DOCSLIB.ORG

Beyond Wealth and Status at Archanes-Phourni

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beyond Wealth and Status at Archanes-Phourni University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 A Truth Universally Acknowledged: Beyond Wealth And Status At Archanes-Phourni Sarah R. Linn University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Linn, Sarah R., "A Truth Universally Acknowledged: Beyond Wealth And Status At Archanes-Phourni" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2770. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2770 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2770 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Truth Universally Acknowledged: Beyond Wealth And Status At Archanes- Phourni Abstract In the Pre- and Protopalatial periods, Minoan burial practices were communal, interactive, and sustained, creating complex tomb assemblages that span several hundred years. Small-scale taphonomic analyses of mortuary contexts indicate that secondary treatments of human remains were variable and frequent while large-scale regional studies suggest greater diversity among Early Minoan (EM) and Middle Minoan (MM) communities than previously believed. These nuanced approaches to variability, however, have not been fully realized at the mid-range, intra-site scale. Diversity in tomb architecture and object assemblages has continually been interpreted as evidence of hierarchical social structure and increasing social complexity before the appearance of the Minoan palaces, often ignoring other aspects of these contexts that contradict this interpretation. This dissertation focuses on social interaction rather than social structure, and proposes a methodology for considering complex tomb assemblages and intra-site variability using the well-known site of Archanes-Phourni as a case study. It provides a detailed, contextual re-analysis of the 23 communal and long-lived burial contexts dating from EM IIA to MM II (ca. 2700-1700 BCE), highlighting chronological and spatial variability related to changing burial practices and distinct group identities. Using quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, and drawing on contemporary theories of time, materiality, personhood, and value, this work offers an interpretation of the diverse and interactive burial practices at Archanes- Phourni at multiple scales. Contextual analysis of these tomb assemblages indicates that there was significant variety in spatial structure, methods of interment, and object deposition but that these individually variable practices occurred alongside long-lived, communally shared traditions. The frequent interactions with burial deposits that served to maintain connections between the living and the dead throughout the Prepalatial and into the Protopalatial period, diminished in MM II, suggesting a new approach to burial and to the cemetery. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Art & Archaeology of Mediterranean World First Advisor Lauren Ristvet Second Advisor Thomas Tartaron Keywords Minoan Subject Categories History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2770 A TRUTH UNIVERSALLY ACKNOWLEDGED: BEYOND WEALTH AND STATUS AT ARCHANES-PHOURNI Sarah R. Linn A DISSERTATION in Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Supervisor of Dissertation Co-Supervisor of Dissertation ________________________ ________________________ Lauren Ristvet Thomas Tartaron Associate Professor of Anthropology Associate Professor of Classical Studies Graduate Group Chairperson _______________________ Thomas Tartaron, Associate Professor of Classical Studies Dissertation Committee Lauren Ristvet, Associate Professor of Anthropology Thomas Tartaron, Associate Professor of Classical Studies Joanne Murphy, Associate Professor of Classical Studies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. I would especially like to thank my committee. My profound thanks to Lauren Ristvet for her unceasing encouragement of this research and her incredible support when I needed it most. Thomas Tartaron offered much-needed guidance during the formulation of this project and sound advice throughout the process. I am also thankful to Joanne Murphy for sharing her knowledge of Minoan burial practices and for generously giving of her time, expertise, and humor. Over the last nine years, I have benefitted greatly from the support of several other faculty at Penn and elsewhere. I would especially like to thank Philip P. Betancourt for giving me the opportunity to excavate a Minoan cemetery, Cam Grey and Jeremy McInerney for showing me the joys of teaching, and Kimberly Bowes for making archaeological theory interesting. I am also fortunate to have worked with several remarkable scholars and mentors, both in the field and at home. I thank especially Mary Voyatzis and David Romano for their incredible support and for bringing me to the mountains of Arcadia, and Ann Brownlee for her encouragement in pursuing a museum career. I am immensely grateful for the opportunity to spend a year at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, made possible with the generous support of the Penn Museum. The community at the ASCSA and traveling around in Greece renewed my passion for archaeology. I thank especially Samantha Henneberry, Marya Fisher, Chelsea Gardner, and Stephanie Kimmey. This community of friends and colleagues in Greece is paralleled only by that in Philadelphia. I first thank Sarah Beckmann for her ii friendship from day one of this program, as well as Kate Morgan, Lara Fabian, Kurtis Tanaka, Lucas Stephens, Katherine Burge, and Olivia Hayden for their unstinting support, guidance, and friendship. Several people contributed directly to this project. I am grateful to Lucas Stephens for his help with the maps of Archanes, Kyle Mahoney for innumerable hours of help with Greek translations, Dallas Simons for his assistance with the multivariate statistical analyses, and Eli Storch, my wonderful husband, for the beautiful plans and images. I must also thank my parents for their love and support throughout this process. And finally, I thank my husband for his unending patience and support, and without whom this project would not have been possible. iii ABSTRACT A TRUTH UNIVERSALLY ACKNOWLEDGED: BEYOND WEALTH AND STATUS AT ARCHANES-PHOURNI Sarah Linn Lauren Ristvet Thomas Tartaron In the Pre- and Protopalatial periods, Minoan burial practices were communal, interactive, and sustained, creating complex tomb assemblages that span several hundred years. Small-scale taphonomic analyses of mortuary contexts indicate that secondary treatments of human remains were variable and frequent while large-scale regional studies suggest greater diversity among Early Minoan (EM) and Middle Minoan (MM) communities than previously believed. These nuanced approaches to variability, however, have not been fully realized at the mid-range, intra-site scale. Diversity in tomb architecture and object assemblages has continually been interpreted as evidence of hierarchical social structure and increasing social complexity before the appearance of the Minoan palaces, often ignoring other aspects of these contexts that contradict this interpretation. This dissertation focuses on social interaction rather than social structure, and proposes a methodology for considering complex tomb assemblages and intra-site variability using the well-known site of Archanes-Phourni as a case study. It provides a detailed, contextual re-analysis of the 23 communal and long-lived burial contexts dating from EM IIA to MM II (ca. 2700-1700 BCE), highlighting chronological and spatial iv variability related to changing burial practices and distinct group identities. Using quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, and drawing on contemporary theories of time, materiality, personhood, and value, this work offers an interpretation of the diverse and interactive burial practices at Archanes-Phourni at multiple scales. Contextual analysis of these tomb assemblages indicates that there was significant variety in spatial structure, methods of interment, and object deposition but that these individually variable practices occurred alongside long-lived, communally shared traditions. The frequent interactions with burial deposits that served to maintain connections between the living and the dead throughout the Prepalatial and into the Protopalatial period, diminished in MM II, suggesting a new approach to burial and to the cemetery. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 ARCHANES-PHOURNI .................................................................................................................. 5 CEMETERIES IN MINOAN SCHOLARSHIP
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minoan Religion
    MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS MINOAN RELIGION STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE RELIGION Frederick M. Denny, Editor The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Edited by Frederick M. Denny and Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory Rodney L. Taylor By Ruth Cecily Katz Dr. Strangegod: Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation: On the Symbolic Meaning of Nuclear Weapons A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics By Ira Chernus Edited by Russell F. Sizemore and Donald K. Swearer Native American Religious Action: A Performance Approach to Religion By Ritual Criticism: Sam Gill Case Studies in Its Practice, Essays on Its Theory By Ronald L. Grimes The Confucian Way of Contemplation: Okada Takehiko and the Tradition of The Dragons of Tiananmen: Quiet-Sitting Beijing as a Sacred City By By Rodney L. Taylor Jeffrey F. Meyer Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: The Other Sides of Paradise: Western and Islamic Perspectives Explorations into the Religious Meanings on Religious Liberty of Domestic Space in Islam By David Little, John Kelsay, By Juan Eduardo Campo and Abdulaziz A. Sachedina Sacred Masks: Deceptions and Revelations By Henry Pernet The Munshidin of Egypt: Their World and Their Song The Third Disestablishment: By Earle H. Waugh Regional Difference in Religion and Personal Autonomy 77u' Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: By Phillip E. Hammond Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol By By George D. Bond Nanno Marinatos A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam By Gordon Darnell Newby MINOAN RELIGION Ritual, Image, and Symbol NANNO MARINATOS University of South Carolina Press Copyright © 1993 University of South Carolina Published in Columbia, South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marinatos, Nanno.
    [Show full text]
  • This Pdf Is a Digital Offprint of Your Contribution in E. Alram-Stern, F
    This pdf is a digital offprint of your contribution in E. Alram-Stern, F. Blakolmer, S. Deger-Jalkotzy, R. Laffineur & J. Weilhartner (eds), Metaphysis. Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 39), ISBN 978-90-429-3366-8. The copyright on this publication belongs to Peeters Publishers. As author you are licensed to make printed copies of the pdf or to send the unaltered pdf file to up to 50 relations. You may not publish this pdf on the World Wide Web – including websites such as academia.edu and open-access repositories – until three years after publication. Please ensure that anyone receiving an offprint from you observes these rules as well. If you wish to publish your article immediately on open- access sites, please contact the publisher with regard to the payment of the article processing fee. For queries about offprints, copyright and republication of your article, please contact the publisher via [email protected] AEGAEUM 39 Annales liégeoises et PASPiennes d’archéologie égéenne METAPHYSIS RITUAL, MYTH AND SYMBOLISM IN THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna, 22-25 April 2014 Edited by Eva ALRAM-STERN, Fritz BLAKOLMER, Sigrid DEGER-JALKOTZY, Robert LAFFINEUR and Jörg WEILHARTNER PEETERS LEUVEN - LIEGE 2016 98738_Aegaeum 39 vwk.indd 1 25/03/16 08:06 CONTENTS Obituaries ix Preface xiii Abbreviations xv KEYNOTE LECTURE Nanno MARINATOS Myth, Ritual, Symbolism and the Solar Goddess in Thera 3 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander the Great
    ROYAL TREASURES 0. ROYAL TREASURES - Story Preface 1. LEARNING FROM ARISTOTLE 2. THE YOUNG ALEXANDER 3. ALEXANDER'S HOMETOWN 4. ASSASSINATION OF PHILIP II 5. DISCOVERY OF PHILIP'S TOMB 6. ROYAL TREASURES 7. ALEXANDER'S BEQUEST 8. ALEXANDER'S EARLY CONQUESTS 9. CHASING DARIUS III 10. GAUGAMELA AND THE END OF DARIUS 11. ELEPHANTS IN WAR 12. VICTORY IN INDIA 13. GOING HOME 14. ALEXANDER'S DEATH 15. ALEXANDER'S JOURNEY IN PICTURES 16. THE REST OF THE STORY Among other treasures in the royal tomb near the ancient capital of Macedonia, archeologists found a small ivory portrait. Scholars believe it depicts Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. With reconstructions, cutaways and pictures of the Vergina tombs and their contents, we can gain some understanding of what life was like during the time of Alexander the Great. For descriptive purposes only, we refer to the tomb believed by some (but not all) to be "Philip's tomb." Tomb under excavation. Cutaway of Philip's tomb. Interior door of tomb during excavation. Tombs of Macedonian royalty were richly decorated. Facade of Philip's tomb during excavation with detail of the painted top (called a geison). Excavated tomb, with the sky above, has a frieze across the top. Macedonians, like Philip, were great hunters. The painting across the top of the tomb depicts hunting scenes. West side of tomb with sarcophagus. Small sarcophagus with gold larnax inside. The gold larnax containing textiles, gold, ashes and bones. Cloth and gold inside the larnax. Reconstruction of wooden kline. Left and right ends of kline in Bella Mound.
    [Show full text]
  • Inscribed Silver Plate from Tomb Ii at Vergina 337
    hesperia yy (2008) INSCRIBED SILVER PLATE p*ges 335~358 FROM TOMB II AT VERGINA Chronological Implications ABSTRACT Five items of silver plate from tomb II at Vergina are inscribed with their ancient weights. The inscriptions, using the acrophonic and alphabetic systems, suggest that the pieces were made to a drachmaweight of ca. 4.2 g. This weight of drachmawas introducedto Macedoniaby Alexanderthe Great and does not appearto have been used by Philip II. The inscriptions on the silver add to the cumulative evidence provided by the cremated remains, black-gloss saltcellars,and iconographyof the lion-hunt frieze that tomb II was the final resting place not of Philip II, but of Philip III Arrhidaios and Adea Eurydike. The excavationsby Manolis Andronikosat Vergina,the likely site of Aigai, have providedsubstantial evidence for the burialsof membersof the Macedonianroyal family.1The wealth that has emergedfrom the excavationof tomb II, the so-calledTomb of Philip II that lay beneath the GreatTumulus at Vergina,has been awe-inspiring.The gold larnax, ivory-decoratedcouch, gold-decorated purple cloth, and silverplate point - - to the burialof an individualof high and surelyroyal statusin Mace- doniansociety. The reconstructedface of the individualplaced in tomb II has convincedmany that Philip II was indeed buriedin this tomb.2Yet 1. For a tributeto Andronikosand kindly allowed me to read the draft of preparingthe line drawings,and to his indisputablecontribution to a his joint researchon furtheraspects of TraceyCullen and the anonymous modernunderstanding of Macedonian skeletalremains from tomb II, and his Hesperiareferees for their assistance. materialculture, see Borza 1992. comments sharpenedmy text. The 2. Musgrave,Neave, and Prag I am gratefulto Sheila Ager, Eliza- following museum curatorshave kindly 1984; Prag 1990; Musgrave1991a.
    [Show full text]
  • FLOWAID-Crete-Workshop Ierapetra-Nov-2008-Small
    FLOW-AID Workshop Proceedings Ierapetra (Crete) (7 th Nov, 2008) 1/33 SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FP6-2005-Global-4, Priority II.3.5 Water in Agriculture: New systems and technologies for irrigation and drainage Farm Level Optimal Water management: Assistant for Irrigation under Deficit Contract no.: 036958 Proceedings of the FLOW-AID workshop in Ierapetra (Crete, Greece) Date: November 7 th , 2008 Project coordinator name: J. Balendonck Project coordinator organisation name: Wageningen University and Research Center Plant Research International Contributions from: Jos Balendonck, PRI – Wageningen (NL) (editor) Nick Sigrimis, Prof Mechanics and Automation – AUA (co-editor, organizer) Frank Kempkes, PRI-Wageningen (NL) Richard Whalley, RRES (UK) Yuksel Tuzel, Ege University – Izmir (Turkey) Luca Incrocci, University of Pisa (Italy) Revision: final Dissemination level: PUBLIC Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) FLOW-AID Workshop Proceedings Ierapetra (Crete) (7 th Nov, 2008) 2/33 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 FLOW-AID WORKSHOP ........................................................................................................... 3 Technical Tour & Ierapetra Conference ..................................................................................... 4 Farm Level Optimal Water management: Assistant for Irrigation under Deficit (FLOW-AID) ...... 7 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 13 - E5 July 2011
    COMMITTEE ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT DELEGATION TO GREECE 13 - E5 JULY 2011 source: http://kopiaste.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Programme of the delegation ........................................................................................ 3 List of Participants ...................................................................................................... 10 Itinerary Map............................................................................................................... 13 Wednesday 13 July 2011 ............................................................................................ 14 Description of projects ............................................................................................ 15 Information on Thessaloniki ................................................................................... 16 Thursday 14 July 2011................................................................................................ 17 Description of projects ............................................................................................ 18 Information on Kozani ............................................................................................ 21 Friday 15 July 2011..................................................................................................... 22 Description of projects ............................................................................................ 23 Information on Ioannina.........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Although Crete Seems to Have Been First Inhabited in the Palaeolithic (Strasser Et Al
    Although Crete seems to have been first inhabited in the Palaeolithic (Strasser et al. 2010), another colonization of the island occurred at the end of the Neolithic (Broodbank and Strasser 1991). From then, the internal chronology of Crete follows two systems, a ceramic development (Early, Middle, and Late Minoan with internal subdivisions) and a system based on architectural phases: Prepalatial (EM–MM IA, c.3000–1900 ), Protopalatial (MM IB–II, 1900–1750), Neopalatial (MM III–LM IB, 1750–1490), Final Palatial (LM II–IIIA:2/B1, 1490–1300), and Post Palatial (LM IIIB–C, 1300–1100). The last two periods comprise Mycenaean Crete. The Cretan “Hieroglyphic” and Linear A scripts were developed in the Protopalatial period (Godart and Olivier 1996; Younger 2005); Linear A survives into the Neopalatial period (Godart and Olivier 1976–1985; Younger 2000); and Linear B writes Greek in the Final Palatial period (Killen and Olivier 1989). There are three main ways of identifying females in Aegean art: costume, hairstyle (following age grades), and skin color in fresco. Females are always clothed (males may be nude) and women are often depicted in elaborate “court” dress (see below), textiles made of wool that were also exported to Egypt and the Near East. The fairly consistent Egyptian color conven- Blakolmer 2004, 2012) was also followed in Minoan fresco (Hood 1985). people before the Malia Workshop (MM II). There are few representations of women on pot- tery but females are prominent in the frescoes. Texts give us limited information. In Linear B women were denoted by the logogram *102 MUL .
    [Show full text]
  • Is the Mother of Alexander the Great in the Tomb at Amphipolis?
    Is the Mother of Alexander the Great in the Tomb at Amphipolis? By Andrew Chugg Author of The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the Great and several academic papers on Alexander’s tomb (see https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewChugg and www.alexanderstomb.com) The recently discovered sphinxes guarding the entrance to the Lion Tomb beneath the great mound at Amphipolis in Macedonia were unveiled on August 12th 2014 during a visit by the Greek prime minister, Antonis Samaras. They may be telling us more than has yet been realised about the occupant of this newly excavated tomb and its connections with other important Macedonian tombs of the period. That they are indeed sphinxes, rather than griffins or winged lions, is shown by the fact that both originally had human female breasts in the chest area. Despite the fact that these breasts, together with the heads and wings, were removed by deliberate mutilation at some time in the past, published photos clearly show the stone starting to protrude at the rims of the damaged patches (Figures 1 and 2). Figure 1: The sphinxes recently revealed sitting above the tomb entrance at Amphipolis Figure 2: Close-up of the right-hand sphinx The tomb has been dated to the last quarter of the fourth century before Christ (325- 300BC) by the archaeologists, led by Katerina Peristeri. This was the period immediately following the death of Alexander the Great in 323BC. Sphinxes are not particularly common in high status Macedonian tombs of this era, but, significantly, sphinxes were prominent parts of the decoration of two thrones found in the late 4th century BC tombs of two Macedonian queens in the royal cemetery at Aegae (modern Vergina) in Macedonia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Successors: Alexander's Legacy
    The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy November 20-22, 2015 Committee Background Guide The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy 1 Table of Contents Committee Director Welcome Letter ...........................................................................................2 Summons to the Babylon Council ................................................................................................3 The History of Macedon and Alexander ......................................................................................4 The Rise of Macedon and the Reign of Philip II ..........................................................................4 The Persian Empire ......................................................................................................................5 The Wars of Alexander ................................................................................................................5 Alexander’s Plans and Death .......................................................................................................7 Key Topics ......................................................................................................................................8 Succession of the Throne .............................................................................................................8 Partition of the Satrapies ............................................................................................................10 Continuity and Governance ........................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Minoan Linear A
    MINOAN LINEAR A VOLUME II PART 1 CORPUS OF TRANSLITERATED LINEAR A TEXTS (ARKHANES – KEA) 1 To Derek J. Mosley and in remembrance of Ronald A. Crossland Printed by BRAVE NEW BOOKS – Amsterdam First edition 2016. ISBN-number: 9789402158045 Reprint 2017 Cover: The Minoan town of Gournia. Photograph by the author. Design by Roy Petrie. Copyright © 2016 Dr. Peter G. van Soesbergen. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the author. 2 MINOAN LINEAR A VOLUME II PART 1 CORPUS OF TRANSLITERATED LINEAR A TEXTS (ARKHANES – KEA) by Peter George van Soesbergen BRAVE NEW BOOKS - Amsterdam 3 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As long as there was no decisive evidence that the phonetic values of Minoan Linear A signs were essentially the same as those of their Linear B counterparts, many scholars refrained from transliterating Linear A signs and used transnumeration instead. Therefore we are not only indebted to G. Pugliese Carratelli, W.C. Brice, L. Godart, J.-P. Olivier and many others, who provided clear photographs and transcriptions of Linear A texts, but also to those who completed the incredible task of transnumerating all these texts in a systematic way, as was done by J. Raison and M. Pope in their Index du linéaire A (Incunabula Graeca XLI), Roma 1971; Index transnuméré du linéaire A, BCILL 11, Louvain-la-Neuve 1977; Corpus transnuméré du linéaire A, BCILL 18, Louvain-la-Neuve 1980 and the 2nd revised edition, BCILL 74, Louvain-la-Neuve 1994.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Landscape Research Projects in Crete: Text Analysis
    The historiography of landscape research on Crete Gkiasta, M. Citation Gkiasta, M. (2008, April 15). The historiography of landscape research on Crete. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12855 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12855 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 3. Landscape Research Projects in Crete: Text Analysis 3.1 INTRODUCT I ON The ‘surveys’ database (description in 2.2 & 2.3) allowed the collection of a large amount of information about many different aspects of the projects, so that we have a full description of aims, methods, results and general framework of each project. In this way we can assess what has been achieved and how, and therefore what knowledge we acquire and further, we can study the history of landscape research on the island. Chapter three consists of a text discussion for each of the thirty-five projects studied, describing and discussing aims, methods, presentation / relocatability, site densities, interpretative framework and providing a summary assessment. In general, the texts follow a set structure discussing and summarising important issues regarding landscape research. A description of the sections which constitute the text discussion of each project is given in 2.4. The projects are presented in chronological order within the tradition they belong to, and traditions also try to follow a chronological order on the basis of their beginning as disciplinary paradigms, even though most of the time they co-exist.
    [Show full text]
  • And Protopalatial Crete
    Mortuary Behavior and Social Trajectories in Pre- and Protopalatial Crete PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 44 Mortuary Behavior and Social Trajectories in Pre- and Protopalatial Crete by Borja Legarra Herrero Published by INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2014 Design and Production INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA Printing and Binding Hoster Bindery Inc., Ivyland, PA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-1-931534-74-1 Copyright © 2014 INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents List of Tables......................................................................................vii List of Figures......................................................................................ix Acknowledgments.................................................................................xv List of Abbreviations..............................................................................xvii Chapter 1. Introduction.........................................................................1 Chapter 2. Archaeology and Death in Pre- and Protopalatial Crete: Theoretical and Methodological Issues...............................................................3 Chapter 3. The Pre- and Protopalatial Archaeological Record....................................19 Chapter 4. The Mesara Valley, the Asterousia Mountains, and the South Coast...................31 Chapter 5. North-Central and Central Crete....................................................65
    [Show full text]