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3. Landscape Research Projects in Crete: Text Analysis The historiography of landscape research on Crete Gkiasta, M. Citation Gkiasta, M. (2008, April 15). The historiography of landscape research on Crete. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12855 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12855 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 3. Landscape Research Projects in Crete: Text Analysis 3.1 INTRODUCT I ON The ‘surveys’ database (description in 2.2 & 2.3) allowed the collection of a large amount of information about many different aspects of the projects, so that we have a full description of aims, methods, results and general framework of each project. In this way we can assess what has been achieved and how, and therefore what knowledge we acquire and further, we can study the history of landscape research on the island. Chapter three consists of a text discussion for each of the thirty-five projects studied, describing and discussing aims, methods, presentation / relocatability, site densities, interpretative framework and providing a summary assessment. In general, the texts follow a set structure discussing and summarising important issues regarding landscape research. A description of the sections which constitute the text discussion of each project is given in 2.4. The projects are presented in chronological order within the tradition they belong to, and traditions also try to follow a chronological order on the basis of their beginning as disciplinary paradigms, even though most of the time they co-exist. It is hoped that the chapter will elucidate the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the relevant projects and it will provide a better understanding of their results and potential. Finally, the last section discusses the interpretative process of site data, based on the ‘interpretations’ database (a description of the database is provided in 2.5 & 2.6). 3.2 TRAVELLERS TRAD I T I ON 3.2.1 SURVEY ID : SIEBER Problem Orientation: aims and methods Sieber travelled around Crete in 1817 intrigued by accounts of previous researchers / Travellers from Europe. His primary objective appears to be a collection of Crete’s known endemic rare plants, which related to his interest and practice of medicine. However, his book includes very little about plants; it consists mainly of stories and descriptive accounts of his experiences on the island, so that the goal of his journey seems to have rather been the journey itself, to learn and write about life on the island. He conceived himself as an explorer, and he certainly was one since travelling in the dangerous and remote ‘east’ was not something common for Europeans at the time. Being part of his time’s intellectual elite he wanted to contribute to the collection of knowledge about Crete’s little known land and culture. He was interested in ethnography, archaeology and socio-political and economic life, as well as botany and medicine. His chronological focus was his contemporary Crete, thus previous times receive little attention and the limited discussion of ancient ruins seems to be rather the result of ‘scientific correctness’ than his real interest. His study was based on personal experience and thus he travelled around Crete (mule was the transport of the time) accompanied by a local guide, collecting plants and observing life. He used Homann’s map as his reference, but mentions that he also drew maps of some of the areas where he travelled and tried to estimate the height of the mountains using a barometer and octanta (Johann Baptist Homann 1663-1724: German chartographer. In 1716, 126 maps of his are published as a World Atlas). Presentation / Relocatability Sieber’s literary text is accompanied by sketches and art drawings that aim to make his descriptions more vivid. Themes include the landscape, Cretans with their different clothing, or everyday life. Even though his 1 3 - LANDSCAPE RESEARCH PROJECTS IN CRETE main interests are not in geography and sites, presentation includes a map of ‘ancient Crete’. Almost all of the places he talks about, can, of course, be relocated, since they are villages still inhabited now, monasteries or well-known sites. Density per area / period Not applicable. He travels most of Crete referring mainly to his contemporary sites. Interpretive Framework Sieber was not primarily interested in the archaeological landscape of Crete; therefore, he mentions very few archaeological sites. Most of the sites he refers to are not described in detail, but are just the scene where his narratives take place. Others are only mentioned by name as places where he passed through. The ones he considers significant, however, and places that attracted his interest, are described in greater detail. The major towns of Chania, Rethimno and Herakleion (Chandax) are the most important among these. The past is little explored, but as it is part of his contemporary landscape, it survives in material remains and the non-material record of stories, beliefs and customs, giving historical depth in his descriptions. As his aim was to give a picture of Crete, the content of his book reveals what he considered as important themes to discuss, representative of life on the island. Thus, he describes both cultural and environmental landscapes, focusing on people’s relationships, their social and economic life. He uses all his senses in his descriptions, colouring his narratives with a very personal and vivid character. His point of view, representative of his upbringing and classical education, is strong and sheds light to the value system of his society as much as Crete’s. He describes facts and situations, he is quite judgmental and always gives his personal evaluation of the situation or characters under discussion. He often mentions his impression of landscapes, behaviours and people. At the same time he also tries to give some ‘objective’ descriptions, whether this concerns plants, geography, architecture or social behaviour. There is an evident attempt to give a character of scientism in his writing when he describes what he sees without expressing his personal views, or when he explains in detail everything (facts, behaviours, discussions) that led him to a specific conclusion. His text is a mixture of ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’, ‘scientific’ and ‘literary’. He describes what he sees, hears, smells, feels and thinks. The romanticism and at the same time the belief in objective knowledge and science, spread throughout his work and correspond to the Enlightenment’s intellectual stimulation of his time. Influential references: Tournefort seems to have had the greatest impact on his work, but he also mentions almost all Travellers / explorers that had visited Crete before him and left accounts of their travels. He visits places they visited and tries to confirm the information they left, e.g. things observed, or plants Tournefort collected. Homann and German cartography appear to have been the major influence on his mapping and understanding of spatial relationships. Summary Assessment Strengths: vivid way of writing, important details. Weaknesses: no specific questions and methodology, poor archaeological landscape. Evaluation of data and interpretations: he gathered important information in Crete during his travel, although his interpretations are sometimes totally subjective opinions. Knowledge acquired: flora of Crete, social hierarchy, economy, demography, health and life standards, traditions, politics, religion. Rich source of information. Integrability: high; known sites. Publication: completed 2 3 - LANDSCAPE RESEARCH PROJECTS IN CRETE This travelling account is an example of the major differences in aims and research interests between Travellers’ texts and archaeological reports that followed. An account of the physical environment and the social life of the island are the goals set in order to portray Crete. Moreover, a psychological outline of the people, both Turks and Greeks, receives great attention. He grasps and observes interesting social themes such as relations of control and dependence. It is interesting that apart from the repeated mentions in the obvious control of Turks upon Greeks whose violence he strongly disapproved of, he notices such relations also in the clergy, and among common people, who tried to profit from, or control others. His work is a rich source of information especially of socio-political and economic associations at the time of his travel. Descriptions of the landscape he visited, both cultural and environmental, are particularly important for the history and archaeology of his time. We should remember, however, that his accounts of what he saw and perceived, are not necessarily objective assessments of the situation he describes, but usually his personal interpretation. Narrative is based on a time sequence as he travelled through Crete, often repeating places he revisited. The sequence breaks only when he narrates a story that takes place in different spatial contexts, which may not coincide with the places he visited in succession. When he finishes the story, he goes back to the narrative of what happened and where, in time order. The manner of his writing has the potential to reveal lively pictures of the places he visited, being indicative of his own personality and cultural background. His classical education is noticeable through his mentions and quotes of ancient cities (Gortyn, Knosos, Kydonia etc), however, we do not learn anything new, as neither is he interested in discovering unknown remains of the past, nor in giving detailed records of known monuments. However, as archaeology is part of his living landscape, he considers it an integral part of the island’s character, thus, occasionally he refers to ancient monuments he sees or knows of. Landscape approach: he approaches the landscape as the living world around him. That is the environment where people live, loci of human activity and their interactions.
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