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Yield Potential of Various Sources of Planting Materials in Malaysia

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Yield Potential of Various Sources of Planting Materials in Malaysia Oil Palm Bulletin 43 p. 23-30 Yield Potential of Various Sources of Planting Materials in Malaysia: Second Round Evaluation Yield Potential of Various Sources of Planting Materials in Malaysia: Second Round Evaluation Kushairi, A*; Rafii, M Y*; Rajanaidu, N* and Jalani, B S* ABSTRACT Perbezaan prestasi antara agensi (populasi) adalah disebabkan latarbelakang genetik A total of 100 dura x pisifera (DxP) progenies bahan tersebut. from seven seed producers (agencies) in Malay- sia were evaluated in a comparative trial in Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia. The trial mean Keywords: Elaeis guineensis, yield potential, com- for fresh fruit bunch (FFB) was 168.18 kg mercial DxP, performance, comparative trial. palm-1 yr-1 and the oil to bunch (O/B) was 22.73%. High FFB yield was largely attributed INTRODUCTION to the high bunch number (BNO), while reduced O/B was probably due to low fruit to bunch The breeding and selection of oil palm (Elaeis (57.26%) and oil to dry mesocarp (75.31%). guineensis) is synonymous with the development Agency 6 was outstanding for bunch yield, oil of the Deli dura in the Far East, based on four per palm per year, kernel per palm per year and palms introduced to Bogor in 1848 (Figure 1). In hence, total economic product. Agency 5 was ex- Africa, preference for fine tenera specimens over ceptional for bunch and fruit qualities. Statisti- poor quality duras in palm groves directed ex- cal analyses suggested that performance of the ploratory research towards the tenera leading to planting materials from the various agencies the discovery of the single gene inheritance for differed significantly for bunch yield and bunch shell thickness (Beirnaert and Vanderweyen quality components. Differences in performance 1941). Once the hybrid nature of tenera was among the agencies (populations) were largely known, breeding programmes worldwide were due to the genetic background of the materials. directed at selecting duras and pisiferas sepa- rately using the reciprocal recurrent selection ABSTRAK (RRS) scheme (Gascon and de Berchoux, 1964). Progeny testing is essential in the selection of Sejumlah 100 progeni dura x pisifera (DxP) pisiferas that combine well with one or several daripada tujuh pengeluar biji benih (agensi) di duras to exploit their specific or general combin- Malaysia telah dinilai prestasi pada percubaan ing abilities, respectively. Selected pisiferas from perbandingan di Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia. the progeny test are used as male parents, each Min buah tandan segar (BTS) bagi percubaan providing pollen sufficient to pollinate a large tersebut ialah 168.18 kg pokok-1 thn-1 dan number of female dura parents to produce com- minyak ke tandan (O/B) ialah 22.73%. Hasil mercial quantities of DxP seeds. BTS yang tinggi adalah disebabkan oleh bilangan tandan (BNO) yang banyak, The oil palm industry in Malaysia and manakala penurunan O/B mungkin elsewhere is generally based on the Deli dura x disebabkan buah ke tandan (57.26%) dan AVROS pisifera seeds. In Malaysia, planting minyak ke mesokarp kering (75.31%) yang materials can be obtained relatively easily from rendah. Agensi 6 adalah unggul untuk hasil several seed producers. Individual seed produc- tandan, minyak per pokok per tahun, isirong ers have been maintaining proper records in per pokok per tahun dan seterusnya, produk selection and breeding programmes. Selected ekonomik keseluruhan. Agensi 5 mempunyai materials are used in seed production. In 1997, tandan dan buah yang berkualiti tinggi. oil palm seed production in Malaysia was esti- Analisis statistik mencadangkan bahawa mated at 80 million seeds (Table 1). The demand prestasi bahan tanaman daripada pelbagai for seeds was for local planting and overseas agensi berbeza dengan nyata terhadap hasil joint-venture plantations. The production figure tandan dan komponen kualiti tandan. for 1997 was probably an underestimate of the potential output as large seed orders were * Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 23 Oil Palm Bulletin 43 Figure 1. History and developments of the Deli dura in Indonesia and Malaysia till 1979. 24 Yield Potential of Various Sources of Planting Materials in Malaysia: Second Round Evaluation deferred owing to rescheduling in replanting pro- that the commercial planting materials produced by the grammes of most estates. This was due to the industry be evaluated in a comparative trial by MPOB. economic turmoil in the region and the high price The first round of comparative trials involving 99 DxP of palm oil in world market for that year. progenies from Golden Hope, FELDA, HRU, Guthrie, Socfin and United Plantations was planted at MPOB The evaluation of six sources of planting Research Station Hulu Paka, Terengganu in 1983 materials planted in Hulu Paka, Terengganu, (Kushairi, 1992; Kushairi et al., 1994). Malaysia was reported by Kushairi (1992) and Kushairi et al. (1994). The materials were the The second round of comparative trials first round evaluation of commercial planting was laid down in March 1991 at PORIM (now materials in the country. Planting materials MPOB) Research Station Lahad Datu, Sabah. from these sources performed differently for Seven agencies (populations), namely, FELDA, yield, bunch quality components, vegetative Guthrie, Golden Hope, United Plantations, Sime traits and physiological parameters. This paper Darby, DOA Sabah and HRU contributed a total reports on the performance of another series of of 100 DxP progenies to the programme. As in comparative trials of Malaysian DxP progenies the first round of evaluation and due to the com- planted in Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia. The mercial implications from results of this experi- collaborative programme between the Palm Oil ment, the agencies were coded in random order. Research Institute of Malaysia [PORIM, now The respective agencies were notified of the cod- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)] and the ing. The agencies and the number of progenies Malaysian oil palm industry was to evaluate the supplied are as follows: performance of commercial planting materials produced in the country. This will serve as a The seedlings were planted on Malabambula check on progeny test performance according to Agency No. of progenies the Malaysian Standards MS 157 – specifica- tions for oil palm seed for commercial planting – imposed by the Standards and Industrial Re- 116 220 search Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). 3 5 414 520 MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 5 720 During a meeting of the MPOB-Industry Breed- ers Committee in the early 1980s, it was agreed Total 100 TABLE 1. COMMERCIAL DxP SEED PRODUCTION IN MALAYSIA IN 1997 Seed producers Production (million seeds) 1. Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) 20.7 2. Guthrie Research Chemara, Kumpulan Guthrie Bhd. (Guthrie) 16.0 3. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd. (AAR) 11.0 4. Golden Hope Plantations Bhd. (Golden Hope) 8.0 5. Highlands Research Unit (HRU), Kumpulan Guthrie Bhd. 5.0 6. United Plantations Bhd. (UPB) 5.0 7. Department of Agriculture Sabah (DOA Sabah)* 3.5 8. Industrial Oxygen Incorporated (IOI) 3.5 9. Pamol Plantations Sdn. Bhd. (Pamol) 2.5 10. Sime Darby Plantations Sdn. Bhd. (Sime Darby) 3.0 11. Borneo Samudra** 0.6 12. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM, now MPOB) 0.5 13. Eastern Plantation Agency Sdn. Bhd. (EPA) 0.5 Total 79.8 Notes: * Borneo Samudra has been producing commercial seeds from the genetic materials of DOA Sabah since 1999. ** Sarawak Land Development Board planted their seed garden in 1996. Other plantation companies are negotiating with MPOB for the supply of genetic materials for the establishment of seed gardens. 25 Oil Palm Bulletin 43 Series soil at 148 palms ha-1 in Trials 0.284, 0.285 and planted on the more fertile soil and better environmen- 0.286 employing a single palm plot (SPP), completely tal conditions in Lahad Datu. The mean FFB yield randomized design (CRD) and randomized complete between 1995 and 1998 was 168.18 kg block design (RCBD), respectively. A census on dura palm-1 yr-1 (Table 3). The planting materials from contamination of the DxP materials was carried out and the seven participating agencies differed signifi- only tenera palms were used in evaluating the perform- cantly as tested by Duncan’s Multiple Range ance of the progenies. Trial 0.284 is discussed here to Test (DMRT). Comparatively, Agency 6 consist- illustrate the yield potential of the planting materials ently produced the highest FFB yield over the produced in Malaysia. The 100 biparental progenies in years, while Agency 7 was the lowest in ranking. Trial 0.284 were replicated 48 times. Thus, the SPP The differences in performance between Agency design has a total of 4800 experimental palms. Yield 6 and Agency 7 were largely due to variation in records were collected from January 1995 to BNO and average bunches weight (ABWT). December 1998. Bunch analysis was carried out Agency 6 was high in number of bunches pro- between October 1996 and July 1998. Data collection duced (Table 4), while Agency 7 had the heaviest is being continued for at least another two years. All bunches (Table 5). It is well known in oil palm the data collected were based on individual palms. that BNO and ABWT are negatively correlated. Statistical analyses were computed using the Statistical It can be seen from Tables 3, 4 and 5 that a high Analysis System (SAS) where missing palms were ad- BNO contributed to the higher FFB. justed accordingly by the system and, where applicable, harmonic means used. As Agency 6 was represented by only five progenies and Agency 7 by 20 progenies, the contrasting FFB yields between these agencies RESULTS AND DISCUSSION might be due to the large difference in their numbers of progenies. However, this could be The level of dura contamination of Trials 0.284, verified (Table 3) by comparing the performance 0.285 and 0.286 was minimal, ranging from of Agency 3 (five progenies) with Agency 6, both 0.14% to 6.03%, with a mean of 1.66% (Table 2).
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