THE ROLES OF INDONESIAN DIASPORA AS AGENTS OF DEVELOPMENT FOR THEIR HOMELAND STUDY CASE: INDONESIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA (2010-2013)
By REZLY ESKARLITA SYAUTA ID no. 016201000057
A thesis presented to the Faculty of International Relations, Communication and Law President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations Concentration in Diplomacy Studies
2014
i THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER
This thesis entitled “The Roles of Indonesian Diaspora as Agents of Development for Their Homeland Study Case: Indonesian Diaspora in Australia (2010-2013)” prepared and submitted by Rezly Eskarlita Syauta in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor in School of International Relations, Communication and Law has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense
Cikarang, 14 March 2014
______Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D
ii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
I declare that this thesis, entitled “The Roles of Indonesian Diaspora as Agents of Development for Their Homeland Study Case: Indonesian Diaspora in Australia (2010-2013)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.
Cikarang, 14 March 2014
Rezly Eskarlita Syauta
iii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET
The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “The Roles of Indonesian Diaspora as Agents of Development for Their Homeland Study Case: Indonesian Diaspora in Australia (2010-2013)” that was submitted by Rezly Eskarlita Syauta majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of International Relations, Communication and Law was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on March 20th, 2014.
Hendra Manurung, MA Chair – Panel of Examiners
Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D Examiner
Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D Thesis Adviser
iv ABSTRAK
Judul: Peran dari Diaspora Indonesia sebagai Agen Pembangunan untuk Indonesia, Studi Kasus: Diaspora Indonesia di Australia (2010-2013)
Di masa lalu Indonesia menginspirasi dunia untuk memperjuangkan kemerdekaannya melalui Konfrensi Asia Afrika yang diadakan di Bandung pada tahun 1955 yang menghasilkan Dasasila Bandung dan memasukkan prinsip-prinsip piagam PBB. Sesungguhnya kejayaan negara Indonesia akan terulang kembali dengan momentum yang dimulai dari sekarang dengan langkah kecil yang konsisten dengan menyatukan potensi generasi unggul di masa depan, generasi yang cemerlang, generasi yang meyakini sebuah harapan akan kebanggaan akan negerinya. Indonesia harus menata ulang masa depannya dengan memetakan sumber daya yang ada, diantaranya dengan menyadari suksesi anak bangsa yang tersebar di belahan dunia yang belum terekspos kepermukaan, yakni potensi diaspora Indonesia sebagai penghubung untuk membuka berbagai peluang untuk mendukung pembangunan di segala bidang di Indonesia yang perlu dioptimalkan pada era globalisasi dan kemajuan informasi dan teknologi.
Diaspora Indonesia tidak hanya penyebaran individu-individu asal Indonesia di luar negeri namun lebih dari itu, masyarakat Indonesia yang bermukim di luar negeri juga menjadi duta Indonesia di negara mereka tinggal. Dampak tersebut tidak hanya mempengaruhi sektor ekonomi, tetapi juga dalam sumber daya, sosial dan budaya. Penelitian ini penting untuk menganalisa dan menginformasikan dengan contoh nyata yang terjadi dengan adanya diaspora Indonesia di Australia untuk membuktikan potensi dan peran dari diaspora Indonesia sebagai agen pembangunan untuk Indonesia
Kata kunci: Diaspora Indonesia, Australia, Peran, Pembangunan Negara asal
v ABSTRACT
Title: The Roles of Indonesian Diaspora as Agents of Development for Their Homeland Study Case: Indonesian Diaspora in Australia (2010-2013)
In the past Indonesia also inspire the world to fight for independence through the Asia-Africa Conference held in Bandung in 1955 which resulted in the Ten Principles of Bandung and incorporate the principles of the UN charter. Indeed glory Indonesian state will recur with momentum starting now with small steps that are consistent with the potential of bringing together generations ahead in the future, brilliant generation, and a generation that believes an expectation of pride in his country. Indonesia should rearrange future by mapping existing resources, including the succession of the nation realizes that spread around the world who have not been exposed to the surface, the potential of the Indonesian diaspora as a link to open a range of opportunities to support development in all areas in Indonesia that need to be optimized in the days of globalization and the advancement of information and technology.
Indonesian diaspora not only the deployment of Indonesian origin individuals in foreign countries, but more than that, the people of Indonesia who live abroad also become the ambassador of Indonesia in the country they live. The role of diaspora affect not only in economic but also in human, social and also cultural capital. This research is significant to analyze and inform with real example that happen caused by Indonesian diaspora in Australia in order to prove the potential and roles of Indonesian diaspora as agent of development to Indonesia.
Keywords: Indonesian diaspora, Australia, Roles, Development of country origin
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Working on a long piece of work like a thesis has been a meaningful experience, both professionally and personally. It gives you better understanding about what you have gotten over the course and years of studying. Nevertheless, considering a thesis as a result of merely one’s hard work is one of the most untrue statements of academic life. Even the motivation to dye the blank white page with its very first words is more often than not, came externally. The people and entities I would like to toss heartfelt and uplifting gratitude include:
1. Dearest God Almighty. Thank you for your blessings and share of troubles. Thank you for the aforementioned people, the unmentioned other crosscutting entities that might affect the making of this thesis in any way, and the practicality of non-living materials that also greatly helped me out along the way as I never cease to say thank You.
2. Mr. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita and Ms. Isyana Adriani Arslan as my thesis mentor. Thank you for cutting your precious time and always push me to work harder to finish my thesis on time. For all advices you said that motivates me to do my best and make both of you satisfied.
3. Mr. Eric Hendra, Mr. Teuku Rezasyah and Mr. Hendra Manurung. I send my gratitude to you for inspirations and sharing throughout my writing process. I am grateful for the spirit that you gave to me.
4. My Family. For father, who always support me and keeps me motivated to finish my thesis immediately. For that, thank you very much. For mother, thank you for believing in me and saying how I am your future hope. That actually means a lot. You really know how I perform better under affectionate
vii pressure. My sister and brother, who always cheer me up and always support me in pursuing my dreams, and always remind me to work hard to finish thesis. My Cousins who always be there for me when I need someone to comfort me.
5. My Best Friends. Afdhalul Khair, Amanda Dewina Putri, Amelia Dianty, Clara Masitta Sari, Claudia Ine Permata, Denisa Rizkiya, Ferdo Pratama Koto, Gamalia Evira, Isma Rizky Ramadhani, Nicky levina, and Yayan Firmansyah. Thank you so much for the love and the spirit that all of you gave to me. It means so much and really helps me to going through such a trouble time when I worked on my Thesis.
6. Alice Fariana, Brimoresa Dhorandoro, Rahayu Shofa Utami, Senny Oktarina, M. Rifky Refinaldi and Vernal Gorby. Thank you for your kindness and moral support. Almost every day all of you always ask about my thesis and push me harder to finish it.
7. My International Relations 2010. From the beginning we fight to conquer Cikarang, when we barely know each other. Even though in the beginning we often clash and tend to be group per group IR 1 and IR 2, but we did it to put aside the differences and unite as one unity. So many memories that I will never forget, I love you all.
Jakarta, 14 March 2014
Rezly Eskarlita Syauta
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
THESIS ADVISER…………………………………………………………….……i
RECOMMENDATION LETTER…………………………………………….…...ii
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY…………………………………………...iii
PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………v
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………..vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………..………………………………….vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..……………………………………………….……….viii
LIST OF PICTURES…………………………………………………………..….xii
LIST OF ACRONYM…………………………………………………………….xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.1. Background of Study……………………….…………………..…..1 I.2. Problem Identification…………………………...……………..…..5 I.3. Statement of Problem…………………………………………...... 5 I.4. Research Objectives………………………………….………....…..6 I.5. Significance of Study……………………………………….…...... 6 I.6. Theoretical Framework……………………………….………...... 6 I.6.1. International Cooperation Theory: Neoliberal Institutionalism……………………………………….………6 I.6.2. Transnationalism……………………………………....……..8 I.7. Scope and Limitations of the Study………………….….….…...... 11 I.8. Literature Review…………....………………….……………….…11
ix I.9. Definition of Terms……………………...….…….…….…….…....15 I.10. Thesis Outline………………………………...... ……………….…15
CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
II.1. Research Design……………………………..….…………….…...19 II.2. Case Study Methodology…………………...………………....…..20 II.3. Data Collection Procedures……………………………...... ….21 II.4. Number of Interviews…………………………...……..……….....22 II.5. Data Analysis……………………………………………………....22
CHAPTER III DIASPORA: DEVELOPMENT AND ROLES
III.1. Diaspora: History and Development………………………….….24 III.2. Roles of Diaspora: Agent of Development to their homeland...... 30 III.2.1. Human Capital……………………....……………...……….30 III.2.2. Social Capital………...………………………………….…..32 III.2.3. Economic Capital……………..……………………….…….36 III.2.4. Cultural Capital……………………….……………….…….42
CHAPTER IV THE ROLES OF INDONESIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA IN INDONESIA'S DEVELOPMENT
IV.1. History of Indonesian Diaspora in Australia……..……….……...43 IV.2. Indonesian Diaspora in Australia: The Growth…………….……46 IV.3. Indonesian Diaspora in Australia: Roles in Indonesian Development……………………………………………………...... 48 IV.3.1. Human Capital……………………………...……….49 IV.3.2. Social Capital……………………….……………….54 IV.3.3. Economic Capital………………………………...….57 IV.3.4. Political Capital...………………………………...….66
x IV.3.5. Cultural Capital…………………..………………….77
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION………………………………………….……...….86
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………...…………..…90 INTERVIEW……………………………………………………………………...100
xi LIST OF PICTURES
Picture I. 1 Conceptual Framework …………………………………...………….10
Picture III. 1 International Migrant Stock by Major Area………..…………………26
Picture III. 2 Chinese and Indian Diaspora Mapping………………………………..29
Picture III. 3 Taiwanese Government Engage Their Diaspora………..…………….31
Picture IV. 1 Macassans at Victoria, Port Essington 1845………………………….43
Picture IV. 2 Estimated Numbers of The Indonesian Diaspora in Australia……………47
Picture IV. 3 Graphic of Indonesian Diaspora in Australia…………………………47
Picture IV. 4 Statement From Australian Government About Indonesian People…48
Picture IV. 5 The Role of Diaspora to Indonesia……………………………………49
Picture IV. 6 The Action Plan of Indonesian Diaspora in Western Australia………53
Picture IV. 7 IDN Australia Chapters and PICs…………………………………….55
Picture IV. 8 Indonesia as Global Leader in Social Media………………………....56
Picture IV. 9 Facebook Page of IDN Australia……………………………………..56
Picture IV. 10 Indonesian Migrant Workers……………………………..…………58
Picture IV. 11 Comparison Indonesian Migrant Workers……………….…………58
Picture IV. 12 Migrant Remittances 2012…………………………………………..59
Picture IV. 13 Indonesian facts……………………………..………………………60
Picture IV. 14 IDN Indonesia Strategy…………………………………….……….62
Picture IV. 15 INDOFest 2013 Poster………………………………………………79
Picture IV. 16 INDOFest Attendees……………………………………………...…80
Picture IV. 17 Courtney Saville in Bukit Tinggi, Padang……..………..…….…….82
Picture IV. 18 Art Gravity or Mural created by Ryan………………………………84
xii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AANZFTA ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement AIA Australian Indonesian Association CID Congress of Indonesian Diaspora CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies DFAT Department Foreign Affairs and Trade GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services I-4 Indonesian Scholars Association IABC Indonesia Australia Business Council IA-CEPA Indonesia Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement IDBC Indonesian Diaspora Business Council IDF Indonesian Diaspora Foundation IDN Indonesian Diaspora Network IISR International Indonesian Student Radio KADIN Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry MoU Memorandum of understanding NRI Non- resident Indian OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PPI Indonesian Student Association SIPA Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association TIE The Indus Entrepreneur UKM Usaha Kecil Menengah VVWM Vrouwen voor Vrede op de Molukken
xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.1. Background of the Study
In basic form Indonesian diaspora means overseas Indonesia or a person related with Indonesia who lives abroad. This basic form can be related to Indonesian descent, former Indonesian nationality and strangers who love Indonesia. The Indonesian diaspora initiative were founded in 2012 by H.E. Dr. Dino Patti Djalal, Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to the United States of America1, with the mission to expand connections, multiply opportunities and promote shared prosperity for Indonesian and its diaspora. Since then, the definitions of an Indonesian diaspora were expanded to also include anyone married to Indonesian, or anyone who love Indonesia and willing to be involved.
Under Sukarno and Soeharto authoritarianism regime, Indonesia was always know as a country that has strong issues of human rights abuses. It caused great embarrassment especially for Indonesian Government and also Indonesian people abroad which mean Indonesian diaspora. The Outsiders had seen Indonesia as intolerance country regarding with ethnic minorities, opposition groups and separatist movement issues. Regime who can be categorized as abusive to Indonesian people human rights in freedom of speech and association. All of sudden those image has changed since Democracy regime, as told by Rizal Sukma the Executive Director at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 2, who urge Southeast Asian
1 The Indonesian diaspora and our true face of nationalism (Anand Krishna The Jakarta Post, June 07 2012 2 Rizal Sukma profile (retrieved on 13 February 2014) http://www.csis.or.id/profile/rizal- sukma
1 region and other country to take seriously and see the importance of democracy, also respects human rights principles and civility3.
In his inaugural speech on October 20 2009, President Susilo bambang Yudhoyono agreed with this point and stating that he wanted Indonesia to promote foreign policy with strong democratic values in order to have ‘a million friends and zero enemies’ (Jakarta Globe 2009).4 According Dr. Pribadi Sutiono, Vice Head of Indonesian diaspora desk, Indonesian diaspora has four pillars as following:5 1. People who hold Indonesian Passport 2. People who no longer hold Indonesian Passport 3. Indonesia descent or half blood 4. Foreigners who love Indonesia
Even though giving up Indonesian nationality, does not necessarily mean a repudiation of nationalism. In fact, being a part of the Indonesian diaspora is more a matter of identity than legal status, as said by the Indonesian Ambassador to the United States Dino Patti Djalal.6
According to Dino Patti Djalal, there are 4.6 Million Indonesian people abroad in 2013. All this time diaspora7 Indonesia received approximately US$6.6 billion in remittances distribute through formal link.8 Nevertheless, remittances do not give significant development to Indonesia, since the money where used to fulfill living cost. The Indonesian government needs to engage and integrate all Indonesian people abroad in form of collaboration with Indonesian diaspora organizations to boost the
3 Sukma, R. “Indonesia’s Foreign Policy since Reformasi: Change and Continuity”, Southeast Asia Bulletin, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies (June 2008). 4 Jakarta Globe. “SBY’s Inaugural Speech: The Text.” (2009) 5 Sutiono, Pribadi (November 27, 3013). Personal Interview at Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6 The Jakarta Post Online. Indonesia: Courting the Indonesian diaspora for economic development. 28 August 2013. 7 Ibid 8 Data from BNP2TKI
2 local economic mechanism, transfer knowledge and technology for the betterment of their homeland.
As an example of Indonesian diaspora organization and community that continuously contribute to Indonesia development by improving the lives of their countrymen in villages and sustainable peace such as VVWM or Vrouwen voor Vrede op de Molukken (Women for Peace in the Moluccas) that established in response to the riots between Muslim and Christian populations in the Moluccas, which had a huge impact on the Moluccas community in the Netherlands.9 Another diaspora organization is TitanE Foundation, which is also a Mollucan organization based in the Netherlands which have similar function like VVWM.10
While in education and science sectors there are Indonesian Student Association (PPI) that estimated have 100 branches 11 and the Indonesian Scientist International Association as a bridge for Indonesian scholars who lived abroad with other scholars in their homeland. Based on fact, Indonesia still needs a government policy in order to engage Indonesian people abroad or Indonesian diaspora.12
The Congress of Indonesian Diaspora (CID) that brings approximately 3,000 participants was expected to provide partnership platform for all parties to improve and boost Indonesian economy globally. During his opening speech, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expects at least three synergies emerge from the event. The first is the synergy among groups within the diaspora itself. Since it was created
9Vroewen voor Vrede op de Molukken profile (retrieved on 13 February 2014) http://vvvm.eu/vvvm-internationaal/ 10 The Jakarta Post Online. Indonesia: Courting the Indonesian diaspora for economic development. 28 August 2013. 11 Official website of Indonesian Students Association: http://clubs.uow.edu.au/clubs/indonesian-students-association/indonesia-student- association/ 12 The Jakarta Post Online. Indonesia: Courting the Indonesian diaspora for economic development. 28 August 2013.
3 last year, we have seen the network expand and right now we have 56 chapters in 26 countries.
He also said “We need to embrace other groups that have not yet been included”. The second synergies are expected happening between State actors and also non state actors at Indonesia. Then the last synergies is have purpose to accelerate initiatives among business people as a results from memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between the Indonesian Diaspora Business Council (IDBC) and the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Kadin) in 2012.13
In 2012, World Bank data shows that Indonesian workers sent US US$7.2 billion to their homeland. Because there are about 8 million Indonesians live in more than 120 countries, which placed Indonesia as the third largest remittance recipient in Southeast Asia.14 The IDBC President Edward Wanandi urged the creation of a member database and road map to assist CID members interested in the projects.15
As a continuation of the diaspora congress, in addition to have the approval of the Declaration of diaspora, called the Indonesian Diaspora Network (IDN) in some states in Australia has been formed. The main task of this network is to continue the momentum of the Indonesian diaspora throughout Australia, and is expected to become an important part of the global diaspora movement.16
Indonesian Diaspora Network (IDN) in Australia is part of the Global IDN that was established during the first Congress of Indonesian Diaspora (CID) in Los Angeles on July 6 2012. IDN in Australia currently consists of the first CID participants in Los Angeles who represented the Indonesian diaspora in Australia, as
13 The Jakarta Post Online: Indonesia: RI diaspora expected to boost economy. 20 August 2013 14 Data from World Bank 15 The Jakarta Post Online: Indonesia: RI diaspora expected to boost economy. 20 August 2013 16 “What is IDN” (official website of IDN) http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/what-s-idn
4 well as additional members who have expressed their interest and support for the movement. IDN Australia has chapters in all Australian States/Territories. It has the mission statements: ‘to expand connections, to multiply opportunities and to promote shared prosperity for Indonesia and its diaspora.
I.2. Problems Identified
After all this time, the contribution of diaspora to develop their homeland only acknowledge by sending remittance that always increased year by year. The diaspora can be said as agent of development for their homeland to improve the economic sector, not only from remittances but also from other areas such as trade, investment and even in transferring skills and knowledge. From the phenomenon, this research will analyze the role of diaspora as an agent of development to their homeland, with a focus on Indonesian diaspora in Australia.
I.3. Statement of the Problem
As of already elaborated in problem identification, the topic and the question of this research would be:
Question: What were the roles of Indonesian diaspora in order to maximize their contributions towards Indonesian development, Study case: Indonesian diaspora in Australia (2010-2013)?
5 I.4. Research Objectives
The research objectives in this research are focused on explanatory objectives:17 1. To examine the roles of Indonesian diaspora in Australia to optimize the contributions towards Indonesian development in five sectors (human, socio-economy and culture). 2. To determine how Indonesian diaspora in Australia become the agent of development in human, socio-economy and culture.
I.5. Significance of Study
- To enrich understandings on Indonesian diaspora contribution in Australia to Indonesia’s development
- To gain information about the effort of Indonesian diaspora in Australia to promote Indonesia
I.6. Theoretical Framework
I.6.1. International Cooperation Theory: Neoliberal Institutionalism
Kate O’Neill, Jorg Balsiger and Stacy D. Van Deveer on their writing Actors, Norms and Impact: Recent International Cooperation Theory and the Influence of the Agent-Structure Debate has cited from H.V Milner’s International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strengths and Weakness that initially, cooperation has
17 Kothari (2004) described explanatory as a thesis with the objective to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (Second Revised Edition). New Delhi: New Age International Ltd. P. 2.
6 been defined as coordinated adjustment of policies by states attempting to solve a mutual problem or achieve mutual gains 18 . Currently, it has grown from the traditional concept of cooperation, which then followed by the questions about how the cooperation is built and what motivation of the cooperation is. In the expanded definition, cooperation consist of repeated processes, then continue to agreements and results in complex social change.
The evolution of cooperation theory shifted in its theoretical in general fields of International Relations, from the main question in realist thought that would ask why states would cooperate with others. Therefore, neoliberal institutionalism theory might be put as to challenge the realist or neorealist view that cooperation among states was a temporary situation since state is driven by their own interest.
In international environmental cooperation, neoliberal institutionalism indicates why the cooperation is a rational effort and how the actors and also stake- holder might expect the types of cooperation to play out19. Neoliberal-institutionalists see other institutions as the mediator to achieve cooperation specifically in international system 20 . Thus, they believe that states and other actors can be cooperated if they are convinced that all states will comply with rules and co- operation will result in absolute gains.
Theory in International Cooperation has focused on three substantive themes: non-state actors, transnational norms and ideas, and the effectiveness of cooperation.
18Kate O’neill, JorgBalsiger and Stacy D. VanDeveer. Actors, Norms and Impact: Recent International Cooperation Theory and the Influence of the Agent-Structure Debate.p. 150. Downloaded from http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.090803.161821on November 14, 2012 at 01.14 pm 19 Elizabeth R. DeSombre. (2009). Power, Interdependence and Domestic Politics in International Environmental Cooperation.In Helen V. Milner and Andrew Moravcsik (Eds.).Power, Interdependence and Non-State Actors in World Politics: Research Frontiers. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 147-163 20 Dr. David Galbreath. Neo-liberalism: Theories of International Relations. Accessed from http://www.abdn.ac.uk/pir/notes06/Level2/IR2501/IR2501.6.ppt on November 14, 2012 at 01.56 pm.
7 O’Neill, Balsiger and Van Deveer also stated that the increasing numbers of non- state actors are undoubtedly play important roles in international cooperation, from transnational social movements, private industry, communities and international organizations which diaspora is one of them. Indonesian engagement towards its diaspora has reached an agreement to cooperate with each other which at the end is expected to give significant contributions to Indonesian development.
I.6.2. Transnationalism
Nina Glick Schiller, Linda Basch, and Cristina Blanc - Szanton in his book entitled "Rethinking Transnationalism", defines transnationalism as "a process by which people build and maintain social and cultural ties across geopolitical boundaries". 21 Another definition of transnationalism is also given by James Rosenau, stating that transnationalism is the process by which international relations are conducted by the government has been accompanied by the relationships of individuals, groups, and private communities, which can have important consequences for the operation of various events.22
The idea of transnationalism emerged from the pluralist thinking, which assumes that the interaction of individuals from every different country can create new universal groups or global village. See the definition given above, the writer assume that activity of the society in a region with another region is a part of international relations, the liberal paradigm. Transnationalism may be said as a result of globalization, where people can exchange cultural values through daily interactions.
21 Jorge Duani. Transnational Migration from the Dominican Republic to the United States. http://migration.ucdavis.edu/ceme/more.php?id=19_0_6_0 22 Apa itu Transnasionalisme? http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2010/05/apa-itu- transnasionalisme/
8
This concept of transnationalism has a clear link with the engagement of Indonesia towards its diaspora. We shall understand that the engagement may result certain relationship between the diaspora and state and even among the diaspora as the diaspora, a transnational community, has those important consequences.
These two theories are very significant with this study. Non-state actors are an important entity in international politics today. International organizations, for example, became independent in some issue with the rights they have. International organizations also have a very important role in implementing, monitoring, and the calculation in the decision-making process. It is inevitable that transnational non- state organizations such as terrorist groups, weapons merchant, private industry, communities, international organizations, and also transnational movements play a very important role in the current international politics which have considerable impacts both for home and host countries.
The existence of diaspora who play as the non-state actor trying to improve their homeland is one of the example. The increasing numbers of diaspora activities are undoubtedly play important roles not only in one sector but almost from all sectors. The Writer strongly believes that the role of diaspora will affect their homeland’s development and strengthen relationship with the host country.
Raewyn Connell defines ‘role’ as the approach to social structure which locates its basic constraints in stereotyped interpersonal expectations 23 . In more original notion, the concept of role can be defined as the dynamic aspect of status or position24. Further usage has tended to apply the notion of role to both status and performance. Generally, the concept emphasizes the social identity of specific actor
23R.W. Connell (1979). The Concept of Role and What to Do With It.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 15, 9. 24Linton, R. (1936). The Study of Man. New York: Appleton-Century. p. 114
9 and their actions and the perceptions of others25. In this study, the writer tries to discover and elaborate the roles of diaspora as an agent of development to their homeland with a study case: Indonesian diaspora in Australia 2010-2013. Therefore, in chapter 3, the writer will start the elaboration by discussing the capital positioning the diaspora in its roles. Then in chapter 4, the writer will elaborate the diaspora’s role as actions showing their contribution by an example.
Diaspora as Transnational Non-State Actors
Cooperation Conflict
Roles
Status/Position Actions
Indonesian diaspora What Indonesian
capital diaspora has done?
Figure I.1 - Conceptual Framework Source: Roles Concept of Sebastian H., Cornelia F., and Hanns W. M. (2011) by Writer’s personal modification
25Sebastian H., Cornelia F., and Hanns W. M. (2011). Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and Analyses. New York: Routledge. p. 8.
10 I.7. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope of this research examines what were the roles of Indonesian diaspora to improve their homelands as the mechanisms for changing the status of their nations of origin, and contribute in Indonesia’s Development.
I.8. Literature Review
The word Diaspora (capitalized) was first used (and is still used) to describe “the settling of scattered colonies of Jews outside Palestine after the Babylonian exile,” “the area outside Palestine settled by the Jews,” and “the Jews living outside Palestine or modern Israel” (Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 2010). Through time, the word diaspora (lowercased) started being used as synonymous of “the movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland (i.e., the black diaspora to northern cities)”, of “people settled far from their ancestral homelands (i.e., the African diaspora),” and “the place where these people live”.26
Anthropologists and sociologists, among other social scientists, have studied this concept of diaspora, or of a group of people who share the same nationality and who live out of their home countries, profusely. One of the characteristics of a diaspora is that the immigrants, who form it, at least at the beginning, think of themselves as living abroad temporarily, and they tend to have the idea or hope of returning, sooner or later, to their home country.
26 Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. “Diaspora” (Retrieved December 1, 2013) http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/diaspora
11 They see themselves “here today and gone tomorrow”.27 Although in this study both terms are used interchangeably, there is a subtle difference between a diaspora and a transnational community.
The diaspora lives out of its country of origin, with different levels of interconnection to its home country, but considering themselves closer to the home country than to the host country. In contrast, the process of immigrant adjustment that occurs when immigrants draw their new and old societies into a single unit is called transnationalism.28
Lessinger explained that, currently, many immigrants “not only move back and forth between societies but maintain social relationships and networks which cross national borders. Rather than moving out of an old society and into a new one, they participate simultaneously in several social arenas located in several different parts of the world”.29
This type of immigrants is “intimately connected with people and events” (Lessinger, 1995, p. xv) in their home country; tends to travel back and forth between the home and the host country; follows the fashions, political debates, cultural developments, and religious movements of the host country; and, at the same time, it still can influence the home country and its political developments. For this reason, Lessinger described cultural identities of transnational communities as “complex, fluid, multi-layered and [of] contextual nature” (p. xvi).
27 Margolis, M. L. (1993). Little Brazil: An ethnography of Brazilian immigrants in New York City. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 28 Basch, L. G., Schiller, N. G., & Szanton Blanc, C. “Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nationstates” (1994). 29 Lessinger, J. “tthe Ganges to the Hudson: Indian immigrants in New York City. The new immigrants series. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. (1995).
12 This complexity has made different authors redefined the concept of immigrant: “The word immigrant evokes images of permanent rupture, of the uprooted, the abandonment of old patterns and the painful learning of a new language and culture. Now, a new kind of migrating population is emerging, composed of those whose networks, activities, and patterns of life encompass both their host and home societies”(Schiller, Basch, & Blanc-Szanton, 1999, p. 26). Transnational communities bring “two societies into a single social field” (p. 26).
The growth of transnationalism has been possible thanks to the advancements in technology and to the expansion of communications. “Telephones, faxes, videos and jet travel allow the new immigrants to stay in close touch with the people and places they left behind, in a way impossible to those earlier waves of immigrants who reshaped American society in earlier generations” (Lessinger, 1995, p. xvi).
It is true that not every diaspora member has this mobility, as different diaspora communities have different socioeconomic conditions, different legal statuses, and live in different contexts (Portes & Rumbaut, 2006; Massey et. al, 2002). Nevertheless, even the more disadvantaged diaspora members can now have a connection to their home countries that was not possible years before, due to affordable access to certain communication technologies and resources.
For instance, a five-dollar calling card can allow a person to call home for more than one hour (in the case of Latin Americans), and many internet cafés offer cheap access to the Internet. Again, not every diaspora member knows how to use the internet, but some know how to send e-mails, use social media, and access news sites from their countries, activities that keep them connected to their home countries in ways that were not possible even a few decades ago. For those reasons, these immigrants maintain stronger links with the home countries than in the past, which is a characteristic of transnationalism.
13
Schiller et al. (1999) defined transnationalism as “the processes by which immigrants build social fields that link together their country of origin and their country of settlement” (p. 26). According to Schiller et al. (1999), transmigrants (a word that refers to the immigrant that is also a transnational being) “develop and maintain multiple relations—familial, economic, social, organizational, religious, and political that span borders. Transmigrants take actions, make decisions, feel concerns, and develop identities within social networks that connect them to two or more societies simultaneously” (p. 26).
Many transnational communities form hometown associations or “colonies” to invest in their home countries or to help in social projects at home (Schiller et al., 1999; Portes & Rumbaut, 2006; Menjívar, 2000; González Gutiérrez, 2006). “These associations differ dramatically in the activities and audience from hometown associations of earlier immigrants whose main, if not only thrust of activity was to help the newcomers face social welfare issues in the new land” (Schiller et al., 1999, p. 27).
The transmigrants maintain a complex web of social relations and multiple identities with roots both in their home society and in their host society. They are linked to more than one nation at a time (Schiller et al., 1999). “By maintaining different racial, national, and ethnic identities, transmigrants are able to express their resistance to the global political and economic situations that engulf them, even as they accommodate themselves to living conditions marked by vulnerability and insecurity” (p. 36).
14 I.9. Definition of Terms
Before continuing about the general proposition a mechanism of diasporic are to helps closing the multidimensional of the international gaps, and diaspora definition is outlined based on the previous work. The experts have explained diaspora concept in relation to their homelands
Gillespie et al. (1999) explain diaspora are to keep the relation of the psychological with their own homelands while the other immigrant are assimilated and even put themselves in distances.30
As suggested by Safran (1991) that diasporas hold the memories of their homelands, sometimes to the point of myth, and wants to improve also maintain their homelands. This is the way of improvement to binds them one of another while they are away31
The definition in this paper is to recognizes that diaspora maintain a psychological relation with their own homelands. These description differentiate about diaspora from the immigrant who integrate in a host country and are not link one to another
I.10. Thesis Outline
Chapter I
30 Gillespie, K., Riddle, L., Sayre, E., Sturges, D., “Diaspora interest in homeland investment. Journal of International Business Studies” Page 623–634 (1999). 31 Safran, W. “Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return”. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies Page 83–99 (1991).
15 The first chapter of this thesis wishes to introduce readers to its issue and purpose. All essential information such as problem identification, research question, significance study, research objectives and definition of terms are written here. Without going too far to the details of the study, this chapter is intends to be the basis of the writing, and the hook that may provoke the reader to look further into the thesis.
Chapter II
The second chapter of this thesis contains the research methodology that wishes to help the reader to know how the writer gets all data for this thesis. Therefore it consists of: II.1. Research Design II.2. Case Study Methodology II.3. Data Collection Procedures II.4. Number of Interviews II.5. Data Analysis
Chapter III
The third chapter of this thesis is called “Diaspora: History and Development”, that will help the reader to understand the concept and the basic explanation of diaspora and its roles to improve their homeland. This chapter consists of:
III.1. Diaspora: History and Development III.2. Roles of Diaspora: Agent of Development to Their Homeland III.2.1. Human Capital III.2.2. Social Capital
16 III.2.3. Economic Capital III.2.4. Cultural Capital
Chapter IV
The fourth chapter is titled “The Role of Indonesian diaspora in Australia in Indonesia’s Development”, which is a very important chapter in this dissertation because the writer put all diagnoses and analysis of the Indonesian diaspora role on the development of Indonesia. This chapter consists of: IV.1. Indonesian Diaspora in Australia: History IV.2. Indonesian Diaspora in Australia: The Growth IV.3. Indonesian Diaspora in Australia: Roles in Indonesian Development IV.3.1. Human Capital IV.3.2. Social Capital IV.3.3. Economic Capital IV.3.4. Political Capital IV.3.5. Cultural Capital
Chapter V
This is the last chapter in this thesis, which consists of conclusion. Diaspora has an important role as agent of development to their homeland, for example the Indonesian diaspora in Australia since Indonesia and Australia have a strong relations and partnership. The writer analyze that Indonesian diaspora are the agent of development to their homeland, and contribute in five sectors such as human, social, economic, Political capital and cultural capital.
17 CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As stated in the introduction and as referenced in different occasions in the literature review, this thesis tries to understand what the role of Indonesian diaspora is in order to optimize the contributions towards Indonesian development, Study case: Indonesian diaspora in Australia (2010-2013). This study also offers theoretical propositions and a model of State diasporas relations from the government viewpoint or, as I call them from now on, interchangeably, of diaspora relations.
A model is a representation of a portion of reality that highlights “what are considered to be key elements or parts of the object or process and the connections among them. A model is not a mirror image of reality but merely makes salient certain aspects of reality” (Shoemaker, Tankard, & Lasorsa, 2004, p. 110). A model is used to focus the attention on certain parts of the process, and how those parts are interconnected, and, because it is a simplification of reality, a model is an efficient tool for theory building (Shoemaker, Tankard, & Lasorsa, 2004).
To inform this model of diaspora relations, theoretical perspectives from political sciences, and international relations were used to borrow definitions, concepts, and descriptions of processes, following an interdisciplinary approach. Also to inform this model, this dissertation accepts the views of contextualized research and of contingency theory that environmental variables of the home country, of the host country, and of the diaspora itself have to be analyzed to understand the process by which a government establishes diaspora relations.
18 II.1. Research Design
The methodology this thesis used is the case study approach, in which an in depth description and analysis of a case or several cases is used to study a phenomenon (Stake, 1995; Yin, 2003; Van Wynsberghe & Khan, 2007; Creswell, 2007). In this study, the writer used the collective case study approach, as two different cases were analyzed to study diaspora relations: the government viewpoint in the cases of Indonesia and Australia.
This research used qualitative approach because the topic and the research questions of this thesis lent themselves to an interpretive perspective, given that the aim was to understand the role of Indonesian diaspora in Australia as an agent development to their homeland. Qualitative research is appropriate to use, among many other occasions, when a researcher needs to explore a phenomenon that has not been explored before among a specific group or population, when the researcher wants to identify variables that can later on be measured or when the researcher wants to hear new or different voices (Creswell, 2007).32
Qualitative research is also used when the researcher needs to investigate present day concerns (Yin, 2003) 33 and when he/she needs “a complex, detailed understanding of the issue. This detail can only be established by talking directly with people, going to their homes or places of work, and allowing them to tell the stories unencumbered by what we expect to find or what we have read in the literature” (Creswell, 2007, p. 40).
32 Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 33 Yin, R.K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
19 Qualitative research was also appropriate for this thesis because it is used when “we want to understand the contexts or settings in which participants in a study address a problem or issue. We cannot separate what people say from the context in which they say it—whether this context is their home, family, or work” (Creswell, 2007, p. 40).
Finally, qualitative research was appropriate in this case because it was a good fit. “We also use qualitative research because quantitative measures and the statistical analyses simply do not fit the problem. Interactions among people, for example, are difficult to capture with existing measures.” (Creswell, 2007, p. 40) Qualitative research, according to Creswell (2007), follows specific procedures, from the conceptualization of the study to the presentation of the final report. 34
II.2. Case Study Methodology
In the case study approach, the researcher tries to understand an issue or problem using one or several cases as specific illustrations (Yin, 2003; Stake, 1995, 2005; Lincoln & Guba, 1985, 1988). The case study approach has a long tradition in disciplines such as psychology, medicine, law, political science, anthropology, sociology, and economics, among others (Creswell, 2007), and it has a “distinguished history” (Creswell, 2007, p. 73). In particular, a collective case study (or multiple case studies) is one where one issue or concern is selected, but different cases are used to illustrate that issue or the different perspectives about the issue (Stake, 1995, 2005).3536
34 Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 35 Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 36 Stake, R.E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp.443-466). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20 Once the researcher identifies the cases, he or she can collect the data through multiple sources of information: observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials (Creswell, 2007; Yin, 2003). The analysis of the data can be holistic (of the entire case) or embedded (of certain aspects of the case) (Yin, 2003; Creswell, 2007). Once the cases are described, the researcher tries to discover themes and analyzes them, “not for generalizing beyond the case, but for understanding the complexity of the case” (Creswell, 2007, p. 75).
In the case of collective case study, a typical approach is “to first provide a detailed description of each case and themes within the case, called a within-case analysis, followed by a thematic analysis across the cases, called a cross-case analysis, as well as assertions or an interpretation of the meaning of the case” (Creswell, 2007, p. 75). Finally, the researcher interprets the results, or the “lessons learned” (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, as cited by Creswell, 2007, p. 75).
II.3. Data Collection Procedures
In collective case study research, the researcher tends to use multiple sources of data, follows an inductive data analysis procedure, incorporates the participants` meanings in the final report, follows an interpretive inquiry, and provides a holistic account of the cases (Creswell, 2007; Yin, 2003). For those reasons, the writer collected information through multiple sources: observations, documents, primary in- depth interviews with key informants, and secondary analysis of third-party interviews. The analyzed documents are written materials from the government in each country (for instance, reports, annual plans, strategic long-term development plans, pieces of legislation, regulations, Congress minutes, news releases, written transcription of speeches, and websites). The observations happened all along the process of data collection.
21 II.4. Number of Interviews
While for phenomenology (Creswell, 2007) and for grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006; Creswell, 2007), there seems to be a higher concern with the number of interviews that should be conducted in a study, in part because the interviews in phenomenology and grounded theory will provide basically all the information for the analysis, in the case study methodology the concern about the number of interviews to conduct does not seem to matter as much, probably because the case study research uses not only the information from the in-depth interviews but also from the documents, the observations, and the audiovisual materials collected and analyzed. The analysis of the in-depth interviews, in case study methodology, is just one part of the equation.
In any case, the writer achieved the critical number of interviews that would help understand the phenomenon in detail and would help publish the research. Currently, the greater competition for publication and the higher expectations of editors and reviewers force researchers to be mindful of the demand for a critical number of observations, despite the method used.
II.5. Data Analysis
As stated before, in a collective case study, once the researcher identifies the cases, he or she can collect the data through multiple sources of information: observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials (Creswell, 2007; Yin, 2003). For this theses, the analysis of the data was holistic (Yin, 2003; Creswell, 2007), meaning that the cases were analyzed as a whole, not just certain aspects of them. Once the information was collected, the writer developed, first, a within-case analysis for each of the two countries.
22 This means that, at first, the writer described each case and defined the themes for each particular case: the ones of Indonesia and Australia. After that, developed the cross-case analysis, in which provided a thematic analysis across the cases: similarities, differences, trends, and contextual variables that could explain those similarities or differences. Finally, the writer followed Lincoln & Guba`s (1985) approach of interpreting the results by describing the lessons learned. At every stage, the writer extensively used verbatim quotes to illustrate the findings in the participants’ own words.
23 CHAPTER III DIASPORA: DEVELOPMENT AND ROLES
In this chapter the writer would like to let the reader know about the development of diaspora starts from the history and development, then the roles of diaspora as an agent of development to their homeland. Nowadays diaspora has become phenomenon, because of their growth in all over the world but the impact that happen because of their existence.
The public and private forums give extra attention to the growth of diaspora from the developing world that could lead to promote development of their homeland. Indeed, the involvement of diaspora in seeking opportunity to develop their homeland significantly increased. When discussing about the contribution of diaspora to development of their homeland, most observers tend to refer to the remittances. While actually besides remittances there is another example the role of diaspora in other sectors.
III.1. Diaspora: History and Development
This term is actually not only used only for Jews, but for all ethnicities. The term “diaspora” (lower case) is used refer to any nation or ethnic population forced or compelled to leave their traditional ethnic homeland; their deployment in various other parts of the world, and because the resulting development and deployment of their culture. Initially, the term “Diaspora” (in capital letters) was used by the Greeks which referred to citizens of a royal city who migrated to the colonies with the intention of colonizing the region and assimilate the kingdom.
24 The origin of the word itself is suspected of the Septuagint version (the translation of Hebrew bible) of Deuteronomy 28:25, “so you are the diaspora (Greek for deployment) for all the kingdoms of the earth”. This term has been used in its modern sense since the late 20th century. 37
Its original meaning is present regardless of its meaning when translated the Old Testament into Greek, and the word "diaspora" is specifically used to the Jewish population of Judea discarded by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, and Jerusalem in 135 AD by the Roman Empire. This term is used alternately to refer to the historical movements of the dispersed ethnic population of Israel, the cultural development of the population, or the population itself.38
Academic field of diaspora studies was formed at the end of the 20th century, in connection with the extension of the meaning of ' diaspora ‘. Jacob Riis, a writer, concluding that the diaspora was formed in the mid 20th century, but in fact the meaning of the new diaspora has been expanded in the late 20th century. 39 The globalization era has led to the exchange in labor demand. Recently, developed country has encountered a decrease in fertility rate and also shifts of industry that has resulted in availability of job vacancy. 40 Meanwhile democratization and development in developed countries has created workforce that is more able and vibrant to migrate to take advantage of this opportunity.41 Governments at both the origin and destination are designing economic policies, independent, bilateral and multilateral, that respond to this shift in global demand for
37 Diaspora meaning and Word story in Dictionary.com (retrieved 17 February 2014) http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/diaspora 38 Ibid 39 The Hebrews: A Learning Module from Washington State University, ©Richard Hooker, reprinted by permission 40 Official website of Migration, Globalization and Poverty, “Global Labor Mobility” (Retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.migrationdrc.org/research/typesofmigration/global_labour_mobili.html 41 Ibid
25 labor. The introduction of H-1B a non immigrant visa in the United States and the 'green card' in Germany is the latest example of a country opening its door to increase the number of non-permanent skilled immigrant. 42
The facts that occurred lead to some countries origin in Asia actively look for labor markets for their diaspora. 43 The evidence is World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), established four Modes of supplying services as follows: cross-border trade, consumption abroad, commercial presence, and presence of natural persons of one WTO member in the territory of another for the purpose of providing service. The target is to make the member countries on track to support mobility of service sector workers.44
Figure III.1. International migrant stock by major area Source: UN.org
42 Official website of Migration, Globalization and Poverty, “Global Labor Mobility” (Retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.migrationdrc.org/research/typesofmigration/global_labour_mobili.html
44 Official website of World Trade Organization, “The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): objectives, coverage and disciplines” ( retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsqa_e.htm
26 Based on chart in Figure III.1 Europe and Asia become the most popular destination for migration, in countries such as Germany, Spain, United Kingdom and France were estimated 31.9 million diaspora lives there. 45 While United States specifically in North America is the third largest of International Migrant stock by major area approximately there are 57.5 million international migrants; about 50 million in North America and 7.5 million in the other sub-regions.46
While Africa is fourth largest of International Migrant Stock by major area, by 2000, 42% of migrants lived in West African countries; 28% in Eastern Africa; 12% in Northern Africa; and 9% in Middle and Southern Africa.47 Through the chart (Figure III.1) the International Migrant in Africa is getting bigger and bigger, so does the other region.
As seen in the Figure III.1 other popular destinations are Asia and Pacific regions, approximately more than half of the world’s population or 3.7 billion people lives there. In 2010, the amount of international migrants in Asia and the Pacific was estimated at 31.5 million48 which represents just less than 15 per cent of the total global figure.49 Australia has succeeded to control the amount of their population through migration; while the amount of migrant workers in Singapore has been reduce from 150.000 workers to 100.000, it makes the company less attractive to
45 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Europe Regional Overview) (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we- work/europa.html 46 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “America Regional Overview) (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we- work/americas.html 47 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Africa and the Middle East) (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we- work/africa-and-the-middle-east.html 48 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Age and Sex (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2011) 49 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Asia and the pacific regional overview (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where- we-work/asia-and-the-pacific.html
27 import labor.50
The increases of major labor migration will influence the region markets and facilitates the flow of remittances, trade and investment between the country origin and host country. Even when the global economy in developing country tends to move slowly, the flow of remittances to Southeast Asia will remain stable and healthy.51 The flow of labor migration often from the lower income countries such as India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam, to locations which propose higher wage opportunities such as Japan, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, China, and Singapore still go on.52
In this world, the diaspora is dominated by China, India and Irish. China has about 50 million overseas Chinese, while the Indian diaspora includes 27 million people around the world. Indian diaspora represents real face of India, including its people, territory, and the values of cultural diversity. Indian people have lived and worked abroad for many centuries, and contribute positively to society and the economy of the occupied territories.53
The Indian diaspora can be traced since the ancient era, through the cultural exchange between the people of India with the rest of the world. Starting with religious leaders and monks who spread knowledge, peace and love of neighbor, the other Indian people spread throughout the world seeking economic opportunities and
50 Oi, Mariko. “Singapore’s tough balancing act on immigration” Asia Business Report, BBC World (27 August 2010) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11100813 50 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Asia and the pacific regional overview (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where- we-work/asia-and-the-pacific.html 51 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Asia and the pacific regional overview (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where- we-work/asia-and-the-pacific.html 52 Ibid 53 ”Mapping Migration”, The Economist Online (17 November 2011) http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/11/diasporas
28 trade. The success of the Indian diaspora today is very prominent, and reportedly it is also driven by the spirit of hard-working people, their favorite Indian dishes, world famous Bollywood entertainment and the Internet.54
Nowadays lot of Indian population lived in more than 60 countries around the world. Nepal, United States and Myanmar respectively occupied more than 3 million citizens of India.55 Then Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates which has over 2 million people of Indian descent. While in United Kingdom, South Africa and Canada the Indian population are 1 million. 56
Figure III.2 Chinese and Indian Diaspora Mapping Source: The Economist online
54 “Diaspora India: Kekuatan Etnis untuk Membangun Bangsa” (Beritasatu.com, 17 July 2013) http://www.beritasatu.com/asia/126450-diaspora-india-kekuatan-etnis-untuk-membangun- bangsa-1.html 55 Ibid 56 “Diaspora India: Kekuatan Etnis untuk Membangun Bangsa” (Beritasatu.com, 17 July 2013) http://www.beritasatu.com/asia/126450-diaspora-india-kekuatan-etnis-untuk-membangun- bangsa-1.html
29 The Chinese and Indians diaspora has become the largest diaspora population in the world, it makes that China and India has their own agent all over the world, it will makes easy for them to control and supervise their diaspora.
III.2. Roles of Diaspora: Agent of Development to Their Homeland
The potential of diaspora in development have been realized by scholars include the diaspora communities itself, how diaspora can be effectively contribute to the development of their homeland. The potential of diaspora as entrepreneurship, business development in their homeland, efficiency of remittances in order to have better engagement with diaspora as the agent of development.
The government can remove the obstacles and make opportunities that diaspora faced in engaging economic development by recognizing where and who they are. Also the government can build solid relationships with their diaspora partners and smooth the progress of their involvement, strengthen their sense of belonging, and build institutions to engage diaspora.
III.2.1. Human Capital
The term “skill flow” refers to the movement of skilled workers (both temporary and permanent) and the movement of unskilled people to acquire skills abroad. Skill flow benefits countries of origin in many ways. Yet, if migrants decide not come back to their homeland, they will do other actions such as transfer money to their family, skills, technology and any ideas. It will lead to investments on education that will expand their quality of life.
In many countries diaspora can be proceed as a brain trust, important components to connect with public and private sectors as an expert to welcome
30 highly skilled emigrants from all over the world. The skilled migrant will have the initiative to come back to their homeland not only to teach the people but also to train the unskilled people or known as skills and knowledge-transfers. There are obstacles to make this initiative come true, high cost and also it is so hard for the professionals to leave their regular jobs in periods of time. However some professionals still try to prevent those obstacles in any way to keep contributing to their homeland.
Figure III.3 Taiwanese government engage their diaspora Source: Migration Policy Institute
The writer chooses Taiwanese Government who engages their diaspora to support Taiwan human capital. As we can see from figure III.3 above Taiwanese government effort to make a success Taiwanese diaspora back to Taiwan then transfer knowledge and skills to others.
31 III.2.2. Social Capital
Current studies show that the use of internet not only to shape community inside the state but also it can make cross border or transnational connections, for example is Iranian diaspora where they use the Internet to connected with outside world. Information and Communication Technology or ICT, especially the Internet, has created a new dimension in the ways that social realities are being constructed and negotiated. There are three terms that we must understand before, namely:
- Information: results of the processed data and explain something as well as useful for those who know.57
- Communications: sending and receiving messages or news between two or more parties, so that the message is understood.58
- Technology: the ability of the technique based on the knowledge of the exact sciences is based on the technical process.59
The Important factor is the transnational networks, this factor can determine the position of diaspora groups. In spite of this diversity, technologies such as the Internet and the World Wide Web, multimedia communication, and cyberspace modify the nature of interpersonal relations and communication. 60 The using of network can establish economic transaction as well as knowledge exchange, because
57 The understanding of ICT (Retrieved 27 February 2013) http://www.mpict.org/ict_education_defined_importance.html 58 Ibid 59 Ibid 60 Abbate, J. (1999) Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; DiMaggio, P., E. Hargittai, W.R. Neuman and J.P. Robinson (2001) ‘Social Implications of the Internet’, Annual Review of Sociology 27: 307–36.
32 network can ties the economic action between the economic itself and social structures.
It is possible that internet can make the relations growing stronger through electronic technologies, they do not even need to go face to face to get certain information either public or private information. The relations can also become effective when it results and provide alternative solutions to problems of knowledge exchange. Therefore a network of people with shared interests is built to ease knowledge transfer.
There are very important actors that can construct bridge from the one place to another place regarding with networking or known as brokers, or network entrepreneurs. On his article Kilduff and Corley explain the diaspora effect, and show that in many ways diaspora will always have influences and important role in their country of origin. 61 The diaspora effect will always remain in every activities such as when diaspora groups keep in touch with their friends or relatives back home, which mean there is possibility that they will create new communities and communicate their new cultural.62
There are an estimated 20 million Indians living abroad and the majority of today’s skilled migrants from India have backgrounds in engineering or computer applications. The majority of earlier studies on skilled migration from India adopted a simplified cost-benefit approach by trying to estimate the cost of brain drain plus public expenditure in higher education to migrants versus the remittances of those migrants and their financial savings that were coming back to India. 63
61 Kilduff, M. and K.G. Corley (1999) ‘The Diaspora Effect: The Influence of Exiles on Their Cultures of Origin’, M@n@gement 2(1): 1–12 62 Ibid 63 Charest, Eric. (2007) “Using the Social Capital of National Abroad as a Strategy for Development in The IT Sector” International Institute for Labor Studies Geneva.
33
In 1998, 34,000 Indian students and 30,000 Indian professionals went to the U.S. A high proportion of these migrants went to the Silicon Valley where the Indian community is considered to be very successful and well integrated – the fact that Indians speak English is probably an asset for the integration of this community. Indian professionals in the Silicon Valley started to institutionalize their social networks in the 1990s mostly through the formation of two well-known associations: The Indus Entrepreneur (TiE) and the Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association (SIPA). 64
The Indian diaspora’s success in the Silicon Valley has influenced how the world views India; the success of several individuals in high-profile firms had an important “reputational spillover” effect somehow enhancing the reputation of India as a whole. As Indian professionals gained seniority in U.S. corporations, as predicted by social capital theory, they became instrumental in convincing senior management to establish operations in India in order to take advantage of the wage differential. 65
In fact, senior Indian engineers in the U.S. were among the first to outsource software services to India. Again, we can see how the reputation of some individuals in high-profile positions can help in the enhancement of the reputation of the community as a whole – the construction of a reputation of quality for its human capital, as a source of social capital, seems to have played an important role in the development of the IT sector in India. The relation between migration and development is obvious in this case. 66
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- inst/documents/publication/wcms_193519.pdf 64 Ibid 65 Ibid 66 Charest, Eric. (2007) “Using the Social Capital of National Abroad as a Strategy for Development in The IT Sector” International Institute for Labor Studies Geneva.
34 By the late 1990s, India’s reputation as a supplier of software talent was well- established and a large proportion of American corporations were subcontracting programming to Indian suppliers. Most large Silicon Valley companies nowhave their own development laboratories in India. Concretely, networks of skilled Indian have contributed to the growth of the IT sector in India through investments but also by “selling” India as a safe destination for investments to foreign investors, by bringing in projects, facilitating the outsourcing of services to Indian companies, by helping to link their contacts to overseas clients, etc. 67
There are more than 750 technology firms in the Silicon Valley that are run by Indians and many of these firms are members of the Indian networks. At the core of the networks, we find a group of Indian investors who got very wealthy by starting companies in the U.S. and who are trying to influence the Indian government to put in place a more attractive context for returning entrepreneurship. This kind of lobby made by Indians abroad can be considered helpful because it permits the transfer of concrete information to the government which is coming directly from the investors circles .68
Indian networks in the Silicon Valley also played an important role in linking the Silicon Valley to India but mainly through a group of Indian investors who earned their wealth in America and decided to become venture capitalists: these individuals invested large amount of money in India which sent a powerful message to the investor community about the technological capacities of India. These financial transfers that were put in motion by a few Indian venture capitalists helped
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- inst/documents/publication/wcms_193519.pdf 67 Ibid 68 Ibid
35 to develop the level of trust as well as the reputation of India which contributed to creating a new entrepreneurial culture in India. 69
III.2.3. Economic Capital
“Modern diasporas are ethnic minority groups of migrant origins residing and acting in host countries but maintaining strong sentimental and material links with their countries of origin—their homelands.”70
There are many governments and organizations that have established programs to not only to encourage but also to persuade diaspora and their descendents to invest in their homeland. Usually the programs are initiated and funded by government and the public private partnership will run the programs. Those organizations will create and maintain activities in some categories such as networking, investment, venture capital, mentoring and strategic partnerships.
There is some research that has been done in exploring the contribution of diaspora entrepreneurs to develop their country of origin, the diaspora entrepreneurs play an important role in develop their homeland by doing direct investment. If succeeded they believe that diaspora entrepreneurship will build business development in job creation, innovation, competition and creation of networking between transnational people. They can utilize social capital in host country while it will create new opportunities for economic, social and political capital sharing through the creation of global network entrepreneur activities.
69 Charest, Eric. (2007) “Using the Social Capital of National Abroad as a Strategy for Development in The IT Sector” International Institute for Labor Studies Geneva. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- inst/documents/publication/wcms_193519.pdf 70 G. Sheffer, “A New Field of Study: Modern Diasporas in International Politics,” in G. Sheffer, ed., Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p.3. , Quoted in Khalid Koser, “New African Diasporas: An Introduction,” in Khalid Koser, ed., New African Diasporas (London: Routledge, 2003), p.5.
36
The skilled individual will create a huge economic opportunity and positive impact on economic development of their country of origin and it will grow into profits for businesses and their countries. The unskilled individuals who have good business ability will also get the advantage of open market.
As an example diaspora from several countries such as China, India, Ireland and Israel shows their role in developing knowledge based sectors that has been recognized. Those diaspora provide capital and connection to trade networks and already facilitated with technology, knowledge transfer, also become pioneer to boost economic developments of their homeland.
The growth of countries level of economic is just a matter for investors, because they will look for country that has good governance including low corruption and public institution that are well-functioning.71 The World Bank Group carries out the Doing Business (DB) Project since 2003 to provide a quantitative measure of the small and medium-size company’s business regulation environment.72 Based on the “Doing Business Project”, good governance is linked to high amount of business opportunity. In addition, supporting policies, tax incentives and special privileges has offered by government in order to catch attention from diaspora entrepreneurs to invest in their homeland.73
For some diaspora they often live in a single culture from their country of origin. When they live in another country, they will learn a new dominant business culture and perception. As results the differences that occurred will solved and there
71 G. Sheffer, “A New Field of Study: Modern Diasporas in International Politics,” in G. Sheffer, ed., Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p.3. , Quoted in Khalid Koser, “New African Diasporas: An Introduction,” in Khalid Koser, ed., New African Diasporas (London: Routledge, 2003), p.5. 72 Ibid 73 Ibid
37 are possibilities that they will contribute some valuable things. In countries from Indian to Nigeria have set up an events to celebrate the undertakings action and contribution of diaspora entrepreneurs. China for instance has established diaspora entrepreneurs pillar called “One Thousand Talents” as part of their medium and talent development plan.74
Indirectly the networking organization encourage diaspora entrepreneurship by offering opportunities in economic transaction between diaspora, local business leaders and professional to know each other directly or using technology to discuss the possibility of potential business and invest in the country of origin. Some of those organizations worked together by arranging meetings between locals and members of diaspora, while others will introduce and build relation between diaspora business leaders itself to advance partnerships and opportunities in countries of origin.
- Trade
Evidence of strong correlations between the presence of a diaspora residing in a country and trade ties to the country of that diaspora’s origin have slowly accumulated.75 In period 1980 until 1992 Canada had trade relations with 136 partner countries and it shows that the amount of people who migrated was 10 %, follows by 1% increase in exports to that country, and a 3% increase in imports from it.76
There are strong relations between the existence of diaspora and increased trade, the similar studies of United Kingdom and 48 trading partners and for United
74 G. Sheffer, “A New Field of Study: Modern Diasporas in International Politics,” in G. Sheffer, ed., Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p.3. , Quoted in Khalid Koser, “New African Diasporas: An Introduction,” in Khalid Koser, ed., New African Diasporas (London: Routledge, 2003), p.5. 75See Sonia Plaza, “Diaspora Policies,” in International Handbook on the Economics of Migration,eds. Amelie Constant and Klaus Zimmermann (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2013). 76Keith Head and John Ries, “Immigration and trade creation: Econometric evidence from Canada,” Canadian Journal ofEconomics 31, no. 1 (1998): 47-62.
38 States of America who sell their products to other 28 countries of origin.77 The fact is overseas people tend to consume the products of their homeland and introduce those products to the host country, for example El Salvador. According to Manual Erozco diaspora in El Salvador obtain traditional products reach 10% from the country’s total exports.78 - Investment
In terms of investment diaspora’s have dual roles that benefited the country through investing directly to their country of origin and indirectly encourages non- diaspora investor to invest as well in the diaspora’s country. Based from the study by World Bank on 2011, numbers of stock of the African migrants in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) toward investment from these countries into the countries of origin from the migrants shown a firm indication that the migrant’s network could boost both direct and portfolio investment.79
The role of diaspora is significant toward the economy sector, particularly to obtain the confidence from foreign investors, especially those countries that under the post-war condition. In Somalia itself despite of the unknown numbers, majority of the investment is indicated from the Somalia’s diaspora. The spread of diaspora frequently help to increase the countries of origin reputation whoch gives investors more confidence regarding the labor force’s quality and business climate in certain
77Sourafel Girma Yu, “The Link between Immigration and Trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom,” Review of World Economics 138, no. 1 (2002): 115-30; Catherine Co, Patricia Euzent, and Thomas Martin, “The Export Effect of Immigration into the USA,” Applied Economics 36, no. 6 (2004): 573-83.
78David Leblang, “Another Link in the Chain: Migrant Networks and International Investment,” in Diaspora for Development in Africa, eds. Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDECPROSPECTS/Resources/476882- 1157133580628/DfD_FullReport.pdf 79David Leblang, “Another Link in the Chain: Migrant Networks and International Investment,” in Diaspora for Development in Africa, eds. Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDECPROSPECTS/Resources/476882- 1157133580628/DfD_FullReport.pdf
39 country. In addition, diaspora who has higher position in certain companies abroad has indirect influences toward the foreign investment to the country that are more familiar to them in terms of language, culture, and business networks. For instance, in the case of Citigroup, large numbers of Indian-origin senior executives has contributed to ease Citigorup’s progress to become one of the two largest foreign banks in India.
Within any diaspora in the world, the numbers of individual that have inclination, skills, and knowledge to become direct investors in the country of origin is only minority. However the others are most likely willing to become indirect investors by investing numbers of their savings in trusted financial instruments through the purchase of shares in fund, bond, or deposits number of funds into bank that operate in country of origin. For instance, Senegal that has established an investment fund for Senegalese, which has contributed to fund 804 projects worth 20 billion CFA francs (US$40 million).80 The same measure has also considered by other African country, Liberia to boost its economic development. In other case Non- resident Indian (NRI) deposit accounts have brought substantial funds into India — over US$40 billion by the end of 2008; amounting to between one-sixth and one- third of the country’s external debt.81
- Remittances One of the benefit that diaspora provide is the direct contribution to alleviate the poverty through remittances from diaspora abroad. This case could be understandable as most of the remittances sent by the diaspora toward their family is usually used to fulfill the basic needs include food, shelter, education, and health
80Statement of Seynabou Gayé, Minister-Delegate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Senegalese Abroad, at the Diaspora Ministerial Conference convened by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland, June 18-19, 2013. 81Devesh Kapur, Diaspora Development and Democracy: The Domestic Impact of International Migration from India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010): 108.
40 services. However the contribution from the remittances are not seen as able to utilize as the “productive” investment as it misses the point that poor households most likely tend to spend on the basic needs, which in short represent an investment in human capital, including consumption, moreover spending on basic needs provides extent of effect in the community.
In addition there are also positive spillover effects with the expenditures and investments made by remittance-receiving households to entire communities. Unlike other monetary flows, as remittances are countercyclical, family members that are diaspora abroad are most likely still motivated in providing despite the hard time, although they are also in a severe economic condition as well. In this matter, remittances in form of insurance could help families and communities against the unexpected situations.
Since 2009, the World Bank has revised its analysis regarding how to certain country could carry at various level of risk to include remittances, so that countries with high remittances inflows might get higher loan.82 As migration can have both positive and negative impact to economic, social, and cultural matters for country of origin. Remittances on the other hand are the most tangible and least contentious link between migration and development. Therefore the policy makers could maximize the positive impact of remittance by making it more efficient and more productive for both individual and the country of origin. Migrants pay transaction costs, on average of 9% of the amount they remit also since 2009.83
82The World Bank, “Migration and Development Brief 20” (World Bank Development Prospects Group, Migration and Remittances Unit, April 19, 2013), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/3349341288990760745/MigrationDe velopmentBrief20.pdf 83The World Bank, “Remittance Prices Worldwide” (Issue no. 5, World Bank Payment Systems Development Group, March 2013),http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/RemittancePriceWorldwide-Analysis- Mar2013.pdf.
41
III.2.4. Cultural Capital
Nowadays in the era of rapid mobility, the world feels more cramped and time goes by so fast. Globalization has made the current exchange or travel information, people, goods, money, technology, culture, and language from one place to another more quickly and intensely. Currently almost no one else in the world is sterile from other cultures and this eventually forms a global culture. Need of each other, and the interplay of cultural borrowing is a very natural process for the formation of a new culture.
Actually diaspora also contribute in promoting their country of origin in the host country, it is related with the role of diaspora as social capital. Because when a person of some country decides to migrate and stay in other country, they will also bring the origin culture to the new country. Diaspora is a component that can be the motor of development of the nation through a network of some country citizens residing abroad. The definition of diaspora itself in simple language is the transfer and distribution of people who came out of the archipelago to wander.
The scope diapora covers a very wide variety of things such as the people who are outside the country, both bloody and spirited and cultured of the origin country despite having legal status, field of employment, ethnic backgrounds and different tribals both indigenous and non-natives. The cultural capital will be known as the effort that diaspora do to promote and to introduce not only to culture but including language, art, food, dance, etc.
42 CHAPTER IV THE ROLE OF INDONESIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA TO INDONESIA
In this chapter the writer will explain about the role of Indonesia diaspora in Australia as an agent of development to their homeland. Since the writer choose Indonesian diaspora in Australia, it begins with the explanation about the history of Indonesian diaspora in Australia that exist long time ago. The explanation continued with the amount of Indonesian diaspora in Australia. After that the writer will don deeper analysis to the role of Indonesian diaspora by example of real event.
IV.1. History of Indonesian Diaspora in Australia
Links between Indonesia and Australia existed before European settlement 84 starts from 1700s possibly earlier and before white settlement of Australia, it begins when the fishermen from Makassar established trading contact by constructed trepang (sea slug) outdoor factories for Chinese market with villager communities in northern Australia.85
Figure IV.1 Macassans at Victoria, Port Essington 1845
84 Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship 85 History of Immigration from Indonesia http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=27
43 From the 1870s in Northern Australia Indonesians were hired to work in the pearling and sugar cane industries, approximately 1,000 people were stay in Queensland and Western Australia.86 In earlier 19th century when the White Australia Policy introduced in 1901, many workers come back to Indonesia even though there are some workers (pearl divers) who choose to stay.87
The migrations meet the obstacle when there is White Australia Policy. The White Australia Policy describes Australia's previous approach to immigration which favored applicants from certain countries in 1901. Under “White Australia” only Europeans, and then mainly northern Europeans, could immigrate to Australia. The main method prescribed by the legislation for the administration of the White Australia Policy was a dictation test of fifty words in length. If a person failed the test, they were refused entry into Australia or, if they were already here, imprisoned for 6 months and generally ordered to leave.88
The relations with Australia develop when World War II and when Indonesian people struggle for independence in 1949 because many Indonesian nationalist were based in Melbourne. Not stop at that occasion under the Colombo plan or in early 1950s Indonesian students become temporary residents in Australia and the Indonesia-born community of Victoria reaches 1,279 people in 1961. It is a huge number of Dutch Indonesians who had been forced out of Indonesia after World War II. When that policy ends in the 1973 the number of Indonesian people who arrived in Australia has increased. The communities of Indonesian people four times increased become 12,128 people between 1986 until 1996. A lot of the new arrivals are Indonesian students on temporary visa, family reunion or skilled migration
86 History of Immigration from Indonesia http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=27 87 Ibid 88 “White Australia Policy” (26 November 2004) http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/hotwords/unpack/White.Australia.Policy
44 programs. It continues until 20th century when Indonesian people come to Australia for any purposes reach almost 400 people in 2001-2002 (see figure IV.3), which means that the migration scheme never ends between Australia and Indonesia.
Then in earlier 21st century it leads to the first Congress Indonesian diaspora (CID) in Los Angeles on 2012 and as the results of their agenda they created diaspora independent network called Indonesia Diaspora Network (IDN) Australia. They have following some charter as the results of the first CID such as: IDN is not an umbrella of grassroots diaspora organization, but it is an independent network that will further help to empower and voice community members.89
IDN will have local and national network where Indonesian diaspora will be the ambassador that will spread the spirit of Indonesian diaspora and ensure passage of the follow-up on the first congress of Indonesian diaspora90.
IDN is expected to be an effective interlocutor in collaboration with government and non-government sector and between fellow diasporas in various programs.91
IDN as an amplifier will help advocate the empowerment of the diaspora and play an active role in Indonesia development.92
89 Official website of Indonesian Diaspora Network Australia: http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/what-s-idn 90 Ibid 91 Ibid 92 Ibid
45 IDN as an enabler will identify the possible formation of IDN task force to address the priority area that have been recommended as a result Congress of Indonesian Diaspora.93
To facilitate a variety of philanthropic activities, IDN will establish foundation to run the program identified in Congress of Indonesian Diaspora.94
The charter really shows that Indonesia Diaspora Network (IDN) charter will influence the movement of the IDN itself. All charter is going to one destination that is contribution to Indonesian development.
IV.2. The Amount of Indonesian Diaspora in Australia
Year by year the amount of Indonesian diaspora in Australia increased, not only for holiday but many Indonesian people choose Australia as their study destination and as place for living. As evidence we can see the estimate the size of the Indonesian diaspora by two sources below. From the Australian Population Census 2011 data Muhidin and Pardosi (2012) trying to predict the amount of Indonesian diaspora by using three variables: persons speaking Bahasa Indonesia at home, persons nominating Indonesia as an ancestry, and persons born in Indonesia (referring to figure IV.3).95 By combining the three variables, they estimated that the Indonesian diaspora in Australia is about 87,807 persons.
93 Official website of Indonesian Diaspora Network Australia: http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/what-s-idn 94 Ibid 95 Muhidin, Salut., & Utomo, Arie (December 2013). “How Many overseas Indonesians are there?” Discussion Paper Series No.1/2013. http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/home
46
Figure IV.2 Estimated numbers of the Indonesian diaspora in Australia Source: Muhidin and Pardosi (2012)
While according to Australian Bureau of Statistics about overseas arrivals from Indonesia to Australia from January 1991 until December 2013 shows that many Indonesian people choose Australia as their one of top destination.
Figure IV.3 Graphic of Indonesian diaspora in Australia Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
47 If we see from the figure IV.3 the amount of Indonesian people who arrived in Australia reach the highest amount around 2002. After that, the amounts more stable in range 100-200 peoples.
Figure IV.4 Statement from Australian government about Indonesian people Source: Kompas.com
The writer cannot classify what kind of job that they do because there are no sufficient data who stated their amount in every job such as scientist, student, teacher and businessman.
IV.3. Diaspora role on development in their homeland
We can’t deny anymore that transnational is an important asset for developing countries, they helps economic growth increased not only by sending remittances but also in skill & knowledge transfers, trade and even investment. It allows the circulation of several kinds of capitals between two or more societies and countries. Based on IOM research Remittances and investment not only represent economic growth, there are other aspects that can advantage the homeland country and also the host country, see figure IV.4 there are five sectors contribute by diaspora to Indonesian developments.
48
Human capital
Cultural Social capital capital
Indonesia Development
Economic Political capital capital
Figure IV.5 The role of diaspora to Indonesia
Based on Figure IV.5 the writer is trying to define the role of Indonesian diaspora in Australia. The writer used example of real event to make the reader easily understand
IV.3.1. Human capital
The human capital is equal to human resources, they are the important key player who contributes to the economy of the country where they live, but also have significant potential regarding not only skill and knowledge transfers but also strengthening human capital in order to support the development of their country origin.
To support that intention, Indonesia already work one step ahead when the first Congress of Indonesian Diaspora (CID) held in Los Angeles by established Indonesian Diaspora Foundation (IDF) the community that based on non-profit
49 organization that empowering Indonesian diaspora. IDF itself become the initiatives for the quality of diaspora in humanitarian efforts and philanthropic activities.96
Even though the organization based on United States, they serve Indonesian diaspora communities globally. Every board members or officers do not get any compensation in any forms for their contribution and dedication to IDF, they volunteer themselves to reach the IDF vision and mission:97
Envisions a greater role for Indonesian diaspora communities worldwide to make a real positive impact socially and economically, not only for the communities they currently live in, but also for Indonesia, for each other, and for the world. 98 IDF seeks to help Indonesian diaspora around the world to achieve what they aspire to be - a confident community with local and global impacts.99 IDF’s mission focuses on three key areas100: 1. To help empower Indonesian diaspora worldwide 2. To help strengthen the Indonesian education system 3. To provide humanitarian assistance as necessary.
To support the vision and mission of IDF, they cooperate with International Association of Indonesian Scholars Association (I-4) and the International Indonesian Student Radio (Radio PPI dunia).
96 Official website about Indonesian Diaspora Foundation https://www.indonesiandiasporafoundation.org/read-idf--indonesian-diaspora- foundation.html retrieved on 21 February 2014. 97 Ibid 98 Official website about Indonesian Diaspora Foundation https://www.indonesiandiasporafoundation.org/read-idf--indonesian-diaspora- foundation.html retrieved on 21 February 2014. 99 Ibid 100 Official website about Indonesian Diaspora Foundation https://www.indonesiandiasporafoundation.org/read-idf--indonesian-diaspora- foundation.html retrieved on 21 February 2014.
50 “IDF and I are honored for the opportunity to work with I-4 and Radio PPI to empower and advance young Indonesian leaders globally,” said Lontoh. “With rapid global growth and expansion, this is a pivotal time for Indonesian diaspora worldwide to work together in developing a strong bench of young leaders who can take their societies to new heights.”101
The statement by IDF Chairman Sonita Lontoh (above) shows that the cooperation will lead to the new level of relations of Indonesian diaspora. For example they make Indonesia Human Development Summit under the theme “Building Globally Competent Professionals with Indonesian Value and Identity”. The objectives of this summit already clear to ensure that Indonesian professional will be globally competitive while keep maintain their national culture.
For Indonesian diaspora in Australia the writer choose Iwan Sunito as an example of the impact of Indonesian diaspora in Australia to their homeland. Iwan Sunito owned Crown International Holdings Group a leading property group that active in property development, investment and management. After success in Australia he came back to Indonesia and he opens a branch in Indonesia..
Actually by open branches in Indonesia skill and transfer knowledge are happening, Indonesian investor can know the climate of investment in Australia starts with the regulations, the obligation and also how to invest. As a continuation he also distributes Laptop for his former teacher back in Kalimantan.102 It proves that
101 “Indonesian Diaspora Foundation Educates Young Global Leaders on 21st Century Smart Technology Transformation” Silicon Valley, California (PRWEB) March 27, 2013. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/12/prweb11390293.htm 102 Simorangkir, Roria. “Iwan Sunito: Pulang Kampung untuk Membangun Indonesia” (7 December 2013) http://www.ideaonline.co.id/iDEA2013/Berita/Kegiatan-Komunitas/Iwan- Sunito-Pulang-Kampung-untuk-Membangun-Indonesia
51 wherever they go whatever they do, they will always remember and help their country origin.
According to Iwan, a huge business or succeed are not the only objectives, but it just tools to reach final objectives.
“My final goal is to be a blessing, “Blessed to Bless”. I want my business be a bridge to achieve that goal”103
Based on what he said, he train hundreds Indonesian college students in Australia to have sense of business. He build B to B program or blessed to Bless program. The college student was given opportunity and challenges to build their dream business. They start from small business such as Music performance also donation project with supervise from Iwan Sunito. 104
Another movement that he and his team works in B2b is change the area to develop in international community, Iwan Sunito have a dream to mentoring results million professional teenager to become spiritual leader and market place leaders.105
“I am on the process of visualizing principles I have into videos and audios that are accessible nanywhere anytime”106
103 Febyanti, Fanny. “Iwan Sunito, Berjaya di negeri koala” (Tuesday, 13 September 2011) http://www.investor.co.id/home/iwan-sunito-berjaya-di-negeri-koala/19791 104 Ibid 105 Ibid 106 Febyanti, Fanny. “Iwan Sunito, Berjaya di negeri koala” (Tuesday, 13 September 2011) http://www.investor.co.id/home/iwan-sunito-berjaya-di-negeri-koala/19791
52 His efforts and contribution to Indonesia will help and will make a positive impact to Indonesia and also Australia. Iwan Sunito becomes great example of Indonesian diaspora in Australia who succeeded build strong relations between two related countries.
Figure IV.6 The action plan of Indonesian diaspora in Western Australia Source: IDN WA Plans
Based on figure IV.6 above the writer arguments that not only Indonesian diaspora as personal who willing to support the quality of Indonesian people, but also Indonesian diaspora in Western Australia as community commit to improve and transfer knowledge to other Indonesian people. They create programs that can help to improve the skills of Indonesian diaspora itself, such as sharing session with Indonesian college students, exchange the information through forty five registered Indonesian communities in Western Australia.107
107 Official document of Indonesian diaspora Western Australia (retrieved 8 April 2014)
53 IV.3.2. Social capital
The social capital represents the continuation network that Transnational and/or diaspora maintain with their homeland but also with other diaspora in other countries. The first and the second Congress of Indonesian Diaspora (CID) determine the development and the relations between Indonesia and their diaspora. Because before the congress was held, diaspora term itself barely unknown or used to be known as Kegiatan Masyarakat Indonesia, according to Dr. Pribadi Sutiono, Vice Head of Indonesian diaspora desk, actually diaspora already exist when Indonesian people going abroad.108
So when the former US ambassador Mr. Dino Patti Djalal initiated the first Congress of Indonesian diaspora in Los Angeles, many Indonesian people feel excited and enthusiast. We can see from the participants that participate in the first and second Congress of Indonesian Diaspora. Indonesian Diaspora Network (IDN) Australia really helps to maintain the relationship among diaspora in Australia and also with Indonesian government. As the writer told before, the existence of IDN is the results from the first Congress of Indonesian Diaspora.
To answer the establishment of Congress of Indonesian Diaspora, Indonesia Diaspora Network and other diaspora organization, the Indonesian Government established diaspora desk under Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Diaspora desk becomes the mediator of Indonesian diaspora and government Indonesia. The desk will help and support any Indonesian diaspora from all over the world.
Functionally, Diaspora Desk facilitates the diaspora in implementing their programs and coordinates with related ministries or institutions to help them with.
108 Sutiono, Pribadi (November 27, 3013). Personal Interview at Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
54 This far, the most apparent facilitation is the conduct of CID. Through CID, diaspora can “report” what they have done and what they need more from the government and from the diaspora themselves. Through CID too, the government –certain ministries and institutions can ask the diaspora on what they need them to help.
As a body that bridges millions of diaspora, it is indeed not as big as what India and China have had but it is still a good start of Indonesian engagement towards its diaspora. According to the writer’s interview with Dr. Pribadi Sutiono, Vice Head of Indonesian Diaspora Desk, Indonesian Diaspora Desk is in the agenda to be developed as a bigger unit or body to further expand the capacity as a bridging body between Indonesia and the diaspora109.
Figure IV.7 IDN Australia Chapters & PICs Source: Official website of Indonesian Diaspora Network
Every IDN have their own Chapters or we can say territorial and in every territorial they have PICs. Referring to Figure IV.7 IDN Australia consist of 9
109 Sutiono, Pribadi (November 27, 3013). Personal Interview at Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
55 chapters or territorial including their PICs that will make easier to reach and engage Indonesian diaspora there. IDN Australia also helps the Indonesian government to improve relationship not only with Australia but also with Indonesian diaspora. It becomes non-profit organization that will spread any information from the government to their diaspora and from diaspora to government.
Figure IV.8 Indonesia as Global Leader in Social Media Source: Indonesia Country strategy (PDF) by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Based on figure IV.8 Indonesia people has been categorized as the active social media user if compared to Australia, because 44% Indonesian people categorized as young and dynamic people (under age 25)110 who often to use social media it makes the relations between Indonesia and Australia become borderless connection.
Figure IV.9 Facebook page of IDN Australia Source: IDN Australia Facebook
110 Indonesia Country strategy (PDF) by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
56
To support previous statement, As we can see that the amount of people who liked Indonesian Diaspora Network in Australia reach 5,241 people and more than 100 people are Australian people. Which mean that there are Australian people who interest with Indonesia and their diapora.
IV.3.3. Economic capital
We can determine economic capital not only by remittances and savings, but also by transnational trade and investment. As an asset for the economies of the various countries that transnational communities are connected with, and for development to their homeland itself.
On the previous chapter the writer already explain about the role of diaspora as an agent of development specifically on develop the economic growth not only by remittances but also by trade and investment. Now the writer will more focus in explaining each point and give relevant evidence to support the argument.
i. Remittances
As we all know the factors that pushed Indonesian people to do International migration are Unemployment and poverty, infrastructure, a complicated regulatory environment, and regional inequality.111 Now Indonesia become the second largest migrant workers in South East Asia behind Philippines, since on 2008 the number of migrant workers reach 748,825.112 The majority of Indonesian migrant workers is women (79%) and employed in Asia (59%) and in the Middle East (41%).113
111 “International Migration and Migrant Workers Remittances in Indonesia” established by IOM (retrieved on 22 February 2014) 112 Ibid 113 Ibid
57
Figure IV.10 Indonesian Migrant workers Source: BNP2TKI As we can see from the figure IV.10 Indonesian migrant workers in Australia only rank 28, behind to their neighborhood country such as New Zealand (rank 25) and Fiji (rank 26).
600
500
400 New Zealand 300 Fiji
200 Australia
100
0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure IV.11 Comparison Indonesian Migrant Workers
58 Since the number of Indonesian migrant workers increased, remittances to Indonesia have also increased example in 2009 Indonesia got USD 6.6 billion from remittances.114
Figure IV.12 Migrant Remittances 2012
The amount of remittance increased in 2012 with totals USD 7.2 billion. It proves that remittances still become the biggest income to Indonesia, however even though the amount of workers in Australia only 895 people, they still give big contribution with sending remittances and those effort give big impact to their country of origin.
ii. Trade & Investment
Trade and investment that happen between Indonesia and Australia already existed since long time ago. As the reader can read on the history page, Indonesian people do trade with Australian to fulfilled Chinese market. At that time they trade tripang (sea slug). For the facts please see figure IV.13 below.
114 “International Migration and Migrant Workers Remittances in Indonesia” established by IOM (retrieved on 22 February 2014)
59
Figure IV.13 Indonesian Facts Source: Indonesia Country strategy (PDF) by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Based on that fact, Indonesia is a rising regional power and an emerging global player with its similarity of geographic to Australia which make Indonesia is the important strategic partner in Asia.115
Globalization has led to modern Indonesia which have growing economy, dynamic population and social media culture. 116 For Australia the country’s economic future really matters, because it will determine their relations and partnership. Australia was looking for a stable, democratic and prosperous such as Indonesia as their interests.117
The growth of Indonesia’s annual GDP shows increasingly more than 6% between 2013 and 2025, which led to consuming class with the demand for consumer goods and services.118
115 Indonesia Country strategy (PDF) by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 116 Ibid 117 Ibid 118 Ibid
60 “Indonesia is critically important to Australia. Its growing economy and population also make it a natural geopolitical leader within Southeast Asia.”119
Indonesia and Australia already have an agreement in trade called ASEAN- Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) which will increase number of trade and investment that happen between Indonesia and Australia.120
Then business relations that happen between Indonesia and Australia were supported by Indonesian Diaspora Network (IDN) Australia itself. As seen in IDN Australia website we can see the news that in order Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade create guideline to become Australia in Asian century that more prosperous and open nation to the world.121
That is why Department Foreign Affairs and Trade or DFAT has been working with all elements in a country such as Government, Business, Institution and Community group to help develop the country strategies for China, India, Indonesia, Japan and South Korea heading to Australia in Asian Century towards 2025.122 That is why Australian Government engages IDN Australia as community group to support those intentions.
119 Telstra Submission (May 2013) 120 Indonesia country brief by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ( Updated January 2014) http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/indonesia/indonesia_brief.html 121 “Deepening relations with our regional partners” (retrieved 23 February 2014) http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/news 122 “Deepening relations with our regional partners” (retrieved 23 February 2014) http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/news
61
Figure IV.14 IDN: Indonesia strategy
The efforts that Australia government done have been answered by IDN Australia by submitting the Indonesia strategies as Australia’s key regional partner. When the researcher read the five pages long document that consist of IDN strategies to support Australia in communities, business and government.
“IDN in Australia would like to recommend for optimizing the Indonesia Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA) as initiated by DFAT. 123 In this case, IDN in Australia would welcome an opportunity to be included or be the hub process of consultation, discussion and negotiation together with the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN), the Australian Chamber of
123 Official document of Indonesia strategy submission by IDN Australia
62 Commerce and Industry, the Indonesia Australia Business Council (IABC) and AIBC.124”
Based on that facts, it shows that Indonesian diaspora in Australia become the agent of development to their homeland in economic specifically in trade. By participate in DFAT mission proves that Indonesian diapora want to give contribution as well to develop Indonesia.
As a concrete example Indonesian Diaspora Network in Perth, West Australia, introduce eco-friendly dye for printing batik called Tekactive. 125 The product will reduce the impact on environment up to 50%, the inventor of Tekactive Fritz Tedjakuntara stated the batik entrepreneur that using this product will be more efficient.126
Since Batik industry in Indonesia already develop along with the trend to using Batik as daily clothes. Unesco already acknowledge Batik as non material cultural heritage, as the results the promotion and sale of batik has crossed the globe.127 The Tekactive price is cheaper than the conventional dye to Indonesian market such as Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) Pekalongan, Solo, Jogja and Madura, the entrepreneur can safe 25% from the conventional dye price. 128 Another advantages are Tekactive more efficient in time since the process shorter than usual,
124 Official document of Indonesia strategy submission by IDN Australia 125 Fitriyanti, Azi. “Pewarna batik ramah lingkungan karya diaspora di Australia” (Antara news, 21 August 2013) http://www.antaranews.com/berita/391557/pewarna-batik-ramah- lingkungan-karya-diaspora-di-australia 126 Ibid 127 Meryana, Ester. “Pewarna tekactive menyelamatkan lingkungan dari limbah batik” (SWA online 21 August 2013) http://swa.co.id/technology/pewarna-tekactive-selamatkan- lingkungan-dari-dampak-limbah-batik 128 Ibid
63 not depend on climate, efficient in energy, long lasting color and the color results will be more satisfied.129
As the results it will improve Batik industry trade in Indonesia also overseas, they can get extra income because is a low cost production with high quality Batik printing products. It is one of good example of the roles that causes by Indonesian diaspora in Australia to give contribution to their homeland in trade.
While when we talk about trade we cannot separate from investment. Negotiations have begun on an Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), to further liberalize bilateral trade, encourage greater foreign direct investment in Indonesia and provide a framework for greater economic cooperation.130
When some investor wants to invest to one country they should be 100% sure and believe to the investment climate of that country. Investments are about safety and of course profit, usually they will learn the background of the country, investment climate, bureaucracy and recent condition of that country. Why? Because it is important to know all about the country to guarantee that their money will not be wasted and will not incur losses.
As a real example is Iwan Sunito, we already know that he has the second largest property company in Australia. The Crown group planned to invest in Indonesia, and to prove it they open branches in Jakarta. They will invest in Jakarta even though there’s still uncertainty of economic condition, because Indonesia In the middle of the depreciation of the rupiah against the dollar, but the property sector is
129 Fitriyanti, Azi. “Pewarna batik ramah lingkungan karya diaspora di Australia” (Antara news, 21 August 2013) http://www.antaranews.com/berita/391557/pewarna-batik-ramah- lingkungan-karya-diaspora-di-australia 130 Indonesia country brief by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ( Updated January 2014) http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/indonesia/indonesia_brief.html
64 still considered strong to deal with it. 131 When the government established four economic packages it will convince guarantee the investor to invest in Indonesia. The four packages are: 132 - Current account deficit and weakening rupiah - Foster economic growth and purchasing power - Purchasing power and inflation - Investments
The aim of the economic policy package formulated by the Government is to maintain economic expansion, and dampening impact from current global economic turmoil, so as to maintain job availability.133
The Evidence now Iwan Sunito will revitalized his country which mean Indonesia, this time he explored the land in Jakarta. The plan he would build four modern residential buildings such as apartments and high level. Unmitigated investment money he brought back to Indonesia worth 100 trillion rupiah.134 The optimism of Crown group also showed by the plan to develop project in Jakarta, the ground breaking will held on the end of this year.
“Crown will never go down. There have been completed business plan and development concept for Indonesia. We have been in the arena for 17 years
131 “Pelemahan rupiah goyang industry property” by Dewan Pengurus Pusat Persatuan Perusahaan Realestat Indonesia (5 October 2013) http://www.rei.or.id/read/pelemahan- rupiah-goyang-industri-properti 132 “Indonesian Government Releases ‘Emergency Plan’ to Support Economy” (23 August 2013) http://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/news-columns/indonesian-government- releases-emergency-program-to-support-economy/item1020 133 Ibid 134 Wicaksono, Pebrianto Eko. “Berjaya di Australia, Iwan Sunito Bawa Pulang Uang 100 triliun” (Liputan6.com 20 August 2013) http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/670131/berjaya-di-australia- iwan-sunito-bawa-pulang-uang-rp-100-triliun
65 long.” said Michael Ginarto (Head of sales and marketing division Crown group in Indonesia).135
The Crown group expanded its business in Indonesia because they seeing rapid economic growth that becomes an interesting and challenging market. Those plan is one of Iwan Sunito’s dream to give contribution to his birth country, in other words we can say as the Project Pulang Kampung.136
Finally, after quite a build land of kangaroos, Iwan returned to the country and began to build the country of his birth. His hope of course will give positive impact and be a catalyst for other Australian companies to enter Indonesia. According to DFAT, Australian investment in Indonesia has reached US$5.5 billion and two –way trade in goods and services increased by 12% last year.137
IV.3.4. Political capital
Indonesian lovers in Australia welcomed the idea of Indonesian Diaspora enthusiastically. This interest has been demonstrated even by taking concrete steps to establish networks of the Australian Indonesian Diaspora Network (IDN Australia) at the state and federal level. Communication of the diaspora is progressing quite well and even had held a sort of national consolidation, such as Forum Indonesian Diaspora in Australia , on July 6, 2013 and in Sydney .
135 Wicaksono, Pebrianto Eko. “Berjaya di Australia, Iwan Sunito Bawa Pulang Uang 100 triliun” (Liputan6.com 20 August 2013) http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/670131/berjaya-di-australia- iwan-sunito-bawa-pulang-uang-rp-100-triliun 136“Pelemahan rupiah goyang industry property” by Dewan Pengurus Pusat Persatuan Perusahaan Realestat Indonesia (5 October 2013) http://www.rei.or.id/read/pelemahan- rupiah-goyang-industri-properti 137 Indonesia country brief by Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ( Updated January 2014) http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/indonesia/indonesia_brief.html
66 This is done mainly to welcome the 2nd Congress Indonesian Diaspora (CID 2) in Jakarta with the theme of "Going Home". Good ideas emerge and passion to do something for Indonesia and Indonesian Diaspora in general feels great fanfare. However, it must be admitted that the idea of Indonesian Diaspora has not fully convince all parties that there are still parties to be "wait and see" before deciding. There are two important ideas that emerged in the interaction of IDN Australia. First of diaspora itself and the two related strategies CID2 post. For this purpose, there are needs to be a universal reference model of effective communication to equate understanding and perception of the Indonesian Diaspora. 138
Global IDN should be independent, not under government structures, there is also a representative of the party - specific political parties. Ideally this network grows from the bottom, not designed from the top so it truly reflects the interests and needs of Indonesian Diaspora at the grassroots level which varies from region to other regions. In addition, it is important to have a sense of (ownership)/belonging of the Diaspora itself, so that the future really beneficial for the diaspora, and in return will have a greater role for his homeland.139
The role of Indonesian Diaspora around the world, not only limited to certain areas as has been formally defined. Moreover, in the end this IDN must be managed in a professional manner, not merely additional (ad hoc) so that continuity can be guaranteed.140 There needs to be a responsible person and work exclusively for IDN and offices in a place and become the primary node movement IDN.
In need of professional management to run it, do not rely on voluntary habit (volunteerism) like most organizations / Indonesian community do over the years.
138 “Diplomasi Diaspora Indonesia: Potensi Semangat Keunggulan bangsa” (Kompas.com 23 October 2013) http://luar-negeri.kompasiana.com/2013/10/23/diplomasi-diaspora-indonesia- potensi-semangat-keunggulan-bangsa-601563.html 139 Ibid 140 Ibid
67 The second idea related post CID2 strategy. We can imagine there will be a lot of ideas popping up. The Indonesian lovers who want to do something for Indonesia and definitely it’ll be in form of varied models. The government should welcome those ideas by giving more space for IDN to contribute to Indonesia and facilitating the process without violating the legal provisions. It would be beautiful if the spirit who is now instrumental fanfare eventually fall out just because the administration and bureaucracy for example.
On the other hand, it should be understood that the complexity of the bureaucracy and the administration may still occur. This should be realized by the Indonesian Diaspora around the world that Indonesia’s objective is to straighten and it requires a process. The important thing is to keep the spirit of contributing to Indonesia, especially when confronted with a complex and difficult bureaucracy. Donated material may not be difficult for most of the Indonesian Diaspora overseas but in the end, the greatest contribution is the impact that can change attitude and behavior. In addition, the extent of networking (networking) it has, the Indonesian Diaspora overseas could carry the potential and resources (resources) from Indonesia to worldwide. Citing a renowned motivator, Krishnamuti, Indonesian Diaspora can contribute to global with permanent loving local values.141
"Because diplomacy is no longer just aimed at the government level and the state alone, but shifted to the actors who influence policy makers in the country like a business, the media, interest groups, and individuals in each country"
Indonesia's achievements in the international arena made great progress for the nation. Become the part of G20 or Group of Twenty which is a prestigious forum
141 “Diplomasi Diaspora Indonesia: Potensi Semangat Keunggulan bangsa” (Kompas.com 23 October 2013) http://luar-negeri.kompasiana.com/2013/10/23/diplomasi-diaspora-indonesia- potensi-semangat-keunggulan-bangsa-601563.html
68 for 19 countries plus the European Union, with the largest economy in the world this country certainly cannot be underestimated. Indonesia became a member of the G20 with the second fastest growth rate for the Indonesian economy until the second quarter of 2012 grew very strong. It certainly adds 'marketability' of Indonesia in international for a useful bargaining power in the diplomatic process.
Indonesia is the only country in Southeast Asia that is part of the G20, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia. Even Indonesia is expected to become one of the world's largest economies within 15 years. Indonesian achievements are actively on international activities to join the G20, but also on the global and regional scope where Indonesia is believed to be the Chairman of the host country and in several international forums. At the state level, Indonesia certainly has a pretty good reputation, but at the level of the public in many ways Indonesia is less likely to actively seize the attention of the international community.142
For instance, behind a good image and prestigious reputation Indonesian owns, there are still many people in the world who do not know about Indonesia, even they only know the bad stigma attached to this nation. Indonesia will only give effect to the statesman and certain circles, while the international public still considers Indonesia is only a small country in the form of a developing country with a large population, and the country where Bali is located.143
Reflecting the negative stigma that is often posted to Indonesia, apparently there is something wrong with the Indonesian approach to the global public. Although Indonesia's achievements cannot be underestimated, but it is to be in vain if it ultimately does not have the support of Indonesia international community. The
142 Simarmata, Frans and Arsana, I Made Andi. “Diaspora Indonesia: Nasionalisme dari Negeri Seberang” (16 August 2013) http://madeandi.com/2013/08/16/diaspora-indonesia-nasionalisme-dari- negeri-seberang/ 143 Ibid
69 lack of government action to pursue diplomacy aimed at winning the hearts of the international public in ways of soft diplomacy. 144
Because diplomacy is no longer just aimed at the government level and the state alone, but shifted to the actors who influence policy makers in the country like a business, the media, interest groups, and individuals in each country. Public diplomacy is needed as a ' door ' to the strategic interest of the world community to get to know and love our country in a way that is interesting.
Diaspora as has been illustrated in the first part, and if it is linked in the context of Indonesian diaspora, it refers to all persons who are outside the country who bleed, spirit, and culture of Indonesia, whether they are citizens or who have become foreigners. In other words, if the person still has a bond, both legally (registered as citizens) and culturally, it can be regarded as a diaspora. Actually, this function can also be used as a diaspora political function, as happens when a handful of the Acehnese wanted to secede from the Republic of Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia) in the 2000s era of the past.145
In his book titled "Long Distance Diaspora Politics in Aceh: A Preview On Separatist Conflict in Indonesia" which is the result of his research, Antje Missbach, a researcher at Melbourne University, said that the conflict between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian unlikely to be lasted longer if not supported by the Acehnese diaspora community residing abroad. As he said the role of diaspora communities, among others:146
144 Simarmata, Frans and Arsana, I Made Andi. “Diaspora Indonesia: Nasionalisme dari Negeri Seberang” (16 August 2013) http://madeandi.com/2013/08/16/diaspora-indonesia-nasionalisme-dari- negeri-seberang/ 145 Ibid 146 Missbach, Antje. “Long Distance Diaspora Politics in Aceh: a Preview on Separatist Conflict in Indonesia” (2011)
70 Firstly, the diaspora community can try to directly influence the events in the original place by providing political and economic support for the movement of the peer group in the place of origin (country homeland). The same thing is done in the Chinese revolution in 1911 in which the revolution cannot be separated from the financial support of the colony. Moreover as the events that occurred in Germany in the Croatian communities that supply arms to support ethnic Croatia to secede from Yugoslavia. The same thing happened in the Irish Diaspora Communities in the United States financially supporting the IRA resistance to establish the Republic of Ireland.147
Second, the Diaspora community says Antje Missbach possibility to mobilize all their strength to influence state reservoir (host country) to issue a foreign policy that suppress their home country (homeland country) to compromise with them on certain things . The second example of this is the Greek Diaspora communities’ who lobbied the U.S. Congress to do the embargo on military assistance to the efforts of the Turkish government in the event of separation of the State of Cyprus. Something similar can be seen in the role of diaspora communities in South Africa that affects the United States Senate to oppose the government's policy of Apartheid South Africa. It is then replicated by the Acehnese diaspora communities, where they affect the Swedish government to pressure the Indonesian government to want to stop the violence and open the door to talks.148
Third, in certain cases, may be the diaspora community can ask for protection of the country of origin (homeland country) in order to free them from discriminatory behavior, unfair treatment, and various other forms of oppression. An example is the various diaspora groups that are formed from the economic migration such asthe Turkish diaspora in Germany and the Algerian diaspora in France who lobby the
147 Missbach, Antje. “Long Distance Diaspora Politics in Aceh: a Preview on Separatist Conflict in Indonesia” (2011) 148 Ibid
71 State Government to pressure the government of his native State poll to pay more attention to their rights.149
In spite of it all, rightly said by Ambassador Dino Patti Djalal and fellow Indonesian Diaspora wherever located, that the diaspora community is a very important asset that deserves to be preserved. So far, Indonesia has a lot of people who do a good colony settled as citizens in a country, or just stay there to study and work there. Nevertheless, said Ambassador Dino Patti Djalal that it is very unfortunate where it turns out that they do not know each other.150
It could be an “Indonesian " is living in Houston but did not know who else was in New York. This is what you want to repair with the Indonesian Diaspora congress. There are many good ideas from them, but they are not facilitated so far by the Indonesian government. In addition, the presence of Indonesian overseas had been tainted with negative things which most people assume that the Indonesian people are working abroad has always been associated as a laborer (labor).151
In relation to the diaspora as a means of political struggle, the Indonesian government through the diaspora community can actually be a great benefit. Due to the presence of the community, Indonesian government can do counter - separatist politics of the diaspora community who are outside the country. For example, the opening branch office in the UK of independent Papua. This can be at the counter with her lobby or pressure the government where the office is opened in order to cancel the opening of the office. Thus the event does not need to be loaded in the mass media.
149 Missbach, Antje. “Long Distance Diaspora Politics in Aceh: a Preview on Separatist Conflict in Indonesia” (2011) 150 “Dilema Jaringan Diaspora Indonesia” (Kompas.com, retrieved 15 September 2013) http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/12/11/04485368/Dilema.Jaringan.Diaspora.Indonesi a 151 Ibid
72 In addition, the presence of diaspora communities wherever they are can actually be an intelligence network to attempt separation of the Republic of Indonesia conducted from the community who want to separate themselves who are outside. With so many benefits, now the Indonesian government made positive efforts to regroup diaspora who are located around the world to jointly build Indonesia, facilitation, and made concrete efforts where ideas and all forms of donations can be implemented in Indonesia.152
As it is known, the diplomatic cables of the U.S. embassy officials in Indonesia specifically WikiLeaks leaked through the Australian media mentioned that, SBY has personally intervened to influence prosecutors and judges to protect corrupt political figures and suppress his enemies. SBY also accused of using the state intelligence agencies in order to spy on political rivals and, at least, a senior minister in his own government.
The sounds of the U.S. diplomatic cables also give detail on how former Vice President Jusuf Kalla in December 2004 reportedly paid millions of dollars, as a bribe, to be in control of the Golkar Party. Wires also revealed that SBY, Christian Herath, and close family want to enrich themselves through their political connections. Australian media reports coincided with a visit by Vice President Boediono to Canberra to meet with Australian Prime Minister Wayne Swan.153
WikiLeaks Profile
WikiLeaks itself is a non-profit organization sponsored by the Sunshine Press, established in 2007, with a vision of delivering a range of concealed
152 “Dilema Jaringan Diaspora Indonesia” (Kompas.com, retrieved 15 September 2013) http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/12/11/04485368/Dilema.Jaringan.Diaspora.Indonesi a 153 Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013)
73 information to the public. This organization is supported by volunteers with diverse backgrounds, including journalists, experts in information technology, and mathematicians. Wikileaks uses the principle of freedom of public information and media publishing rights are also protected internationally.154
Article 19 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) does mention that every person has the right to express opinions. This right also includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to seek, receive, and impart information to the media without any obstacles and limitations.155
During the three years since the operation, Wikileaks acknowledged many receiving political pressure and various parties, especially from policy makers who feel disturbed by the leaking of confidential information to the public. In fact, they are not uncommon intelligence agent accused of being a particular country, or manipulated and obtain payment from an intelligence organization to disseminate the information they obtain.156
WikiLeaks representative confirms that the charges were not true. They are a non-profit organization that lives of donations and participation of people from all over the world with the same vision. The allegations of intelligence agencies indicate that that is precisely what is usually done by intelligence, i.e. leaking classified information to suppress the position.157
154 Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013) 155 Official Website of United Nations 156 Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013) 157 Ibid
74 Approach in Foreign Policy
To understand the formulation of foreign policy, Coplin suggests three considerations that influence foreign policy makers; first, domestic political conditions affecting the foreign decision, second, economic and military capabilities, third, the international context is the position of the State in relation to other States.158
Furthermore, Coplin explain the role of domestic politics in the formulation of foreign policy by differentiating four types; the first which affects the Party (Partisan Influencers), second, affecting Bureaucracy (Bureaucratic Influencers), the third, which affects the interest (Interest Influencers), the fourth, which affects the mass (Mass Influencers).159
Australian perspective
The Age is a national newspaper that tends to voice conservative views of the Liberal Party of Australia, while the SMH circulating in Sydney and surrounding the Liberals usually a group basis. Loading news about President Vice President Boediono during a visit to Australia would mean that Australian conservatives are not too friendly towards Indonesia. Remember, a lawmaker from the Liberal Party some time ago asked for Official Development Assistance (ODA) to reduce Australia to Indonesian school buildings, because the government and the bureaucracy in Indonesia tends to corrupt.160
However, more important reason is the group that is represented by two conservative dailies wants to send a message to the Australian Government (Labor)
158 Foreign policy by Coplin 159 Ibid 160 Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013)
75 that they do not fully agree with those who have too good relations with Indonesia. So, they just want to make a Labor government which is usually friendlier to Asian countries in the face of Indonesia and the Government of Indonesia. The press in Australia guaranteed freedom, so that the government cannot and should not control the media. However, when the press gave false news, then the injured party can cast a right of reply or criticize the media.161
Global Perspective (Counsel, Media and Globalization)
So far, many "victims" of the WikiLeaks news, including German Chancellor Angela Markel is accused of being a weak leader and not creative, then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and his big head always partying, then the relationship between the PM and the President of Russia is likened with cartoon characters Batman and Robin, then Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi said State always visible along the voluptuous blonde nurse, etc.162
One debate that later re- emerged in this context is the issue of freedom of information as the excesses of democracy and globalization. Democracy is characterized by freedom of public information. In the past, media is afraid of people who make rules and vice versa. But the problem is whether the relationship between the rulers media built on fear anyone against whom. In this emerging democracy, certainly not the power relations we interpret.
In the context of the concept of power in today's climate of democracy, between the rulers and the media are both power holders. On the other hand, the world “smaller” is characterized by the integration of the world in a whole so as to accelerate the flow of information the world as the excesses of globalization. What is
161 Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013) 162 Ibid
76 done by WikiLeaks on the one hand have a strong foundation, which is the right of people to information, the right to express an opinion (based on the information they have), as well as the rights of the media and journalists to disseminate the information.
Indonesian perspective
Indonesian society in this regard should be aware of the evolving global strategic environment. The phenomenon of the Australian national newspaper reports are sourced from the leaking of U.S. diplomatic cables to the website WikiLeaks is the excess of democratization and globalization that are developing today. As already noted above, that the WikiLeaks website adopts the freedom to seek, receive and impart information to the media without any obstacles and limitations. Indonesia is therefore not only such that the "victim” of this site, but also the authorities around the world.163
While this is a global phenomenon, which should be done step wise Indonesian government is responsible for doing the correct news newspaper The Age and SMH, accompanied by an increase in government performance is still far from the maximum, even impress random, so that the people and the international community can judge which one is correct.
IV.3.5. Cultural capital
When people migrate overseas, the transnational communities bring with them a rich background, and also develop new facets of their identities in the process of their integration and acceptance into their new society. They’ll become the
163 Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013)
77 reflection of Indonesian cultural, in other words Indonesian agent abroad who will restructure Indonesia image in their host country.
It seen when the writer found interesting fact besides IDN Australia, there are another community in South Australia know as Australian Indonesian Association (AIA). The community itself is a volunteer, non-profit community organization that established in 1967 with the following aims:164
“to promote better understanding, friendship and goodwill between the peoples of Australia and Indonesia, based on friendship and trust; contribute to peaceful relations between Australia and Indonesia; and to bring together and disseminate information to the various groups and people in South Australia who have an interest in Indonesia.”165
When the writer seen AIA committees name it consist of Indonesian name and there are some Australian name, means that the communities were established by Indonesian diaspora. The aim of this community shows that they want to promote Indonesia in Australia people perspective. The evidence that make the writer convince AIA wants to promote Indonesia is they create annual Indonesian festival in Adelaide. The festival aims to introduce the "Indonesia" to all people in Adelaide.
The festival was initiated by the Australian Indonesian Association (AIA) of South Australia, in collaboration with groups or Indonesian communities in Adelaide and the Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Indonesia in South Australia. 166
164 Official Website of Australian Indonesian Association (AIA), http://www.aiasa.org.au/about- contact-us 165 Ibid 166 Ibid
78 INDOfest has been held annually since 2008 in Rymill Park (in the heart of South Australia). It focuses on presenting the contemporary face of Indonesia and the expanding ties with South Australia.167
Figure IV.15 INDOFest 2013 Poster Source: Official Website of INDOFest
The festival has become one of the festivals that are taken into account and become an important event in the festival calendar as well as an opportunity for Adelaide South Australia people to know better the culture of one of its nearest neighbors.168 INDOfest‘s main objectives are to:
Express Indonesian art and culture Project the progressive development of contemporary Indonesia Encourage the study of Indonesian language and educational links with Indonesia Stimulate and recognize people-to-people connections that give strength to the Indonesia-South Australia relationship
167 Aziz, Nasru Alam. “Indofest, promosi Indonesia di Adelaide” (Kompas.com 9 March 2012) http://travel.kompas.com/read/2012/03/09/1822570/Indofest..Promosi.Indonesia.di.Adelaid e 168 Official Website of Australian Indonesian Association (AIA), http://www.aiasa.org.au/about- contact-us
79 Foster youth ties between Indonesia and South Australia in the context of mutual community relations and future nation-building Help create and provide opportunities for trade, commercial business and tourism between Indonesia and South Australia.
From those objectives the writer really sees the effort of Indonesian diaspora along with Australian to strengthening Indonesia-Australia partnership and led to contribute in Indonesian development. INDOfest was a huge success, proved by the increasing amount of people who attend this festival. The reader can see the significant increasing amount of people who attend INDOfest year by year on Figure IV.16 below. INDOfest is a huge festival that has been waiting not only by Adelaide people but also by Australian people and tourist. In 2010 there are approximately 10,000 people attend INDOfest, for 2011 there are 12,000 people and 2012-2013 the amount of people who attend INDOFest increased.
INDOFest 25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000 Attendees
5,000
0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Figure IV.16 INDOFest Attendees169 Source: Official Website of INDOFest According to INDOFest website year by year amount of people who attend this festival increase. Even though the INDOFest 2014 is not yet happening but the
169 Official Website of INDOFest, http://www.indofest.com.au/
80 committee confident the amount of people who attend will increasing. If the writer become the committee also will confident the amount will increase, since we can see from the chart year by year increased.170
The significant increasing attendees prove that besides Indonesian people can reunite with the atmosphere of Indonesia, Australian people also interesting with Indonesia. Many Australian people and any other tourist a cross city and country make a time to attending INDOFest. As results the effort that Indonesian diaspora do along with Australian people give a huge impact to Indonesia, because the festival helps introducing Indonesia to whole Australia people. Besides that the festival will strengthening Indonesian diaspora community itself with local people.
Other pillars of diaspora is foreign people who love Indonesia, this is interesting because every people of course have their own interest. It’s not close any change that they are agent or espionage, we never know is it real or its just on the movie. The writer found an example of foreign people who love Indonesia and willing to promote Indonesian art to her country.
170 Official Website of INDOFest, http://www.indofest.com.au/
81
Figure IV.17 Courtney Saville in bukit tinggi, Padang Source: Australiaplus
This is Courtney Saville resident of Melbourne, who fell in love with Indonesia and now, would like to introduce it to other Australians. She took the initiative to bring the two artists from Indonesia to kangaroo continent. Starting from stereotypes about Indonesian culture is usually considered to be very traditional. Courtney wants to encourage more Australians to see the modern Indonesian art which she considered to compete globally.171
Courtney Saville study Indonesian language for one semester at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. She then continued her studies at the Indonesian Arts Institute (ISI) in 2009. She admitted that at the very first beginning she could not communicate with anyone, but this is when she learned that Indonesia is a very interesting country. 172
171 “Courtney Ingin Kenalkan Seni Modern Indonesia ke Australia” (retrieved 10 April 2014) http://www.australiaplus.com/indonesian/2014-02-21/courtney-ingin-kenalkan-seni-modern- indonesia-ke-australia/1268862 172 Ibid
82 "Indonesia is indeed remarkable, can be very busy but relaxed, can also be seen among those who are still combined traditional and modern. The combination of strict religious rules but in other hand it’s also flexible."173
While at ISI, Saville acquainted with the two artists Ryan Ady Putra and Okta Samid. After returning to Melbourne, she still keeps in touch with them. They were still active in the arts with a number of exhibitions in Bali, and projects in the United States, as well as countries in Asia. She was then thought to bring them into Australia, because she thinks this is rarely happen when there are program that brings artists to Australia. Ryan and Okta are artists who produce works of modern visual art, sketches, drawings, and illustrations are modern.174
"Both also have underground streams style pop art. As if lifting mainstream pop culture with a different touch .From this and appeared to make an art project involving Ryan and Okta, which she named it Wonderluxe. Indonesian Traditional elements and mystical still exists in modern life in Indonesia and this is interesting." said Saville about what she wanted to convey to the people of Australia through the project.175
173 “Courtney Ingin Kenalkan Seni Modern Indonesia ke Australia” (retrieved 10 April 2014) http://www.australiaplus.com/indonesian/2014-02-21/courtney-ingin-kenalkan-seni-modern- indonesia-ke-australia/1268862 174 Ibid 175 Ibid
83
Figure IV.18 Art gravity or mural created by Ryan Source: Australiaplus
To bring the two artists to Australia, she was already getting aid from the government of Geelong. Geelong is located approximately 30 minutes from the city of Melbourne. This fund will be used for the art project as a whole. Saville still need about 3000 Australian dollars for the purposes of the two artists, such as airline tickets, rent a place to live, and others. Saville do a unique way to raise funds. She made a special web page, where anyone can come to be a sponsor to bring the two artists from Yogyakarta. Saville also explained that the issue of funding is a challenge for artists.176
"In my opinion, in Indonesia we see a community of local artists who are strong enough and they only get support from fellow artists." said Saville. "Not only that, she observed also art and culture in Indonesia is still considered to be traditional." The world view about art in Indonesia is still very narrow. Additionally, many
176 “Courtney Ingin Kenalkan Seni Modern Indonesia ke Australia” (retrieved 10 April 2014) http://www.australiaplus.com/indonesian/2014-02-21/courtney-ingin-kenalkan-seni-modern- indonesia-ke-australia/1268862
84 contemporary and modern art lack of support as traditional art." she added.177
Seville feels that the project is an effort to strengthen the relationship between Australia and Indonesia, which she sometimes looks worse than mass media. Art can strengthen the ties between the two countries, as it has its own language. Artists can mutually discussion and work on projects together to build relationships. If this project is successful then Ryan and Okta will travel to Melbourne in Upcoming month. They will provide training for local artists in Geelong and students. They also will make the work of graffiti art in the city.178
177 “Courtney Ingin Kenalkan Seni Modern Indonesia ke Australia” (retrieved 10 April 2014) http://www.australiaplus.com/indonesian/2014-02-21/courtney-ingin-kenalkan-seni-modern- indonesia-ke-australia/1268862 178 Ibid
85 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
Deterioration of the nation's stories often adorn the Indonesian media, both print and electronic media, as if there is no new face of Indonesian inspirations and spirits. Indonesian media contains stories of adversity and success stories in various fields such as economics, education, politics, science, and technology so that the nation is proud of his own country and the world knows Indonesia is definite step towards glory. An example is the potential of diaspora Indonesia, Indonesian Community citizens in various parts of the world.
Indeed second track diplomacy is part of the potential advantages for Indonesia from the Indonesian people scattered throughout the world as part of the spirit of excellence and an as asset that has the potential to contribute to nation- building as an important key to the future succession Indonesia 21st century to fight for national interests. Diasporas also provide opportunities to facilitate people-to - people contact which will have an impact on increasing economic cooperation and cultural development of the nation of Indonesia, because the Indonesian diaspora is true ambassadors who promote the Indonesian nation.
There are still many challenges such as equalization of Indonesian diaspora community in the world to maintain consistency throughout the movement Indonesian diaspora nationalism as an initiative that should be followed up. Of course, the initiative to develop and empower the Indonesian diaspora cannot be done by government alone, but it must also be supported by the community through initiatives, ideas and creativity so that the movement of this initiative would be the desire and property of the people of Indonesia to integrate existing potentials.
86 Establishing a network of Indonesian diaspora can strengthen the diaspora and the government relationship. The diaspora spirit of nationalism and the Indonesian diaspora diplomacy is an important part of the Indonesian diplomatic advantage. With the right coaching, the diaspora of Indonesia (WNI) who live, work and study abroad, Indonesian descent, mixed couples or foreigners who love Indonesia is an asset that can be empowered to support the Indonesian diplomacy.
Indonesian Diaspora in Australia has shown that they also can give big contribution to their homeland, not only by formal way but also from informal way. Even though the amount of Indonesian diaspora in Australia is not big as Indonesian diaspora in United States of America, they still have determination and willingness to help and promote Indonesia. Some people might think that diaspora are just the people who have a good background or at least student, but Indonesian workers are also part of diaspora. As long that they carried Indonesian passport, former carried Indonesian passport, Indonesian half blood or even an outsiders who loved Indonesia are categorized as diaspora.
The roles of Indonesian diaspora has led contribution for Indonesian development, there are five sectors that shows the contribution of Indonesian diaspora in order to develop Indonesia’s development. The first sector is human capital or related with human resources, how Indonesian diaspora transfer their knowledge like what Iwan Sunito has done by train the Indonesian college student in Australian about business. As a result that college student will become skilled worker, what Iwan Sunito do will affect the quality of Indonesian human resource and will make them competent to compete with another skilled worker.
The second sector is social capital, based on facts who saying that Indonesia are dominant by young generation who often used social media who led to borderless connection or networking. It means that the borderless connection will make every
87 communication from people to people all over the world much easier than before. For example is the establishment of Indonesia Diaspora Network (IDN) in Australia, every IDN having their own Chapters or we can say territorial and in every territorial they have PICs. IDN Australia also helps the Indonesian government to improve relationship not only with Australia but also with Indonesian diaspora. It becomes non-profit organization that will spread any information from the government to their diaspora and from diaspora to government.
The third sector is economic capital that really shows the role of Indonesian diaspora to contribute in Indonesia’s development. There are three points in economic capital, they are remittances, trade and investment. Since trade relations between Indonesia and Australia has getting stronger by the existence of Indonesian diaspora, because they are Indonesian agent who already familiar with both of country regulations or business atmosphere so it is much easier for them to do cooperation.
The fourth sector is political capital, every relations or interaction that happen between countries will affect political capital. In this political capital the writer choose to explain further about diplomacy and relations of both countries. The tapping scandal done by Australia to some Indonesian leader becomes the example that such a conflict like that makes the relations between Australian and Indonesia more dynamic.
The fifth sector is cultural capital, in the state of situations where people move overseas, the transnational communities bring with them a rich background, and also develop new facets of their identities in the process of their integration and acceptance into their new society. They’ll become the reflection of Indonesian cultural, in other words it can be say that Indonesian diaspora abroad who will
88 become the representation and restructure Indonesia images to their respective host countries.
Not only that Indonesian people skills like making batik creations can also be taught at school / university art department for many foreign nationals example, America and Europe are pleased to learn batik where inspiration is Indonesia's cultural heritage from generation to generation that loves beauty with versatility and style that has a philosophical meaning and illustrated in the batik cloth. And all of these efforts are part of the Indonesian diplomatic excellence through a network of Indonesian diaspora.
The writer concludes that Indonesian diaspora are the agent of development to their homeland, and contribute in five sectors such as human, social, economic, political and cultural capital. As an agent, Indonesian diaspora can promote Indonesia to Australian people and shape the images of Indonesia. The role of Indonesian diaspora led to cooperation and conflict, those interactions make the roles more dynamically. Furthermore Indonesian diaspora in Australia realized that no matter how long they stay there, they will always find a way to come home.
89 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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96 Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Africa and the Middle East) (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/africa-and-the- middle-east.html Official Website of International Organization for Migration “Asia and the pacific regional overview (retrieved 24 February 2014) http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/asia-and-the- pacific.html Official website of Indonesian Diaspora Network Australia: http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/what-s-idn Official website about Indonesian Diaspora Foundation https://www.indonesiandiasporafoundation.org/read-idf--indonesian- diaspora-foundation.html retrieved on 21 February 2014. Official document of Indonesia strategy submission by IDN Australia Official Website of Australian Indonesian Association (AIA), http://www.aiasa.org.au/about-contact-us Official Website of INDOFest, http://www.indofest.com.au/ Oi, Mariko. “Singapore’s tough balancing act on immigration” Asia Business Report, BBC World (27 August 2010) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business- 11100813 “Pelemahan rupiah goyang industry property” by Dewan Pengurus Pusat Persatuan Perusahaan Realestat Indonesia (5 October 2013) http://www.rei.or.id/read/pelemahan-rupiah-goyang-industri-properti Rizal Sukma profile (retrieved on 13 February 2014) http://www.csis.or.id/profile/rizal-sukma Saidiman, Ahmad. “Kisruh Diplomatik di Tahun Politik” (26 November 2013) Simarmata, Frans and Arsana, I Made Andi. “Diaspora Indonesia: Nasionalisme dari Negeri Seberang” (16 August 2013)
97 http://madeandi.com/2013/08/16/diaspora-indonesia-nasionalisme-dari- negeri-seberang/ Simorangkir, Roria. “Iwan Sunito: Pulang Kampung untuk Membangun Indonesia” (7 December 2013) http://www.ideaonline.co.id/iDEA2013/Berita/Kegiatan-Komunitas/Iwan- Sunito-Pulang-Kampung-untuk-Membangun-Indonesia Statement of Seynabou Gayé, Minister-Delegate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Senegalese Abroad, at the Diaspora Ministerial Conference convened by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland, June 18-19, 2013. Telstra Submission (May 2013) The Hebrews: A Learning Module from Washington State University, ©Richard Hooker, reprinted by permission The understanding of ICT (Retrieved 27 February 2013) http://www.mpict.org/ict_education_defined_importance.html The World Bank, “Remittance Prices Worldwide” (Issue no. 5, World Bank Payment Systems Development Group, March 2013),http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/RemittancePric eWorldwide-Analysis-Mar2013.pdf. The World Bank, “Migration and Development Brief ” (World Bank Development Prospects Group, Migration and Remittances Unit, April 19, 2013), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/33493412889 90760745/MigrationDevelopmentBrief20.pdf Vroewen voor Vrede op de Molukken profile (retrieved on 13 February 2014) http://vvvm.eu/vvvm-internationaal/ “What is IDN” (official website of IDN) http://www.indonesiandiaspora.com.au/what-s-idn
98 “White Australia Policy” (26 November 2004) http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/hotwords/unpack/White.Australia.P olicy
99 INTERVIEW
Interviewee (A): Dr. Pribadi Sutiono, Vice Head of Indonesian Diaspora Desk
Place: Pejambon, Jakarta. Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Time: 10.30am
Q : There seems to be a lack of awareness towards diaspora until CID was initiated in 2012. When did actually Indonesia start to adapt diaspora concept and how long did it take to prepare the concept? Any barriers occurred?
A : The concept was grabbed when Indonesia realizes its mounting position in international stage that Indonesia is able of doing more. In the past, Indonesian migrants were perceived as traitors or rebels whose activities abroad are subject to intelligence. Basically, Indonesian services to the migrants include monitoring.
Q : In what ways diaspora is expected to benefit Indonesia?
A :
Q : Is there any certain legal instrument in regards of diaspora engagement? If there is not yet, is there any possibility of the arrangement nearly in the future?
A : We are working on it.
Q : What are the upcoming agenda to maintain the engagement of Indonesian diaspora? Will the Desk be developed into a bigger institutional body?
A : CID will be held biyearly, so it will be held again in 2015 to follow up what
100 has been done in the process. Diaspora Desk, as instructed by President Yudhoyono will be leveraged in case of capacity, budgeting, staffing, and etc. We are still waiting for those. Moreover, there is a plan to amalgamate Indonesian Diaspora Desk with BNP2TKI to focus more on the engagement and to erase social classes especially between Indonesian migrant workers and other executive migrants.
Q : Is diaspora engagement one of the efforts to promote a just global economic and development order as one of 9 major issues obtaining particular attention in this year’s foreign policy as in Marty Natalegawa’s speech?
A : Of course.
101