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Semi-Volatile Fluorinated Organic Compounds in Asian and Pacific Northwestern US Air Masses

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Semi-Volatile Fluorinated Organic Compounds in Asian and Pacific Northwestern US Air Masses 2 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Arkadiusz M. Piekarz for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry presented on March 28, 2007. Title: Semi-volatile Fluorinated Organic Compounds in Asian and Pacific Northwestern U.S. Air Masses. Abstract approved: Staci Simonich Current studies suggest that perfluorinated organic compounds, such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FtOHs) in the troposphere, may be precursors of perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonates in remote regions. Fluorinated organic compounds were investigated in archived extracts collected from remote locations in Okinawa, Japan (HSO) and Mount Bachelor, Oregon (MBO) during the springs of 2004 (MBO and HSO) and 2006 (MBO only). These high volume air samples were subjected to pressurized liquid extraction, concentrated, and analyzed by GC/MS. FtOHs were measured in both HSO and MBO air masses, though MBO had significantly higher concentrations. We identified fluorotelomer olefins (in HSO air) and 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate (in MBO 2006 air) for the first time in published literature. N-Ethyl 3 perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA), N-Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (N-MeFOSE), and N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (N-EtFOSE) were measured in HSO and MBO air masses, but detected less frequently than FtOHs. 6:2 fluorotelomer acrylate, perfluorooctane sulfonamido acrylates, perfluorobutane sulfonamide, and perfluorobutane sulfonamido ethanol were not detected in any air samples from this study. For MBO 2006, the sources of fluorotelomer alcohols were investigated using HYSPLIT back trajectories, residual fluorinated product signatures, and correlations with semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs). FtOH concentrations during MBO 2006 were not significantly correlated (p-value > 0.05) with the amount of time an air trajectory spent in a specific source region such as California, Washington, Oregon, and Canada. Since FtOH concentrations were significantly correlated (p-value < 0.05) with each other, the average ratio of 6:2 FtOH to 8:2 FtOH to 10:2 FtOH during MBO 2006 was calculated to be 1.0 (0.1) to 5.0 (0.7) to 2.5 (0.4), where the parenthesis represent 95% confidence intervals. Also, FtOH concentrations at MBO 2006 were positively correlated (p-value < 0.5) with gas-phase PAHs and PCBs and negatively correlated (p-value <0.05) with agricultural pesticides such as endosulfan. This suggests that FtOHs are coming mainly from urban sources. Atmospheric residence times from MBO 2006 data for 6:2 FtOH, 8:2 FtOH, and 10:2 FtOH, based on a method using trace gas variability, were calculated to be 50, 80, and 70 days, respectively. Finally, gas/particle partitioning of semi-volatile flurochemicals was examined. 4 ©Copyright by Arkadiusz M. Piekarz March 28, 2007 All Rights Reserved 5 Semi-volatile Fluorinated Organic Compounds in Asian and Pacific Northwestern U.S. Air Masses by Arkadiusz M. Piekarz A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented March 28, 2007 Commencement June 2007 6 Master of Science thesis of Arkadiusz M. Piekarz presented on March 28, 2007. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Chemistry Chair of the Department of Chemistry Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Arkadiusz M. Piekarz, Author 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses thanks to Dupont for an unrestricted gift, EPA STAR program, and the NSF for CAREER GRANT ATM-0239823. Also thanks to Toby Primbs, Carin Huset, and the Simonich lab for their expertise, and Drs Staci Simonich, Jennifer A. Field, and Douglas F. Barofsky. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 SEMI-VOLATILE FLUORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN ASIAN AND PACIFIC NORTHWESTERN U.S. AIR MASSES .................................. 15 CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION........................................................................................... 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 89 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 94 APPENDIX A: PCA ANALYSIS ON RATIOS FOR MBO 2006 .................................... 95 APPENDIX B: PCA ANALYSIS ON INDIVIDUAL FTOH CONCENTRATIONS FOR MBO 2006............................................................................................................. 97 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1: MAP OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS (HSO AND MBO) AND SRIF BOXES FOR MBO.......... 70 2.2: PCI SIM CHROMATOGRAMS. ...................................................................................... 71 2.3: DENSITY PLOTS FROM 10-DAY BACK TRAJECTORIES FOR MBO 2004 SAMPLES. .................................................................................................................. 73 2.4: DENSITY PLOTS FROM10-DAY BACK TRAJECTORIES FOR MBO 2004 SAMPLES. .......... 74 2.5: FTENES, FTOHS, N-MEFOSE, N-ETFOSE, AND N-ETFOSA AIR 3 CONCENTRATIONS (PG/M ) FOR HSO 2004................................................................. 79 3 2.6: FTOH, N-MEFOSE, N-ETFOSE, AND N-ETFOSA AIR CONCENTRATIONS (PG/M ) FOR MBO 2004.......................................................................................................... 80 2.7: FTOH, 8:2 FTAC, N-MEFOSE, N-ETFOSE, AND N-ETFOSA AIR 3 CONCENTRATIONS (PG/M ) FOR MBO 2006. .............................................................. 81 2.8: LOG[FTOH] VS 1/T FOR MBO 2006 SAMPLES. ........................................................... 82 2.9: PCA BIPLOT USING AVERAGE FTOH RATIOS (6:2 FTOH/8:2 FTOH/10:2 FTOH) FROM CONSUMER PRODUCTS, MBO 2006, AND LITERATURE. .................................... 83 2.10: PERCENT OF TOTAL CONCENTRATION IN THE GAS PHASE FOR FLUORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASURED AT HSO AND MBO 2004, AND MBO 2006.......... 84 2.11: PLOT OF FRACTION OF FTOH IN PARTICLE PHASE,Φ, VERSUS1/T FOR MBO 2006 SAMPLES. ................................................................................................................... 85 2.12: COMPARISON OF MBO 2006 FTOH AIR CONCENTRATIONS WITH LITERATURE......... 86 10 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1: FLUORINATED ALKYL ANALYTE, ACRONYM, CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, VENDOR, AND PURITY INFORMATION. ............................................................................................... 10 1.2: PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED FLUORINATED ORGANIC CHEMICALS.12 1.3: RATIOS OF 6:2 FTOH/8:2 FTOH/10:2 FTOH FOR RESIDUAL FLUOROTELOMER -BASED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. .............................................................................. 13 1.4: DEGRADATION PRODUCTS FROM THE REACTION 8:2 FTOH WITH OH RADICAL SMOG CHAMBER STUDIES..................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 : FLUORINATED ALKYL ANALYTE, ACRONYM, CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, VENDOR, AND PURITY INFORMATION. ............................................................................................... 49 2.2: SAMPLE START DATES, AVERAGE SITE TEMPERATURES, SAMPLE VOLUMES, WIND SPEEDS, SUMS OF PRECIPITATION (∑PPT), AND SOURCE REGION IMPACT FACTORS (SRIFS, %) USING 4-DAY BACK TRAJECTORIES FOR HSO SPRING 2004..................... 51 2.3: SAMPLE START DATES, AVERAGE SITE TEMPERATURES, SAMPLING VOLUMES, RATIOS (6:2 FTOH/8:2 FTOH/10:2 FTOH), AND SOURCE REGION IMPACT FACTORS (SRIFS, %) USING 10-DAY BACK TRAJECTORIES FOR MBO SPRING 2004. 52 2.4: SAMPLE START DATES, AVERAGE SITE TEMPERATURES, SAMPLING VOLUMES, FTOH RATIOS (6:2 FTOH/8:2 FTOH/10:2 FTOH), AND SOURCE REGION IMPACT FACTORS (SRIFS, %) USING 10-DAY BACK TRAJECTORIES FOR MBO SPRING 2006.................. 53 11 LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table Page 2.5: FLUORINATED CHEMICAL, RETENTION TIMES (ON A 30 METER EC-WAX COLUMN), MOLECULAR WEIGHTS, AND IONS MONITORED FOR GC/MS ANALYSIS IN PCI AND NCI MODES............................................................................................................... 55 2.6: INSTRUMENTAL LIMIT OF DETECTIONS (LODS) FOR EVERY INSTRUMENT AND GC- COLUMN COMBINATION USED FOR GC/MS ANALYSIS................................................ 56 2.7. AVERAGE PERCENT RECOVERIES OF TARGET ANALYTES OVER THE ENTIRE METHOD.. 57 2.8. AVERAGE PERCENT RECOVERIES OF TARGET ANALYTES DURING CONCENTRATION STEP ONLY. ACETONE/HEXANE RECOVERIES USED IN PUF CONCENTRATION STEP. DCM (DICHLOROMETHANE)/EA(ETHYL ACETATE) USED IN FILTER AND XAD CONCENTRATION STEP. .............................................................................................. 58 2.9: METHOD RELATIVE STANDARD ERRORS (RSES, %) FOR EACH ANALYTE. ................... 59 2.10: RELATIVE STANDARD ERRORS (RSES) OF A 10 PG STANDARD ON JEOL GC-MATE II USING EC-WAX COLUMN. .................................................................... 60 3 2.11: AIR CONCENTRATIONS (PG/M ) OF FLUORINATED ORGANICS MEASURED DURING THE HSO SPRING 2004 CAMPAIGN............................................................................. 61 3 2.12: AIR CONCENTRATIONS (PG/M ) OF FLUORINATED ORGANICS MEASURED DURING THE MBO SPRING 2004 CAMPAIGN. .......................................................................... 62 3 2.13: AIR CONCENTRATIONS (PG/M ) OF FLUORINATED ORGANICS MEASURED DURING THE MBO SPRING 2006 CAMPAIGN.
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