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Resettlement Into Roman Territory Across the Rhine and the Danube Under the Early Empire (To the Marcomannic Wars)*
Eos C 2013 / fasciculus extra ordinem editus electronicus ISSN 0012-7825 RESETTLEMENT INTO ROMAN TERRITORY ACROSS THE RHINE AND THE DANUBE UNDER THE EARLY EMPIRE (TO THE MARCOMANNIC WARS)* By LESZEK MROZEWICZ The purpose of this paper is to investigate the resettling of tribes from across the Rhine and the Danube onto their Roman side as part of the Roman limes policy, an important factor making the frontier easier to defend and one way of treating the population settled in the vicinity of the Empire’s borders. The temporal framework set in the title follows from both the state of preser- vation of sources attesting resettling operations as regards the first two hundred years of the Empire, the turn of the eras and the time of the Marcomannic Wars, and from the stark difference in the nature of those resettlements between the times of the Julio-Claudian emperors on the one hand, and of Marcus Aurelius on the other. Such, too, is the thesis of the article: that the resettlements of the period of the Marcomannic Wars were a sign heralding the resettlements that would come in late antiquity1, forced by peoples pressing against the river line, and eventu- ally taking place completely out of Rome’s control. Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty, on the other hand, the Romans were in total control of the situation and transferring whole tribes into the territory of the Empire was symptomatic of their active border policies. There is one more reason to list, compare and analyse Roman resettlement operations: for the early Empire period, the literature on the subject is very much dominated by studies into individual tribe transfers, and works whose range en- * Originally published in Polish in “Eos” LXXV 1987, fasc. -
Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE Tacitus Was Probably Born in 56 Or 57 CE in Northern Italy Into an Equestrian (Minor Noble) Family. He
Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE As to the Germans themselves, I think it probable that they are Tacitus was probably born in 56 or 57 CE in Northern Italy into an indigenous and that very little foreign blood has been introduced either by equestrian (minor noble) family. He had quite a successful career in invasions or by friendly dealings with neighbouring peoples. For in former Roman public service, holding both military and civil offices, culminating in becoming the proconsul of the Roman province of Asia, 112-113 CE. He times it was not by land but on shipboard that would-be immigrants wrote a several literary and historical works, many of which criticize faults arrived; and the limitless ocean that lies beyond the coasts of Germany, and in Roman society by comparing them to others. Germania is not a travel as it were defies intruders, is seldom visited by ships from our part of the story, nor even a personal account. Instead, Tacitus drew upon earlier writers, and possibly talked to contemporaries who had been there to world. And to say nothing of the perils of that wild and unknown sea, who compile an ethnographic and geographical description of Germania would have been likely to leave Asia Minor, North Africa, or Italy, to go to (which includes parts of present-day France and Germany), especially the Germany with its forbidding landscapes and unpleasant climate - a country customs and culture of the various tribes who lived there, whom the Romans generally called “barbarians.”1 that is thankless to till and dismal to behold for anyone who was not born 1. -
Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2014-12-01 The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Kramer, Jessica Colleen, "The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 4343. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4343 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Cynthia Finlayson, Chair John E. Clark David Johnson Department of Anthropology Brigham Young University December 2014 Copyright © 2014 Jessica Colleen Kramer All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalryman Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer Department of Anthropology, BYU Master of Arts The funerary grave stelae of the Roman cavalrymen are large, impressive monuments set apart from their military counterparts by the ornate relief carvings which they exhibit. The two most common motifs featured on these tombstones are the rider relief motifs and the totenmahl motifs. Aspects of both the reliefs and the inscribed epitaphs are distinctly characteristic of the Roman military. Throughout the history of the Roman Empire, men in the auxiliary cavalry units were recruited from non-Roman allied tribes. -
On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation
On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation by Jared McCabe Hudson A dissertation in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ellen Oliensis, chair Professor Maurizio Bettini Professor Dylan Sailor Professor Carlos Noreña Spring 2013 On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation © 2013 by Jared McCabe Hudson Abstract On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation By Jared McCabe Hudson Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Berkeley Professor Ellen Oliensis, Chair The first chapter examines the role played by the litter (lectica) and sedan chair (sella) in Roman literature and culture. The portrait of the wealthy freedman, lounging in his deluxe octaphoros (litter carried by eight imported slaves), is one which appears repeatedly, taking shape in the late Republic and reaching a climax of frequency in the satires of Juvenal and the epigrams of Martial, in the late first century CE. While by this stage the conveyance undeniably functions as a satirical symbol, the origins and constructedness of its role as such have been surprisingly under-examined by modern scholars. In order to excavate the litter’s developing identity, I first unravel Roman accounts of the vehicle’s origins. The lectica was repeatedly framed by Roman authors such as Cicero as an exotic import from the near east (Bithynia, in particular), only available to Romans upon their exposure, through the process of imperial expansion, to eastern softness. However, such a projection involved carefully distinguishing this “decadent” litter from already existing, sanctioned litter use: thus the lectica also encompasses a category closer to our “stretcher.” Indeed, the litter’s status as a newfangled import is belied by coexisting narratives of republican-era patriarchs riding in the lectica, usually because of injury, old age, or disability. -
Were Used by the Romans and in What Contexts Frisii and Frisiavones Used Their Own Ethnic Names
FRISII AND FRISIAVONES M.C. GALESTIN University of Groningen, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen, the Netherlands ABSTRACT: A study was made of the literary and epigraphical evidence referring to Frisii or Frisiavones, with the aim of assessing their relations with the Romans. The similarity of their names makes it difficult to distinguish between the two tribes. It emerges that the Frisii and Frisiavones probably were not related and lived in different territories. Both groups had contacts with the Romans, who made their names part of recorded history. Both Frisii and Frisiavones served in the Roman army and received Roman citizenship afterwards. The Frisiavones made their appearance around the middle of the first century and towards the end of the first century they formed an ethnic unit which served in Britain during the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Frisii were active in the Roman army from their first encounter in 12 BC, but their name did not become linked to an ethnic unit until the 3rd century, when several Frisian units were deployed in forts along Hadrian’s Wall. The Frisiavones had become incorporated into the Roman Empire, while the Frisii remained outside. The Frisii adopted some Roman habits but largely retained their own cultural identity. Members of both groups were present in Rome, as equites singulares, where their ethnic names are found combined with Roman names in their epitaphs. Their relations with the Roman Empire also provided new identities for Frisii and Frisiavones. KEYWORDS: Frisii, Frisiavones, Roman army, Roman Empire, ethnic identity. 1. InTRODUCTION were used by the Romans and in what contexts Frisii and Frisiavones used their own ethnic names. -
Where Did Soldiers Living Along Hadrian's Wall Come From?
A UNESCO World Heritage Site Where did soldiers living along Hadrian’s Wall come from? Roman auxiliary soldiers living along Hadrian’s Wall came from different countries within the Roman Empire. Segedunum Fort was occupied by auxiliary soldiers of the Roman army. They occupied the fort for approximately 290 years. When the fort was first built it is possible that the unit that lived there was the Second Cohort of Nervians from Gallia Belgicia (Belgium). However, the unit who was based in the fort for the longest period of time were from the Fourth Cohort of Lingonians from Germania Superior (Eastern France). On this map below the provinces which provided troops on Hadrian’s Wall are high-lighted in red. Units raised in Britain were sent to serve in other provinces in the Empire. 1 Where did soldiers living along Hadrian’s wall come from? Background information A UNESCO World Heritage Site The forts along Hadrian’s Wall were garrisoned by auxiliary soldiers from different provinces across the Empire. The table below shows the countries where the units based at each fort were raised. South Shields France, Iraq Wallsend France, Belgium Newcastle Germany, Britain Benwell Spain,Germany Rudchester Germany Halton Chester Hungary Corbridge Spain Risingham France, Germany, Switzerland High Rochester France, Spain Chesters Spain Carrawburgh Netherlands Housesteads Germany, Belgium Chesterholm Belgium, France Great Chesters Belgium, Spain, Switzerland Carvoran Syria, Croatia Birdoswald Romania Bewcastle Romania Castlesteads France, Belgium Netherby Spain Stanwix France Burgh by Sands Germany, Algeria/Morocco, Netherlands Drumburgh unknown Bowness unknown Birrens Belgium Beckfoot Hungary Maryport Spain, Croatia, Netherlands 2 Where did soldiers living along Hadrian’s wall come from? Background information A UNESCO World Heritage Site The Units Along Hadrian’s Wall This table shows the names of some of the army units based along Hadrian’s Wall and the countries where the units were first raised. -
British Emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and Symbols of Ethnic Identities Author: Tatiana Ivleva Pages: 132–153
Paper Information: Title: British Emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and Symbols of Ethnic Identities Author: Tatiana Ivleva Pages: 132–153 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2010_132_153 Publication Date: 14 April 2011 Volume Information: Mladenović, D. and Russell, B. (eds.) (2011) TRAC 2010: Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford 2010. Oxford: Oxbow Books Copyright and Hardcopy Editions: The following paper was originally published in print format by Oxbow Books for TRAC. Hard copy editions of this volume may still be available, and can be purchased direct from Oxbow at http://www.oxbowbooks.com. TRAC has now made this paper available as Open Access through an agreement with the publisher. Copyright remains with TRAC and the individual author(s), and all use or quotation of this paper and/or its contents must be acknowledged. This paper was released in digital Open Access format in April 2013. British Emigrants in the Roman Empire: Complexities and Symbols of Ethnic Identities Tatiana Ivleva Introduction Diaspora and migration studies, especially those with a focus on ethnic identity issues, are popular topics in archaeological research. In recent decades publications have appeared in the UK concerning the presence of migrants of various origins in Roman Britain (Clay 2007; Swan 2009; Eckardt 2010; Leach et al. 2010). The theme of the presence of foreigners in the various provinces of the Roman Empire is not new in archaeological and historical research; numerous publications have appeared over the past decades (e.g. Fitz 1972; Dietz and Weber 1982; Wierschowski 2001; Kakoschke 2002, 2004; Oltean 2009). -
The Romanisation of the Civitas Vangionum Ralph Haeussler
The Romanisation of the Civitas Vangionum Ralph Haeussler To cite this version: Ralph Haeussler. The Romanisation of the Civitas Vangionum. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeol- ogy, 1994, 15, 1993 (1994), pp.41-104. halshs-00371598 HAL Id: halshs-00371598 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00371598 Submitted on 30 Mar 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Romanisation of the Civitas Vangionum by RALPH HÄUSSLER* INTRODUCTION With the arrival of the Romans in Northern Gaul, the effects of Romanisation can almost immediately be detected in what was to become the Northern Provinces which include the territory of the Vangiones under consideration here. The typical remains of Roman culture – well known from the Mediterranean world – now appear in large quantities; for example, we find Latin epigraphy and Roman-style pottery, especially terra sigillata, and also roads, and architecture incorporating Roman building techniques. The few typical artefacts of pre- Roman culture are often dated to pre-Roman times (i.e. La Tène DT1) because of difficulties of dating non-Romanized sites into the Roman period. In addition, there seem to be hardly any archaeological contexts where La Tène and Roman artefacts are found together.2 Only in certain periods of German historiography,3 when a German(ic) omnipresence was being stressed for nationalistic reasons, was the Roman era described as a time of occupation with an emphasis on the continuity and resistance of the Germanic tribes. -
Historical Review
THE ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW NO. XCII.—OCTOBER 1908' Downloaded from The Germans of Caesar ir. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ E will now consider rather moro in detail the composition of the W confederacy which Ariovistua led. Caeear thus enumerate* the tribes commanded by that chief in the order in which they were ranged in the battlefield : gencratimque constitutrunt Hantdet, MoTcomanoB, Tnbocot, Vangionet, Nemett$, Scdasiot . SUCCOB.1 The Harades did not originally form a part of the confederacy. They arrived in Gaul Beparately. In the address of the Aeduan at University of Sussex on August 31, 2015 Divitiacus, reported by Caesar in chapter ixxi. of his first book, we are told : ptncis mengitms ante Harodnm milia hominnm xxir ad earn veniuent, qnibai looas %o aedea pararentur. In this passage, be it noted, the Harxides are not qualified as Germans, In chapter xxivii. we read again of them as acting quite Beparately : Aedai qoeetam qaod Huudot, qm naper in Gftliiun truuport&ij Msent, fines eomni popnlareotor. Here, again, they are not described as Germane, and are found acting independently of Ariovistua. It w*s later only that they joined his confederacy. We may leave them out of consideration therefore for the present- In regnrd to the Suevi, it would seem that theirs also was a contingent of foreignera which had joined the forces of Ariovistua. He had married a daughter of the Suevian king, and it was not 1 Comm. d» B. O. i. 61. VOL. XJUI —NO. XCII. 8 6- • All righti roerr»d. 628 THE GERMANS OF CAESAR Oct. unnatural that the hitter Bhould supply him with a contingent. -
ROMAN FRONTIER STUDIES 2009 Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) Held at Newcastle Upon Tyne in August 2009
Copyrighted Material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium ROMAN FRONTIER STUDIES 2009 Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) held at Newcastle upon Tyne in August 2009 edited by Nick Hodgson, Paul Bidwell and Judith Schachtmann Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 25 Copyrighted Material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 590 2 ISBN 978 1 78491 591 9 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2017 Front cover illustration: The reconstructed south-west gate, South Shields Roman Fort, Great Britain Back cover illustrations: The site of the Roman bridge (Pons Aelius) across the river Tyne at Newcastle; inscription (RIB 1322) found in the Tyne at Newcastle, recording the transfer of legionary detachments between Britain and Germany, c. 158 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Copyrighted Material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Contents Foreword ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi -
People, Place, and Power in Tacitus' Germany
People, Place, and Power in Tacitus’ Germany Leen Van Broeck Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics Royal Holloway, University of London 1 Declaration of Authorship I, Leen Van Broeck, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: Wednesday 20 December 2017 2 Abstract This thesis analyses Tacitus' account of Germany and the Germans through a re- reading of all passages in the Tacitean corpus set in Germany. The focus is on the nature of power exerted in spaces and by spaces. The aim is to uncover the spatial themes within Tacitus’ work and offer new perspectives on his treatment of space and power. Throughout, I see landscape as a powerful influence on those who inhabit it. That landscape can be managed and altered, but is resistant to imperial power. Chapter one discusses the limits of violent Roman repression in overcoming the landscapes and people of Germany during the Batavian revolt. Chapter two demonstrates that the revolt’s ultimate demise can be located in Rome’s undermining of the unity of purpose and identity of the alliance created by Civilis. Chapter three traces lexical and thematic similarities in the discourses of Roman mutineers on the Rhine in AD14 and the German rebels of AD69-70, suggesting Tacitus – through repetition – sees imperial power as inevitably producing certain forms of resistance that are replicated in a variety of instances and circumstances, whatever the identities involved. Chapter four evaluates Germanicus’ campaigns in Germany as assertions of power and identity through extreme violence. -
The Celts in the West. Germany and Gaul
THE GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF THE CELTS CHAPTER IV THE CELTS IN THE WEST. GERMANY AND GAUL I CELTS AND GERMANS IN the middle valley of the Danube the development of the Celtic settlements had been checked by the Getae and Dacians. The Boii advanced to the Theiss, but their sway extended no further. Beyond that there were doubtless Gauls in Transylvania, just as there were Saxons later. Celtic culture spread in this region, and the Dacians became Celticized. On the Black Sea, an inscription from Olbia [C.I.G., 2058. Cf. LXX, 3, pp. 441 ff.; CXLIX, 34, pp. 50 - 61; Pliny, iv, 97; Müllenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, pp. 110 ff.] records the appearance of the Sciri, who were probably Germans, in the company of the Galatians. But they were soon absorbed. In the same parts, at the same date, we find a much more important people, though of uncertain origin, the Bastarnae. [A. Bauer, in CXLIX, clxxxv, 2, 1918.] They are mentioned for the first time at the beginning of the second century, as newcomers on the Lower Danube. All these barbarians were employed as auxiliaries down to the time of the collision. In 182 Philip of Macedon sent them against the Dardanians. [Livy, 40, 57.] In 179 there was a great drive of the Bastarnae, with which the Macedonians had great difficulty in dealing. Some ancient writers, particularly Polybios, [Polyb., 26, 9; 29 ff.] who lived at the time of these events, regard the Bastarnae as Galatians. [Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 104.] Ptolemy, [Ptol., i, 3, 5, 19.] on the other hand, makes them Germans, and in this he is justified by the names found among them.