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Towards Sustainable Crop Pollination Services Measures at Field, Farm and Landscape Scales

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EXTENSION OF KNOWLEDGE BASE ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT CAPACITY BUILDING MAINSTREAMING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CROP POLLINATION SERVICES MEASURES AT FIELD, FARM AND LANDSCAPE SCALES POLLINATION SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE POLLINATION SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CROP POLLINATION SERVICES MEASURES AT FIELD, FARM AND LANDSCAPE SCALES B. Gemmill-Herren, N. Azzu, A. Bicksler, and A. Guidotti [eds.] FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2020 Required citation: FAO. 2020. Towards sustainable crop pollination services – Measures at field, farm and landscape scales. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8965en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-132578-0 © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/ licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover and back cover photographs: © Pixabay Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................xiii Section 1 MEASURES AT FIELD SCALE Chapter 1. Measuring diversity in the field .................................................................................... 1 C. S. Sheffield and H. Ngo Chapter 2. Management of honey bee colonies for crop pollination .............................................15 A. Dag Chapter 3. Soil management for ground-nesting bees ..................................................................23 K. S. Ullmann, J. H. Cane, R. W. Thorp and N. M. Williams Chapter 4. Substrate management for cocoa pollinating midges ..................................................45 K. Frimpong-Anin and P. Kwapong Chapter 5. Innovative mud hive for rearing the indigenous honey bee, Apis cerana ....................51 J. P. Sharma, H. K. Sharma and J. K. Gupta Chapter 6. Encouraging cavity-nesting bees ..................................................................................59 C. S. Sheffield Chapter 7. Management of stingless bee colonies for crop pollination ........................................69 K. S. Aidoo Section 2 MEASURES AT FARM SCALE Chapter 8. Promoting non-crop flowering plants for specific insect pollinators ...........................81 M. A. K. Gillespie, S. Wratten and B. R. Waterhouse Chapter 9. Benefits of planning shade-tree cultivation to favour pollinators ...............................93 V. V. Belavadi Chapter 10. Agroforestry and cover cropping for pollinators .................................................105 E. Lee-Mäder, M. Vaughan and J. Goldenetz-Dollar Chapter 11. Conducting cost-benefit analysis for wild pollinator conservation on farmland ..... 127 M. A. K. Gillespie, B. Waterhouse and S. Wratten iii Section 3 MEASURES AT LANDSCAPE SCALE Chapter 12. Securing forage resources for indigenous managed honey bees – thoughts from South Africa ......................................................................................................... 137 T. Masehela, C. Poole and R. Veldtman Chapter 13. Conservation of natural and semi-natural habitat providing resources for pollinators .............................................................................................................................. 151 B. Gemmill-Herren, D. Martins, W. Kinuthia, C. Odhiambo and K. Devkota Chapter 14. Common approach for socio-economic valuation of pollinator-friendly practices ... 159 L. A. Garibaldi, N. Azzu, B. Viana, J. Hipólito, M. Dondo and D. S. Gómez Carella iv Figures Chapter 1 Figure 1. Crop structure of a) a lowbush blueberry field, with low plants evenly spread over the ground, b) a Haskap orchard, with the shrubs arranged in rows, and c) an apple orchard, consisting of trees arranged in rows ..........................................4 Figure 2. A typical yellow pan-trap used for collecting bees and other flying flower visitors ........6 Figure 3. A vane trap; a combination of a flight intercept and colour attractant ........................7 Figure 4. Trap-nests used for cavity-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera ..........................................9 Figure 5. A typical Malaise trap ........................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2 Figure 1. Truck loaded with beehives brought for almond pollination in California .................... 16 Figure 2. Populated frame with brood and honey ................................................................ 18 Figure 3. Beehives placed for nethouse avocado pollination ................................................. 20 Chapter 3 Figure 1. Life cycle of a ground-nesting solitary bee ........................................................... 24 Figure 2. Nest of the bee Tapinotaspi tucumana .................................................................. 25 Figure 3. Minimum and maximum nesting depth for 445 species of ground-nesting bees ............. 26 Figure 4. Some ground nesting bees nest in aggregations such as this one pictured below ........ 27 Figure 5. Soil texture associations for different bee families found in the United States of America ................................................................................... 28 Figure 6. Fires can burn and snag above-ground bee nesting habitat and can remove floral resources in the short term (6a). However, fires can also open up space for wildflower seed in the seed bank to germinate and provide abundant and diverse blooms (6b) .......................................................................................... 34 Figure 7. Abundant wildflowers can bloom and be used by ground nesting bees when grazing is managed properly ...................................................................... 36 Chapter 4 Figure 1. Asynchrony in peak population of midges and cocoa flowers .................................... 46 Figure 2. Heap of cocoa pod husks ................................................................................... 47 Figure 3. Mud trough filled with cocoa pod husks ................................................................ 47 Figure 4. Chunks of plantain/banana stems ........................................................................ 47 Figure 5. Open space filled with banana ............................................................................ 48 Figure 6. Plantain as a boundary crop ............................................................................... 49 v Chapter 5 Figure 1. Log hives .......................................................................................................
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