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GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SOME ARIZONA CHAPARRAL SPECIES Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Pond, Floyd Williams, 1926- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 05:34:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289374 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the qualify of the original submitted. 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The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1976 Agriculture, range management Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SOME ARIZONA CHAPARRAL SPECIES by Floyd Williams Pond A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RANGE MANAGEMENT In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1976 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Floyd Williams Pond entitled Growth, development and nutritive value of some Arizona chaparral species. be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy '9??, .fycJ/mut/? Dissertation Director S Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:-'* 'Z-Jzi/y6 ~7? -• ?, - 1 This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or repro duction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ervin Schmutz, Committee Chairman, for his assistance, patience and perse verance during this entire study. This appreciation is also extended to other members of the Guidance Committee, namely, Dr. James 0. Klemmedson, Dr. Phil R. Ogden, Dr. Jack Stroehlein, Dr. David M. Hendricks, and Dr. Donald F. Post for help they have given. My deepest gratitude goes to the Director, Rocky Mountain Forest Experiment Station, for allowing the use of data gathered in the course of my regular work to be a part of this dissertation. I am also grateful to the Regional Forester, Northern Region, United States Forest Service, for his encouragement and assistance. My family was a great help in providing the quiet time necessary to work on the writing, construction of graphs and just plain thinking. Their quiet, but firm support is greatly appreciated. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x ABSTRACT xi INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 STUDY AREAS 15 Three-Bar 15 Sierra Ancha .. 16 Whitespar 18 METHODS 19 Precipitation 19 Air Temperature » 19 Growth 19 Development 21 Nutritive Value 21 RESULTS 23 Precipitation 23 Three-Bar 23 Winter Precipitation 23 Summer Precipitation 25 Sierra Ancha 26 Winter Precipitation 26 Summer Precipitation 26 Whitespar 26 Winter Precipitation 26 Summer Precipitation 29 Air Temperature 30 Maximum Daily Temperatures in 1963 30 Minimum Daily Temperatures in 1963 30 Maximum Daily Temperatures At Sierra Ancha During the Study 33 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Minimum Daily Temperatures at Sierra Ancha During the Study 33 Growth 33 Shrub Live Oak 36 Stem Elongation 36 Periods of Growth. 39 Hollyleaf Buckthorn 41 Stem Elongation 41 Periods of Growth . 43 Birchleaf Mountainmahogany . 45 Stem Elongation . 45 Periods of Growth 47 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 47 Stem Elongation. 47 Periods of Growth 50 Desert Ceanothus 52 Stem Elongation 52 Periods of Growth 54 Wright's Silktassel ..... 56 Stem Elongation 56 Periods of Growth 59 Skunkbush 59 Stem Elongation 59 Periods of Growth 62 Development 62 Shrub Live Oak 64 Seed Development 64 Leaf Growth 64 Hollyleaf Buckthorn . „ 66 Seed Development 66 Leaf Growth 66 Birchleaf Mountainmahogany 68 Seed Development 68 Leaf Growth 68 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 68 Seed Development 68 Leaf Growth 70 Desert Ceanothus 70 Seed Development 70 Leaf Growth 70 Wright's Silktassel 72 Seed Development 72 Leaf Growth 72 Skunkbush 72 Seed Development 72 Leaf Growth 72 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Nutritive Value 74 Protein 74 Shrub Live Oak 74 Holly leaf Buckthorn 74 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 74 Desert Ceanothus 76 Wright's Silktassel 76 Skunkbush. ....... 76 Phosphorus 77 Shrub Live Oak 77 Holly leaf Buckthorn. 77 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany. 79 Desert Ceanothus ....... 79 Wright's Silktassel. .............. 79 Skunkbush 79 Calcium 80 Shrub Live Oak 80 Holly leaf Buckthorn 80 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany. .......... 80 Desert Ceanothus ....... 82 Wright's Silktassel 82 Skunkbush 82 Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio 83 Shrub Live Oak . 83 Holly leaf Buckthorn 83 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 83 Desert Ceanothus 83 Wright's Silktassel 83 Skunkbush 85 Total Ash 85 Shrub Live Oak 85 Holly leaf Buckthorn 85 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 85 Desert Ceanothus 87 Wright's Silktassel 87 Skunkbush 87 Moisture 87 Shrub Live Oak 87 Hollyleaf Buckthorn 89 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 89 Desert Ceanothus 89 Wright's Silktassel 90 Skunkbush 90 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 91 Relation of Air Temperature and Spring Groth 91 Relation of Winter Precipitation and Spring Growth 93 Relation of Air Temperature and Floral Development 97 Relation of Winter Precipitation and Floral Development. 97 Relation of Summer Precipitation and Floral Development. 98 Relation of Precipitation and Nutritive Value 100 Relation of Stem Growth and Floral Development 100 Causes of Variation in Stem Growth 102 Relation of Stem Death and Growth Form 103 Relation of Growth and Nutritive Value 105 Relation of Nutritive Value and Grazing Preference 109 Relation of One Nutrient to Another 110 Shrub Live Oak Ill Hollyleaf Buckthorn 113 Littleleaf Mountainmahogany 113 Desert Ceanothus 114 Wright's Silktassel 114 Skunkbush 115 Grazing Value of Chaparral 115 LITERATURE CITED. 117 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Characteristics of the Three Study Areas 16 2. Chaparral Species Found at Each Location in Sufficient Numbers for Observation and Measurement 17 3. Precipitation (cm) at Three-Bar During the Study 24 4. Precipitation (cm) at Sierra Ancha During the Study 27 5. Precipitation (cm) at Whitespar During the Study 28 6. Daily Maximum Temperatures (F) at Three-Bar, Sierra Ancha, and Whitespar in the Spring of 1963 31 7. Daily