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Industrial Pollution Control and Management in Ethiopia

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Industrial Pollution Control and Management in Ethiopia University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/67913 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA: A Case Study on Almeda Textile Factory and Sheba Leather Industry in Tigrai Regional State By Tsegai Berhane Ghebretekle (LL.B, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; LL.M, Oslo University, Norway) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Law University of Warwick School of Law June 2015 [Final version: 25 February 2015] CONTENTS Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………….ii List of figures ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. vii List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ xi Declaration.................................................................................................................................. xiii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1: ETHIOPIA’S DEVELOPMENT ENDEAVOUR AFTER 1991 ..................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Historical Background .......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Concepts and Theories of Development ............................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Modernization Theory ................................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Dependency Theory ..................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3 Post Development Theory............................................................................................ 15 1.3.4 Alternative Development Theory ................................................................................ 16 1.4 Ethiopia’s Development History Post 1991 ........................................................................ 18 1.5 Industrial Development Strategy of Ethiopia ..................................................................... 25 1.5.1 The State of Industrialization in Ethiopia ........................................................................ 25 1.5.2 Textile and Leather Industries ..................................................................................... 30 1.5.2.1 Special Support to Textile and Leather industries ................................................ 32 1.6 The Environmental Impact of Industrialization .................................................................. 33 1.7 Objectives of the Thesis ...................................................................................................... 35 1.8 Primary Research Questions ............................................................................................... 35 1.9 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................... 36 1.10 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 36 1.11 The Originality & Significance of the Thesis ................................................................... 38 1.12 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................. 39 ii Industrial Pollution Control and Management in Ethiopia: Case Study CHAPTER 2: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ETHIOPIAN CONTEXT ..... 41 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 41 2.2 The Concept of Sustainable Development .......................................................................... 54 2.2.1 Brief History of Sustainable Development .................................................................. 57 2.2.2 Sustainable Development Implementing Principles .................................................... 58 2.2.3 Current Status of Sustainable Development (Rio+20)................................................. 59 2.3 Sustainable Development in the Ethiopia Context ............................................................. 63 2.3.1 Sustainable Development and the FDRE Constitution ................................................ 63 2.3.2 Sustainable Development and the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ......................... 65 2.3.3 Sustainable Development and Core Environmental Laws ........................................... 68 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 3: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION............................................................................................................................... 75 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 75 3.2 Pollution Control ................................................................................................................. 81 3.2.1 Definition of Pollution ................................................................................................. 81 3.2.2 The Rational for Pollution Control .............................................................................. 83 3.3 Pollution Control in Ethiopia. ............................................................................................. 85 3.3.1 The Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation ................................................... 85 3.3.1.1 Environmental Standards ...................................................................................... 85 3.3.1.2 Eco-Management .................................................................................................. 92 3.3.1.3 Incentives for pollution control ............................................................................. 93 3.3.1.4 Environmental Crimes .......................................................................................... 94 3.3.1.5 Public Interest Litigation ....................................................................................... 98 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 100 CHAPTER 4: OGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 104 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 104 4.2 Pollution Control organizations ........................................................................................ 105 4.2.1 Federal Environmental Protection Authority ............................................................. 107 4.2.1.1The Environmental Council ................................................................................. 108 4.2.1.2 Sectoral Environmental Units ............................................................................. 112 4.2.2 Regional Environmental Agencies ............................................................................ 114 4.3 Administrative and Court Remedies for Industrial Pollution ........................................... 119 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 125 iii Industrial Pollution Control and Management in Ethiopia: Case Study CHAPTER 5: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ITS MAGNITUDE .............................. 127 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 127 5.2 Defining Waste ................................................................................................................. 128 5.2.1 Waste Definition in Ethiopia ..................................................................................... 129 5.2.2 Waste Classification................................................................................................... 131 5.3. Industrial Waste ............................................................................................................... 133 5.3.1 Industrial Hazardous Waste ....................................................................................... 134 5.3.1.1 Waste Generated from Textile Industries.
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