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The Modern Women's Movement in Taiwan: the Changing Role of Taiwanese Women in a Conscious and Collective Struggle Toward Equality

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The Modern Women's Movement in Taiwan: the Changing Role of Taiwanese Women in a Conscious and Collective Struggle Toward Equality THEMODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN TAIWAN: THE CHANGINGROLE OF TAIWANESEWOMEN IN A Co~sc~ousAND COLLECTIVESTRUGGLE TOWARD EQUALITY by Pei- jung Lee O Copyright International Development S tudies Saint Mary's University Halifax, NS National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 Oaawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your iUs vdinirdlercmce Our Kte Notre rdtdrana3 The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, disûibuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/^ de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada THE MODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN TAIWAN: THE CHANGING ROLE OF TAIWANESE WOMEN IN A CONSCIOUS AND COLLECTIVE STRUGGLE TOWARD EQUALITY ABSTRACT Traditionally, Taiwanese women were seen to be inferior to Taiwanese men and were not seen as fully being persons as men were. For centuries, Taiwanese women were kept in the home, and they were not allowed to access forma1 education, to work outside their home, or to participate in the public sphere. However, this bad situation for Taiwanese women has been changing ever since the beginning of the twentieth century. Gradually, Taiwanese women have gained a right to education, marriage, work, and political expression, and thus the role of Taiwanese women today seems to be very different from what it was a hundred years ago. In particular, the increasing educational opportunities at al1 leveis have helped make Taiwanese women more aware of their subordinate status and how to ameliorate their situation. In fact, the modem wornen's movement in Taiwan, which started in the early 1970s, was the consequence of Taiwanese women having their conscious and collective voices towards equality transformed into action by organizing themselves to struggle for change. The three stages of Taiwan's modern women's movernent rnarked its growth and the changing social environment. This thesis addresses the development of the modem women's movement in Taiwan during the last two decades, and uses the Gender and Development (GAD) approach, an alternative approach that tends io be more transfomative in nature, to examine the agenda of the modern women's movement in Taiwan in three different stages in order to determine whether or not the GAD approach will serve as an effective tool for future use by the modern women's movement in Taiwan. Pei-jung Lee September 1997 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the women of Taiwan, particularly to those women who have worked so hard in an effort to achieve gender equality for Taiwanese women. The author of this thesis would like to express her deepest thanks to her supervisor, Professor Gerald Cameron, whose understanding, guidance and patience has provided the encouragement :O complete the work for this thesis. The authors also extends thanks to readers Dr. Charles Beaupré and Dr. Andrea Doucet and is grateful for their willingness to read the early drafts on short notice. A great deal of gratitude is extended to the author's best friend, Shih- jie Wang, for his assistance in collecting data and offering cheerful support. Finally, the author wishes to extend her deepest appreciation to her family and Mr. Richard Yang in Taiwan; their constant support and encouragement throughout the long years of university study has contributed so much to this work that the author wishes to share her degree with them. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................ i DEDICATION ............................................. ii ... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................... vi .. LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ .vil ... LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................. vil1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 1.1 RATIONALE .......................................... 1 1.2. OUTLINE OF THE THESIS ................................ 4 CHAPTER TWO: WOMEN IN TAIWAN ......................... 6 2.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 6 2.2. WOMEN IN TAIWAN .................................... 7 2.2.1. An Introduction to Taiwan .......................... 7 2.2.2. Traditional Role of Taiwanese Wornen ................. 11 2.2.2.1. What is Confucianisrn? .................... 11 A . The Beginning of Confucianism .......... 12 B . The Development of Confucianism ........ 12 C. General Principles of Confucianism ........ 13 D . Confucianism in Contemporary Taiwan ..... 15 2.2.2.2. Taiwanese Women in Confucian Tradition ....... 17 A . Confucianism and Women ..............17 B . The Traditional Role of Taiwanese Women in Confucian Tradition .................. 19 2.2.2.3. Conclusion ............................. 25 Taiwanese Women in the Tweotieth Century .............26 2.2.3.1. Taiwanese Women During the Japanese Occupation (1895-1945) ............................ 26 2.2.3.2. The Current Role of Taiwanese Women (1945-present) .......................... 30 A . Education ..........................30 1. Social preference of educating sons . 33 2. Maniage market ...............33 3 . Confined fields of study in higher education ....................34 B . Work .............................34 C . Marriage ..........................41 D . Family ............................ 45 E . Political Role ....................... 48 2.2.3.3. Conclusion ............................. 52 CONCLUSION ..................................... 54 CHAPTER THREE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN TAIWAN. 1971-PRESENT ....................... 55 3.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................55 3.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE MODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN TAIWAN ................................ -56 3.2.1. The History of the Pre-modern Women's Movement in Taiwan. Prior to the 1970s ................................ 56 3.2.1.1. The Colonial Period (1895-1945) ............. 56 3.2.1.2. The Post-war Period (1945-1971) ............ 58 3.2.2. The Influences on the Emergence of the Modern Women's Movement in Taiwan ............................. 60 3.2.3. Conclusion ....................................66 3.3. THE STAGES OF THE MODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN TAIWAN, 1971-PRESENT ........................................67 3.3.1. Pioneering Period (1971-82) ........................ 67 3.3.2. The Awakening Period (1982-87) ..................... 75 3.3.3. The Post-Martial-Law Period (1987-present) ............ 82 3.4. THE AGENDA OF THE TAIWANESE MODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT AND GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) PERSPECTIVES ...... 90 3.4.1. The Evolution of Theorizing on Gender and Development .... 90 3.4.2. Does the GAD Approach Apply to the Agenda of the Modern Women's Movement in Taiwan? ......................96 3.4.2.1. Assurnption - The Basis for Women's Subordination 97 3.4.2.2. Focus ............................... 102 3.4.2.3. Strategy .............................. 105 3.5. CONCLUSION ........................................106 CWTER FOUR: CONCLUSION .............................108 4.1. OVERVIEW OF THESIS ................................. 108 4.2 THE FUTURE OF THE MODERN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT INTAIWAN ..........................................110 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................113 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 HIGHER EDUCATION IN TAIWAN . .32 TABLE 2 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE BY AGE (%) . .35 TABLE 3 RATE OF FEMALES PARTICIPATING IN THE LABOUR FORCE BY MARITAL STATUS (%) . .36 TABLE 4 TECHER RATIOS (IN %) IN EVERY LEVEL OF EDUCATION . .38 TABLE 5 GENDER DIFFERNCES IN FULL-TIME TEACHERS IN UNIVERSITY . .39 TABLE 6 NUMBERS OF SCHOOLS AND FEMALE PRINCIPALS IN ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION . .39 TABLE 7 FEMALE CIVIL SERVANTS IN TAIWAN . .49 TABLE 8 WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION IN NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE BODIES . .50 TABLE 9 WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION IN PROVINCIAL-LEVEL LEGISLATIVE BODIES . * . .51 TABLE 10 NUMBER OF FOREIGN-EDUCATED STUDENTS RETURNING TO TAIWAN . .64 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 TAIPEI WOMEN'S SERVICES NETWORK . , . .88 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CCP Chinese Communist Party DPP Democratic Progressive Party ECPAT End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism EPZs Export Processing Zones GAD Gender and Development GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product IFBPW International Federation of Business and Professional Women KMT Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NT$ New Taiwan Dollars NTU National Taiwan University PRC People's Republic of China PGNs Practical Gender Needs ROC Republic of China SGNs Strategic Gender Needs UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Economic Social and Cultural Organization us United States US$ Arnerican Dollars WAD Women and Development WID Wornen
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