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The Dawn of Artificial Intelligence Hearing S. HRG. 114–562 THE DAWN OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION NOVEMBER 30, 2016 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 24–175 PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:07 Feb 15, 2017 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\24175.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JOHN THUNE, South Dakota, Chairman ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi BILL NELSON, Florida, Ranking ROY BLUNT, Missouri MARIA CANTWELL, Washington MARCO RUBIO, Florida CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota TED CRUZ, Texas RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut DEB FISCHER, Nebraska BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii JERRY MORAN, Kansas EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska CORY BOOKER, New Jersey RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin TOM UDALL, New Mexico DEAN HELLER, Nevada JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia CORY GARDNER, Colorado GARY PETERS, Michigan STEVE DAINES, Montana NICK ROSSI, Staff Director ADRIAN ARNAKIS, Deputy Staff Director JASON VAN BEEK, General Counsel KIM LIPSKY, Democratic Staff Director CHRIS DAY, Democratic Deputy Staff Director CLINT ODOM, Democratic General Counsel and Policy Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS TED CRUZ, Texas, Chairman GARY PETERS, Michigan, Ranking MARCO RUBIO, Florida EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts JERRY MORAN, Kansas CORY BOOKER, New Jersey DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska TOM UDALL, New Mexico CORY GARDNER, Colorado BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii STEVE DAINES, Montana (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:07 Feb 15, 2017 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\24175.TXT JACKIE C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on November 30, 2016 ...................................................................... 1 Statement of Senator Cruz ..................................................................................... 1 Prepared statement of Dr. Andy Futreal, Chair, Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ............ 5 Statement of Senator Peters ................................................................................... 2 Statement of Senator Nelson .................................................................................. 4 Statement of Senator Schatz .................................................................................. 42 Statement of Senator Thune ................................................................................... 44 Statement of Senator Daines .................................................................................. 47 WITNESSES Eric Horvitz, Technical Fellow and Director, Microsoft Research—Redmond Lab, Microsoft Corporation; Interim Co-Chair, Partnership on Artificial In- telligence ............................................................................................................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 8 Dr. Andrew W. Moore, Dean, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University ............................................................................................................. 17 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 19 Greg Brockman, Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer, OpenAI ................. 26 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 28 Dr. Steve A. Chien, Technical Group Supervisor, Artificial Intelligence Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration 31 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX Letter dated November 30, 2016 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Gary Peters from Marc Rotenberg, EPIC President and James Graves, EPIC Law and Technology Fellow ................................................................................................ 51 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:07 Feb 15, 2017 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\24175.TXT JACKIE VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:07 Feb 15, 2017 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\24175.TXT JACKIE THE DAWN OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2016 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:35 p.m., in room SR–253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Ted Cruz, Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senators Cruz [presiding], Thune, Daines, Peters, Nel- son, and Schatz. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TED CRUZ, U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS Senator CRUZ. This hearing will come to order. Good afternoon. Welcome to each of the witnesses. Thank you for joining us. Thank you everyone, for attending this hearing. Throughout history, mankind has refused to accept the compla- cency of the status quo and has instead looked to harness creativity and imagination to reshape the world through innovation and dis- ruption. The Industrial Revolution, Henry Ford’s moving assembly line, the invention of flight and commercial aviation, and, more re- cently, the creation of the Internet have all acted as disruptive forces that have not only changed the way we live, but have been engines for commerce that have offered consumers enormous free- dom. Today, we’re on the verge of a new technological revolution, thanks to the rapid advances in processing power, the rise of big data, cloud computing, mobility due to wireless capability, and ad- vanced algorithms. Many believe that there may not be a single technology that will shape our world more in the next 50 years than artificial intelligence. In fact, some have observed that, as powerful and transformative as the Internet has been, it may be best remembered as the predicate for artificial intelligence and ma- chine learning. Artificial intelligence is at an inflection point. While the concept of artificial intelligence has been around for at least 60 years, more recent breakthroughs, such as IBM’s chess-playing Deep Blue vic- tory over world champion Gary Kasparov, advancements in speech recognition, the emergence of self-driving cars, and IBM’s computer Watson’s victory in the TV game show Jeopardy have brought arti- ficial intelligence from mere concept to reality. Whether we recognize it or not, artificial intelligence is already seeping into our daily lives. In the healthcare sector, artificial intel- (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:07 Feb 15, 2017 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\GPO\DOCS\24175.TXT JACKIE 2 ligence is increasingly being used to predict diseases at an earlier stage, thereby allowing the use of preventative treatment, which can help lead to better patient outcomes, faster healing, and lower costs. In transportation, artificial intelligence is not only being used in smarter traffic management applications to reduce traffic, but is also set to disrupt the automotive industry through the emergence of self-driving vehicles. Consumers can harness the power of artifi- cial intelligence through online search engines and virtual personal assistants via smart devices, such as Microsoft’s Cortana, Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, and Google Home. Artificial intelligence also has the potential to contribute to economic growth in both the near and long term. A 2016 Accenture report predicted that artificial in- telligence could double annual economic growth rates by 2035 and boost labor productivity by up to 40 percent. Furthermore, market research firm Forrester recently predicted that there will be a greater-than-300-percent increase in invest- ment in artificial intelligence in 2017 compared to 2016. While the emergence of artificial intelligence has the opportunity to improve our lives, it will also have vast implications for our country and the American people that Congress will need to consider, moving for- ward. Workplaces will encounter new opportunities, thanks to produc- tivity enhancements. As artificial intelligence becomes more perva- sive, Congress will need to consider its privacy implications. There is also a growing interest in this technology from foreign govern- ments who are looking to harness this technology to give their countries a competitive advantage on the world stage. Today, the United States is the preeminent leader in developing artificial intelligence. But, that could soon change. According to The Wall Street Journal, ‘‘The biggest buzz in China’s Internet industry isn’t about besting global tech giants by better adapting existing business models for the Chinese market; rather, it’s about com- peting head-to-head with the U.S. and other tech powerhouses in the hottest area of technological innovation: artificial intelligence.’’ Ceding leadership in developing artificial intelligence to China, Russia, and other foreign governments will not only place the United States at a technological disadvantage, but it could have grave implications
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