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Educational Inequalities and Denominations, 1910. Vol.1

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Educational Inequalities and Denominations, 1910. Vol.1 IN TI IE CXXJUSE OF KESEAKCI I JOHN WESLEY THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY & RELIGION SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION Viktor Karády - Péter Tibor Nagy EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES AND DENOMINATIONS, 1910 Database for Western-Slovakia and North-Western Hungary Volume 1 ihu Wesley Publisher Pctcr Tibor Nagy was boni in 1963 .MI.: educated in Bu­ dapest. PliD Education and PhD History. Habili tation ai Debrecen University, He had a ,Széchcnyi"-pro- lessor scholarhip of Social Science Faculty - University of Eötvös tóráítd, Budapest. Research director of Hun­ garian Institute of F.duca- inm.ll Research, Budapest. Professor of die John Wesley Theological College in Budapest. Hi.s main fields of interest include histori­ cal problems of modern history of Central Euro­ pean education, elite selec­ tion and training, educa­ tional inequalities in the history of Central European societies. Last book: / fajsztil- esövek és nyomáusoportok. OL-tdhísiuiiiibi a 19-20. szá­ zadi Xiűjfi>arorszá$cm. (Social capillarity and pressure groups. Educational policy in Hungary' in the 19th and 20th centuries.) English texts: WWW wcsley.hu/unarok.plip "Viktor Karády - Péter Tibor Nagy EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES AND DENOMINATIONS, 1910 IN THE COURSE OF RESEARCH JOHN WESLEY THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY & RELIGION Sociology of Religion Volume 1 Responsible editor of scries: TAMAS MAJSAI Viktor Karády - Péter Tibor Nagy EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES AND DENOMINATIONS, 1910 Database for Western-Slovakia and North-Western Hungary Volume 1 John Wesley Publisher The Publisher of the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship & the John Wesley Theological College Budapest, 2004 The research project was supported by the OTKA (T032192, T34681) and the Research Support Fund of the Central European University © Viktor Karády, Tibor Peter Nagy, 2004 © John Wesley Theological College ISBN 963 86535 0 7 ISSN 1785-8380 Responsible publisher: Gábor Iványi TABLE OF CONTENTS The Map of Western Slovakia and North-Western Hungary 7 Introduction 9 Árva county 20 Bars county 32 Esztergom county 44 Hont county 56 Selmecbánya / Banská Stiavnica / Schcmnitz town 68 Liptó county 80 Nógrád county 92 Nyitra county 104 Pozsony county 116 Pozsony / Bratislava / Pressburg town 128 Trencscn county 140 Turóc county 152 Zólyom county 164 Counties of the region together 176 Towns of the region together 188 5 The Map of Western Slovakia and North-Western Hungary, 1910 GALÍCIA TRlUCSlN MORAVIA o O LIPTO STUROC} EASTERN- ZOlYOM SLOVAKIA Selmoc- o\ ***" HONT . O NOCRAD TRANSDANUBIA Budapest INTRODUCTION1 Those interested in the social history of education, the size, the expansion and the internal fragmenlalion of educated elites, the growth of learning and literacy in various regional and confessional sectors of Central European society during the Dual Monarchy, are offered herewith a properly exceptional, may be unique data bank. The volume contains indeed for the so called "Left side of Danube" region of the historical Hungarian Kingdom the hitherto unexplored (in fact unknown) and detailed results of the census of 1910 as regards the level of schooling of the population, broken down concomitantly by gender, age, denomination and sub-regions (counties and towns with county-level administrative self-government). It represents the second publication of a series which should extend the disclosure of similar types of information over all major regions of the whole country with data distinguished between counties and cilies. We have published Ihe datas of Transdanubia This "Left Side of Danube" region constitutes the Western part of contemporary Slovakia, and a very small piece of contemporary Hungary. Its southern borders are constituted by river Danube, the historical borders of Austria on the West and Carpats from the North. There are only traditional - county frontiers from the East. Its territory comprised 32.929 km1 wilh 2.275.924 inhabitants according to the 1910 census. It was a relatively developed region of Ihe Hungarian Kingdom. This lerrilory was never occupied by [he Ottoman empire during the invasions of the 16,h and 17* century. This territory was a kind of political cenlre, Pozsony iPressburg, the contemporary Bratislava) was the place of Hungarian Parliament till 1848. The region was populated mostly by Slovaks (58,8%) and Magyars (32,7%) . The Southern part of the region had Magyar, the Central and Northern Part had Slovak majority. There was 6,7 % of This study has been accomplished (hanks co Ihe generous suppon granted to the authors by the Hungarian National Fund for Scientific Research (OTKA programmes nr. T032I92 and T34681) in a research of the Hungarian Institute of Educational Research. -Oktatáskutató Intézet". Viklor Karády has also benefited from a yearly Research Support Fund of the Central European University. An other part of database has been published in two volumes: Viklor Karády-Pétcr Tibor Nagy: Educational inequalities and denominations - Database for Transdanubia. Oktatáskutató Intézet, Budapest, 2003. 9 population being German by mother tongue in 1910, in town of Poszony this number reached the 41%. Roman Catholics made up the dominant religious cluster in the region, which hosted also significant Lutheran (14,1%) minorities. Besides them Jews represented only 4,0 % of the population with a more notable presence in the entrepreneurial middle classes and in urban environments. In Pozsony their demographic share attained to 10.5 %. The role of Calvinists was only 2,7 % - living in the South Eastern counties of the region. Less then 25 % of the population over 6 years of age was illiterate against a Hungarian Kingdom average exceeding 30 % at that time. Infant mortality was 26,6 % as against a national average of 30,4%. The source of these data (in hand-written form and in absolute numbers only) have been discovered and made available from the Archive of the Census Department of the Central Statistical Office in Budapest by the perspicacity and perseverance of the junior author, though the elaboration of most results was due to the long established, fraternal cooperation of both signatories of this introduction. The publication can indeed be considered as exceptional on several scores, by its mere global scope, its systematic character (conveying identical evidence on levels of schooling of all those discerned via the variables resorted to) and, most importantly, by the number of factors simultaneously mobilized for the purpose. In fact, in the specialized international literature, the mustering of such wide array of essential socio-historical factors (including references to residence, religion, age. gender and even the estimated historical period of schooling) is hardly available to describe the state of 'cultural capital' in a given nation wide population. In Hungary all attempts made to this effect between 1910 and 1941 failed to achieve this, remarkable as they may appear with the benefit of hindsight in the field of comparative social statistics in general. The relevant publication for 1910 would otherwise be exploitable with ultimate results partially identical to ours, but only as far as levels of education for regional and denominational clusters (not specific for age groups) are involved'. Those for 1920, 1930* were similarly Miscellaneous data from Magyar statisztikai évkönyvek. ' See Magyar statisztikai közlemények, nr. 61, pp. 526-543. This corresponds to the column 'Total' in our tables. In fact (here arc some insignificant differences between our respective data. For Budapest for example the published number for Roman Catholics having completed 8 classes of secondary school or more was 22.848 and those with 6 classes was 4810 (sec ibid. p. 526) as compared to 22 839 and 4809 in our volume (p. 193). Such differences may be attributable to final revisions made by contemporary officials of the Statistical Bureau on the original sources which served as a basis for our publication. But disparities of this kind are not frequent. There are none for instance as to Lutherans, Greek Catholics, Greek Orthodox. Calvinists. Unitarians or Jews in Budapest, following the same sources. 4 Sec Magyar statisztikai közlemények, nr. 73, pp. 202-217. Ibid., nr. 96, pp. 314-325. constructed, but, obviously enough, they could reflect only the situation in the diminished rump stale, subsistent after Trianon peace treaty, with the advantage though of introducing the additional category of "graduates of higher education' as distinct from those who had completed secondary studies (Matúra, érettségi) only, without going further up the educational ladder. The age specific educational data of the 194] census have been published without confessional specifications.5 It is true that our publication has been preceded by a number of preliminary studies - mostly of an experimental or/and monographic type by the present authors - on denominational inequalities of schooling. They concerned cither the whole country6 or some well circumscribed local populations, especially that of Budapest or some other cities or townships.8 These works have duly explored several dimensions of schooling inequalities linked to denominational groups, whereby for example important aspects of trends of Jewish over-school ing or various patterns of the confessional hierarchy of educational investments (like the qualitative excellence and quantitative over-representation of Lutherans, along with Jews, in elite education) could be demonstrated. But they left unanswered many other none the less significant
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