can increase thenumber the cells by ofcontaminant, enzymes specific concentration affects that factor Any Bri r r S x

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[19, oxygen by and also nutrients enhanced of microbial addition be a for by can of activities capacity the pollutants efficient The accelerate degrade implementation. highly in exert to can challenge key that population organisms a strains is degrading exogenous environments of new contaminant to adaptation transformation of the pollutant addition cases, such the In wherein rates. absent, ac- transformation is even transformation or pollutant quantities the low that ensure to bioaug- concentrations attenuation, pollution natural is tive. in on variations bioremediation for based of monitored are method only a bioremediation simplest are hence of The pollutants, principles removing biostimulation. The for and applied. tool mentation low-cost be a and to still water, process but strategy, soil, viable impact very in us- high bioremediation tools Moreover, a procedures. removal represents bioremediation biodegradation pollutant other over ing excellent advantage as their considered breakdown natural to this be due accelerated mostly use might involves sediments, often Microorganisms that that source. microorganisms process anaerobic energy alternative or an an aerobic either is involve can Bioremediation into This substances. pollutants biodegradation. of toxic degradation less biological the or through non-toxic pollution reduce to microorganisms uses Bioremediation bioremediation? is What 7.1 bioremediation of Principles 7 rate without growth specific themaximum of substrate one-half highest equals the rate to growth deathand/or corresponds inhibition. specific cell constant and the modelisfre- inhibition which This highconcentrations, The at at concentrations. concentration model. of inhibition low effect at astheEndo-Haldane the metabolism to assess to maintenance ability its referred of subsequently because used model, quently Haldane modified the is This account. decay, form: into in of microbial following taken decline the be assumes the should coefficient equation substrate, that the the proposed attaching of have consumption after complete authors Therefore, after decay, some constant However, biomass inhibition i.e. substances. the population, inhibitory account cell by into inhibition takes to which model sensitivity Haldane the is This 18 h niil workforce invisible The bioremediation: of History resources fewer and energy less consumes often it because increasing is bioremediation of popularity The friendliest environmentally and effective cost cleanest, safest, the of one as considered is Bioremediation Bioaugmentation Bri š iadVukovi and ki suooa putida Pseudomonas ć Domanovac suulyapidi ae hr aua ciemcoilcmuiisaepeetin present are communities microbial active natural where cases in applied usually is irognsscnb sltdfo lotayevrnetlcniin.Microbes conditions. environmental any almost from isolated be can microorganisms , irmdaini o e ocp:mcoilgsshv tde h process the studied have microbiologists concept: new a not is Bioremediation htwsal odgaeptoem[9 20]. [19, petroleum degrade to able was that = 휇 = 휇 퐾 S 퐾 푆 + 푆 + S 휇 푆 + 푆 + max 휇 max 푆 2 /퐾 푆 2 /퐾 i biostimulation 푘 − k i d nteepeso fteHlaemdl the model, Haldane the of expression the in , d aua attenuation natural fteidgnu microorganisms indigenous the of K i /·,wihi esr of measure a is which g/L·d, , nwihsoils which in , EGRUYTER DE (15) (14) Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd essec fmn fteecnaiat nteevrneti etmn otefc htteenaturally these that fact the to testament a is environment the in long-term contaminants the However, these compounds. of hazardous transform many to of ability persistence the possess microorganisms Many 1,2 ment. -dichloroethane. and a trichloroethylene against aliphatic active chlorinated is the and range including substrate compounds, broad of a range has wide monooxygenase, methane degradation, aerobic for pathway used substrates Common cobs. pollutants. environmental corn toxic or or dust, saw persistent straw, of include range diverse extremely sediments, an river degrade in (PCBs) biphenyls chloroform. polychlorinated and (TCE) of trichloroethylene solvent bioremediation the for of used dechlorination bacteria anaerobic in terest as contaminant the energy. use and bacteria carbon these of of source Many sole compounds. the polyaromatic and alkanes both hydrocarbons, are and abilities degradative their for Rhodococcus recognized Sphingomonas, bacteria aerobic of Examples Aerobic: 1. microbes of groups Some 7.2 1: Table to likely are microorganisms of 23]. types 1)[19, diverse numerous site, Since (Table contaminated contaminants. mediation a chemical effective are in of for and encountered range required agents, be limited be polluting to a the are within of pollutants survive nature only of they chemical types as the aswellthe carefully on selected depending vary, be utilized to available are that are that organisms The ation. 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is What 8.1 Composting 8 20]. that [15, environments pollutants incontaminated of risks processes and all natural andbiopiles. mass, of mobility, the effects landfarming, reduce combined composting, the bioventing, to refers sparging, water and remediation air Intrinsic the spills biofiltration, when oil either bioreactors, up problems be clean pollution anaerobic can to cause Treatments and/or used not pollution. are will organic microorganisms it of bioremediation, types that this Through other so In environment. matter biodegradation. the organic of into down forces released of break natural is types to accelerates is some also purpose up treatment the Wastewater clean case organic resource. and convert valuable wastes and a reduce biodegradation to natural can decay.wastes accelerate eventually people we will composting, biodegradation, all Through of but contaminants. others, forces environmental than natural waste faster the these much down products down harnessing breaking waste break while By The will energy recycled. materials and gets organic nutrients everything providing Some because others, matter. for waste organic food no the is become there organism nature, one from In organisms. other by used be hydrology. and geochemistry as techniques such engineering disciplines, and other microbiology Thus, environmental with processes. of microbial integration key throughcare- of the are involves rates health. theselimitations or bioremediation the human enhancing substrate successful thereby canovercome and key environment, contaminated another ecosystem bioremediation the or protect cases, of engineering In many pollutant to ful the enough numbers. of fast sufficient availability in are the present that by not rates limited are at microorganisms occur the not Frequently, do often processes occurring 20 ifrn omnte fmcoraim rdmnt uigtevroscmotn hss Initial de- phases. various composting the during predominate ofmicroorganisms communities Different Microorganisms nature is Biodegradation ne pia odtos opsigpoed hog he hss 1 h eohlc rmoderate- or mesophilic, the (1) phases: three through proceeds composting conditions, optimal Under . Bri ails suooa,Cluooa,Tihdra rcoprn ldsoim hrocioye,Strepto- Thermoactinomyces, Cladosporium, Trichosporon, Trichoderma, Cellulomonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, š iadVukovi and ki stecnrle eoi eopsto fogncmte ymcoraim noasal,humus- stable, a into microorganisms by matter organic of decomposition aerobic controlled the is ncmotn rcs eops h oeraiyaalbecroaeu compounds. carbonaceous available readily more the decompose process composting in ć Domanovac ’ a frccigwse,o raigdw rai atrit uret htcan that nutrients into matter organic down breaking or wastes, recycling of way s ’ a frecycling of way s xsitu ex or nsitu in “ curing h ehooycnivleaerobic involve can technology The . ” rmtrto fteremaining the of maturation or Compost EGRUYTER DE is Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 8 a la D mlaK ehd o apigsi irbs n HrtC,eio.i he) aulo niomna irbooy Wash- microbiology. environmental of Bri Manual [9] Chief), in editor. CJ, (Hurst In: microbes. soil sampling for Methods K. Smalla JD, 66 Elsas 2005: Van Ltd., [8] International Science Alpha UK: Harrow, microbiology. Environmental PD. Sharma [7] Bri 17 [6] 2004: Press, Academic Elsevier MA: Burlington, ed. 2nd 133 manual, 2002: laboratory PTR, a Hall microbiology: Prentice CP. Environmental Gerba NJ: River, IL, Saddle Pepper Upper [5] concepts. basic engineering: Bioprocess F. Kargi Hill, McGraw ML, NY: Shuler York, [4] New perspective. human a Microbiology: D. Hurley MT, Nester NN, Pearsall CE, 1 Roberts 2010: DG, Press, Anderson CRC EW, FL: Nester Raton, 19 [3] Boca 2001: ed. Press; 2nd Science engineers, Fitzgerald for MA: Microbiology Bethesda, IV. environment. Environmental the [2] and disease, diversity, Microbiology: DD. Whit AA, Salyers [1] References Figure 10, Figure 9, 978 Figure 8, Figure 7, Figure 6, Figure for photographs and 11. 4 Figure for photomicrographs of are and decompose to Notes: continues matter organic curing, During turning. biologically to without converted stockpiled be the can composting enters compost active compost the the As pile. and 40 compost under pile, the to turning declines gradually or temperature aeration, subsides, forced phase or this passive in through killed replenished pathogens be Common must plants). to toxic are compounds phase (organic compounds phytotoxic down break to 15: Figure GRUYTER DE 1]Rdn G ehd nautcmcoilg.Blioe ayad nvriyPr rs,17:358 1972: Press, Park University Maryland: Baltimore, microbiology. aquatic in Methods AG. Rodina Association, Health [11] Public American DC: Washington, ed. 2nd wastewater, and water of examination the for methods Standard APHA. [10] called is 55 pile This to compost weeks. rapidly several the increases for typically in maintained 40 pile temperature above compost As temperatures the thermophilic. at in to function ture then that (microorganisms and thermophiles mesophilic increases, to and ambient 45 from between rises is temperature pile compost temper- the in of 6.5 rise content pH the moisture and as ideal weight, well The by as process. 25 % decomposition, composting 60 C:N the the is of in range most occurs starting for of that account ideal quality actinomycetes ature important The and an ratio. fungi is C:N bacteria, (N) the as nitrogen as to such relative designated (C) is carbon It of feedstocks. supply compost The oxygen. and temperature, pH, ture, 87 383 1997: Press, ASM DC: ington, 2012;66:1103 Paper. Chem leachate. in transformations of analysis kinetic and bacteria degrading 113 83 2004: Toma Engineering, Environmental in: available also ‒ is article This active the In 1998. 15, Figure in shown As activity. microbial of function a is limitation process or decomposition of rate The happen? composting does How š š 3 – iFZa F ki Kop F, ki – ‒ 1 113 91, 3,169 139, h uhr fti hpe r hnflt r.Mrjn iaoi ntcnclspoti preparation in support technical on Vidakovic Marijana Mrs. to thankful are chapter this of authors The 11 eprtr hne na vrg ops pile. compost average an in changes Temperature ‒ – .cl,Sahlccu ues ailssubtillus Bacillus aureus, Staphylococcus coli, E. š – 0,785 103, iaokoli tita 046801 č 3,179 134, – i ć 174. N, Ć “ – thermophilic – osi ‒ 797. š 185. i rain,Fkle eiso in kemijskog Fakultet Croatian), (in a 4 ć ,Ku I, č tbeadmtr compost mature and stable i ć ,Vukovi D, – – 8.0. 391. ” hs,tmeaue r iheog okl ahgn n edsesand seeds weed and pathogens kill to enough high are temperatures phase, uigphase curing ć o ucsflcmotn irbsne nutritious need microbes composting successful For .Boerdto ftbcowseb opsig eei dnicto fnicotine- of identification Genetic composting: by waste tobacco of Biodegradation M. h ciepaeo composting of phase active the h aeo xgncnupindcie otepitwhere point the to declines consumption oxygen of rate The . ž nesv enlgj Sveu tehnologije i enjerstva [25]. and , – 65 o o .Temspii irognssrclnz the recolonize microorganisms mesophilic The C. lsrdu botulinum Clostridium ihn24 within C č – ili 5 265 15, š – auZgeuiEeet arb 06 46 2016: Zagreb, Element, i Zagrebu u ta š 2huso iefrain hc is which formation, pile of hours 72 cZlc eGutr(07,isbn (2017), Gruyter De ic/Zelic. . – – 293. 94. – Bri – 1110. 368. š o uigti hs,oxygen phase, this During . iadVukovi and ki )tk vr h tempera- The over. take C) – “ 51 Microorganisms 35:1. – food 155. ć ” Domanovac utbemois- suitable , – 2 439 32, – 49, – – 50, 452. 21 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. usin n Problems and Questions Appendix A 15 2011: Press, CRC FL: Raton, Boca management. facilities and engineering environmental 2000. composting: NRCS, Industrial DC: Washington, E. Composting. Epstein 2, [25] Chapter 637, Part handbook, engineering National USDA. 2001;73:1163 [24] Chem. Appl Pure overview. an Bioremediation M. Vidali [23] Vukovi [22] Biodegradation F. Rosenkranz R, Chamy Biorem Environ [21] J Int review. a bioaugmention: and biostimulation Bioremediation, I. Ehinomen SE, Technol. Okoro Sci PT, Fufeyin Environ GO, J Adams Int [20] tool. management a environment: polluted of bioremediation on Review T. Dhewa V, Joshi BS, Bisht A, Kumar 2009: Ltd, [19] Co. Publishers Eolss UK: Oxford, biotechnology. in fundamentals X: volume Biotechnology- M. Berovic S, Rokem HW, Doelle DC: Washington, [18] pollution. nutrient of effects the reducing and understanding waters: coastal Clean 1985;16:227 Council). Research Bull. Pollut (National Mar NRC nuisance?. [17] coastal 115 marine 2010: future Inc., Sons, the Eutrophication: & R. Wiley Rosenberg John [16] USA: Jersey, New Microbiology. Environmental JD. Gu R, Mitchell [15] recombinant a Engineering 2011;75:133 MJ. Rev. Daly Biol KW, Mol LP, Minton Wackett Microbiol CC, radiodurans. Lange Deionococcus [14] in resistance stress Oxidative M. Radman D, Slade of [13] Manual editors, MV, Walter LD, Stetzenbach MJ, McInerney GR, Knudsen CJ, Hurst In: aerobiology. to Introduction LD. Stetzenbach [12] 22 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. idg 2015;3:28 Biodeg. 2011;6:1079 215 2000. Press; Academies National 1998;16:9229 Biotechnol. Nature environments. waste mixed radioactive 620 1997: Press, ASM DC: Washington, microbiology. environmental aees ae.2013;27:51 Cabeq. rameters. ecietepoeso composting. of process the Describe and biostimulation? bioaugmentation between difference the is What bioremediation? is What fromtheexperimental rate directly consumption substrate data? specific and rate growth specific calculate to How matter? organic of biodegradation describe to How xenobiotics? are What and biotransformation? biodegradation between difference the is What effectof adverse eutrophication? the is describe What and indoor environment of contamination fungus the microbial causes effect What contamination. of source the plate is mFC what on deduce ofthisgroup? coliform faecal member of the 10 number · is the river 1.7 which nearby was from sample water onebacterium of analysis name bacteriological and After bacteria of coliform definition the is What species bacterial of role growth the exponential Describe of beginning 10 the · at 2.5 if is time concentration generation cell mean initial the calculate data Which following viruses. the 4. From bacteria, 3. algae, answer? 2. correct protozoa, is 1. following include: the world of microbial the of members eukaryotic viruses. The 5. archaea, 4. answer? bacteria, correct 3, is fungi, following 2. algae, the 1. of include: Which world organisms? microbial living the of of evolutions members later prokaryotic The the possible make cyanobacteria the did ways what In – Bri 246. š ć iadVukovi and ki oaoa M, Domanovac tcyorschartarum Stachybotrys – 1093. 2 10m n aclsrpooc nF lt a . 10 · 3.0 was plate FS on streptococci faecal and mL /100 – 39. ć Domanovac Ć osi – ć 56. ,Soj I, č i ć ,Bri M, . – ieo cec.Rjk:ITc,21:289 2013: InTech, Rijeka: science. of life 3 š A m,and /mL, iF ramn ftbcods ecaeb ciae lde vlaino ikntcpa- biokinetic of Evaluation sludge- activated by leachate dust tobacco of Treatment F. ki ,2 1, . Nitrosomonas

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