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International Journal of Business Anthropology International Journal of Business Anthropology ISSN 2155-6237 Editor-in-Chief Gang Chen North American Business Press, Inc. Atlanta - Seattle – South Florida - Toronto Volume 8(2) ISSN 2155-6237 Authors have granted copyright consent to allow that copies of their article may be made for personal or internal use. This does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Any consent for republication, other than noted, must be granted through the publisher: North American Business Press, Inc. Atlanta - Seattle – South Florida – Toronto ©International Journal of Business Anthropology 2019 Sponsors: School of History and Culture, Jishou University The College of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University The Institute of Business Anthropology, Shantou University; Center for Social and Economic Behavior Studies, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, China. For submission, subscription or copyright information, contact: [email protected] Individual Subscription: US$ 99 per year. Institutional Subscription: US$ 199 per year. Our journals are indexed by UMI-Proquest-ABI Inform, EBSCOHost, GoogleScholar, and listed with Cabell's Directory of Periodicals, Ulrich's Listing of Periodicals, Bowkers Publishing Resources, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Canada, and Australia's Department of Education Science and Training. Furthermore, our journals have been used to support the Academically Qualified (AQ) faculty classification by all recognized business school accrediting bodies. (ii) Editors: Founding Editors: Dr. Kanglong Luo Dr. Robert Guang Tian Dr. Dipak R. Pant Dr. Daming Zhou Dr. Sarah Lyon Dr. Alfons H. van Marrewijk Dr. Jijiao Zhang Dr. Alf Walle Dr. Mary Reisel Dr. Sigamani Panneer Associate Editors Dr. Stephen Zolvonski Dr. Xiaoliu Yang Dr. Alessandro Rippa Dr. Qian Tian Dr. Vincent Xiaoguang Qi Members of Editorial Board Dr. Allen Batteau, Wayne State University, USA Dr. Mahesh Ranjan Debata, Jawaharlal Nehru University, IN Dr. William O. Beeman, University of Minnesota, USA Dr. Kewal Krishan, Panjab University, IND Dr. Gordon Bronitsky, Bronitsky and Associates, USA Dr. Peter Lugosi, Bournemouth University, UK Dr. Yu Chen, Sun Yat-Sen University, PRC Dr. Catriona Macaulay, University of Dundee, UK Dr. Andrew Z. S. Demirdjian, California State Dr. Christine Miller, Savannah College of Art and University, USA Design, USA Dr. Dominique Desjeux, Paris Descartes University, FR Dr. Pedro Oliveira, IPAM Marketing School, POR Dr. Heidi Dahles, VU University Amsterdam, NL Dr. Devinder Pal Singh, Punjabi University, IND Dr. Lily Díaz, Aalto University, Finland Dr. Jean N. Scandlyn, University of Colorado Denver, USA Dr. Ying Duan, Sun Yat-Sen University, PRC Dr. Josephine Smart, University of Calgary, CA Dr. Murad Esenov, Institute of Central Asia and Dr. Tulasi Srinivas, Emerson College, USA Caucasian Studies, SE Dr. Kreg T. Ettenger, University of Southern Maine, Dr. Dan Trotter, Shantou University, PRC USA Dr. Julia C. Gluesing, Wayne State University, USA Dr. Jianhua Zhao, University of Louisville, USA Dr. Ekaterina L. Khramkova, Moscow University of Dr. Xudong Zhao, Renmin University, PRC Industry and Finance, RU Members of Advisory Board Dr. Marietta L. Baba, University of Michigan, USA Dr. Russ Belk, York University, Canada Dr. Robbie Blinkoff, Context-Based Research Group, USA Dr. Elizabeth Briody, Cultural Keys LLC, USA Dr. Ken Friedman, Swinburne University of Technology, AUS Dr. Jayne Howell, California State University Long Beach, USA Dr. Ann Jordan, North Texas University, USA Dr. Naimatullah U. Khan, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), IN Dr. Timothy de Waal Malefyt, BBDO Worldwide Advertising, USA Dr. Robert J. Morais, Weinman Schnee Morais, Inc., USA Dr. Pamela Puntenney, Environmental & Human Systems Management, USA (iii) North American Business Press Editorial Advisory Board Dr. Andy Bertsch - Minot State University Dr. Jacob Bikker - Utrecht University, Netherlands Dr. Bill Bommer - California State University, Fresno Dr. Michael Bond - University Of Arizona Dr. Charles Butler - Colorado State University Dr. Jon Carrick - Stetson University Dr. Mondher Cherif - Reims, France Dr. Daniel Condon - Dominican University, Chicago Dr. Bahram Dadgostar - Lakehead University, Canada Dr. Deborah Erdos-Knapp - Kent State University Dr. Bruce Forster - University Of Nebraska, Kearney Dr. Nancy Furlow - Marymount University Dr. Mark Gershon - Temple University Dr. Philippe Gregoire - University Of Laval, Canada Dr. Donald Grunewald - Iona College Dr. Samanthala Hettihewa - University Of Ballarat, Australia Dr. Russell Kashian - University Of Wisconsin, Whitewater Dr. Jeffrey Kennedy - Palm Beach Atlantic University Dr. Dean Koutramanis - University Of Tampa Dr. Malek Lashgari - University Of Hartford Dr. Priscilla Liang - California State University, Channel Islands Dr. Tony Matias - Matias And Associates Dr. Patti Meglich - University Of Nebraska, Omaha Dr. Robert Metts - University Of Nevada, Reno Dr. Adil Mouhammed - University Of Illinois, Springfield Dr. Roy Pearson - College Of William And Mary Dr. Sergiy Rakhmayil - Ryerson University, Canada Dr. Robert Scherer - Cleveland State University Dr. Ira Sohn - Montclair State University Dr. Reginal Sheppard - University Of New Brunswick, Canada Dr. Carlos Spaht - Louisiana State University, Shreveport Dr. Walter Amedzro St-Hilaire - Hec, Montreal, Canada Dr. Ken Thorpe - Emory University Dr. Calin Valsan - Bishop's University, Canada Dr. Anne Walsh - La Salle University Dr. Thomas Verney - Shippensburg State University Dr. Christopher Wright - University Of Adelaide, Australia (iv) Statement of International Journal of Business Anthropology The International Journal of Business Anthropology (IJBA) The International Journal of Business Anthropology (IJBA), is a double blinded peer reviewed journal, focusing upon business anthropology supported by School of History and Culture, Jishou University; the College of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University; the Institute of Business Anthropology, Shantou University; Center for Social and Economic Behavior Studies, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, China. IJBA is currently published twice a year. Given the rapid growth of business anthropology, a journal dedicated to the field is much needed. Business anthropology uses qualitative and ethnographic methods as an alternative to more formal methodologies. Specific tools include participant observation, informal and structured interviews, and other “naturalistic”, informal, and face-to-face methods of investigation. Business anthropologists play a key role in developing culturally sensitive policies and strategies in a world increasingly typified by cross-cultural contacts. The journal seeks articles by anthropologically-oriented scholars and practitioners. Regionally-focused contributions are welcome, especially when their findings can be generalized. We encourage the dialogues between the findings or theories generated from the field of business anthropology and the theories of general anthropology. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, general business anthropology theories and methods, management, marketing, consumer behavior, product design and development, knowledge management and competitive intelligence, human resources management, international business, etc. Objectives The objectives of IJBA are to: Generate an exchange of ideas between scholars, practitioners and industry specialists in the field of applied and business anthropology Encourage bridge-building between the practitioner and the academic world Provide a vehicle of communication for anthropologists working within the practitioner world Provide a forum for work concerned with qualitative business analysis inspired by anthropological theory and methods Call for Papers We are always looking for good manuscripts! We encourage practitioners, students, community members, and faculty from all disciplines to submit articles. The editors and one or more anonymous peer reviewers will review the manuscript prior to its acceptance for publication. In addition to research and academic articles, we feature case studies, commentaries and reviews. Please send manuscripts, news notes and correspondence to: Dr. Gang Chen, Editor-in-Chief, via e-mail at [email protected]; [email protected]. All manuscripts should include a brief abstract (150 words maximum), keywords, and follow the Chicago Manual of Style, available at http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html. Please also note the following: 1. Files should be supplied in Word format. In the case of photographs/figures/tables that need to be placed in a separate section please include these in a separate file, ensuring that images are labeled with captions that are consistently positioned and formatted (see more details below). All in-text material must be included in the main files of the manuscript. (v) 2. All authors for the paper should be clearly listed, with affiliations, in the order in which they should be published. 3. Use double quotation marks for all cases (including single words) except for quotes within quotes. 4. Authors are asked to read the Ethics and Publication Malpractice on North American Business Press website at http://www. na-businesspress.com/EthicsandMalpractice.html to ensure that all material from another source is correctly
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