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ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE & RELIABILITY OF MATERIALS TO BE USED IN CRICKET BAT HANDLE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION BY ASHISH KUMAR KATIYAR Under the Supervision of SYED TARIQ MURTAZA, Ph.D. ER. SHAMSHAD ALI DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA) 2018 ANNEXURE-I CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I, Ashish Kumar Katiyar, Department of Physical Education, certify that the work embodied in this Ph.D. thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ph.D. and Er. Shamshad Ali at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The matter embodied in this Ph.D. thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their work has been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not willfully lifted up some others work, para, text, data, result etc. reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, theses, etc., or available at web-sites and included them in this Ph.D. thesis and cited as my own work. Date:………………………. (Signature of the Candidate) Ashish Kumar Katiyar (Name of the Candidate) ………………………………………………………………………………………… Certificate from the Supervisor/Co-supervisor This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge. Er. Shamshad Ali Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ph.D (Signature of the Co-Supervisor) (Signature of the Supervisor) Associate Professor Associate Professor Mechanical Engg. Section, University Department of Physical Education Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. 202002 Aligarh. 202002 (U.P.) India (U.P.) India (Signature of the Chairman of the Department with seal) ii ANNEXURE-II COURSE/COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/PRE-SUBMISSION SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Ashish Kumar Katiyar, En. No. GG-9744 Department of Physical Education has satisfactorily completed the course work/comprehensive examination/ pre-submission seminar requirement which are the part of his Ph.D. programme. Date: ………………….. (Signature of Chairman of Department) iii ANNEXURE-III COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE Title of the Thesis: ‘Analysis of the Performance & Reliability of Materials to be used in Cricket Bat Handle’ Candidate’s Name: Ashish Kumar Katiyar Copyright Transfer The undersigned hereby assign to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, copy right that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph.D. degree. Signature of Candidate Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for author’s personal use provided that the source and the University’s copyright notice are indicated. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, viz. Er. Shamshad Ali, from Mechanical Engineering Section, University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ph.D., Associate Professor, from the Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for their guidance and tremendous support during my PhD work. As per the nature of my work, Er. Shamshad Ali (my Co-Supervisor) deserves special mentioning for his excellent technical advice, invaluable knowledge and great help. His generous help, substantial information and regular encouragement always kept me on track and were the key to my completion. I felt fortunate to have the opportunity to work under his supervision. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Brij Bhushan Singh, Chairperson, Department of Physical Education, alongwith all the teaching and non- teaching staff for providing me nice workplace and a pleasant atmosphere of research & development to carry out my research work in the Department. In addition, I would like to thank Prof. S Iqbal Ali, Principal, University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, to allow me to use the facilities of the Carpentry Shop, Fitting Shop, Turning & Machine Shop, CNC Machine Tool Shop and Common Facility Center (CFC) and he also deputed the workshop technicians for helping me out throughout my research work. I would like to thanks Prof. Mohd. Muzzammil, Chairperson, Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for providing me necessary testing facilities and to make use of, at the Structure of Materials (SOM) Lab and also deputing Mr. Khadim Abbas, Technical Assistant, for testing of prototypes. I feel indebted to Mr. Abbas for his kind advice, support and expertise during the testing prototypes. And I would like to thank to all the Technical Assistant and in particular Mr. Mohd. Mukeem, Carpenter and Mr. Rahim Khan, Mr. Mohd. Saud Hashmi, and Mr. Laxman for devoting their time and engineering abilities during the manufacturing of handle prototypes and testing fixtures. Thanks are due to Mr. Gulsanover (AWS), Mr. Ghufran Ahmad Kidwai T.A. (Store Incharge), and Mr. Mohammad Akbar (TA), Mr. Jabaruddin (TA) for their generous and friendly help with my experiments and products prototyping, otherwise, I would have had a lot of troubles. To all my friends who have undoubtedly helped, even if it was only to keep me laughing. Finally, I would like to thank the University Grant Commission (UGC) for the funding Non-Net Scholarship for carrying this research work which supported my Ph.D. study. Date: Ashish Kumar Katiyar v ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE & RELIABILITY OF MATERIALS TO BE USED IN CRICKET BAT HANDLE ABSTRACT SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION BY ASHISH KUMAR KATIYAR Under the Supervision of SYED TARIQ MURTAZA, Ph.D. ER. SHAMSHAD ALI DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA) 2018 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The cricket bat, a thing of beauty and power, has struggled to evolve from its 1860‟s incarnation. In shape and style, it changes continuously as bat makers look to differentiate themselves, driven by rapacious need to create new models for each seasons. In structure, the bat barley moved, despite regular attempts to add new materials, technologies and techniques. Law 6 (the bat) pretty much consigns the blade to being a lovely carved piece of solid willow for the rest of time. On paper and in practice the only place for experimentation and innovation is in the handle and the splice (Edward, 2013). In cricket, the battle between bat and ball is key. If one comes to dominate the other, the game will become predictable and less enjoyable to play and watch. While cricket pitches, balls and boundaries have changed little in centuries, modern bats have developed to the extent that miss-hits are now sometimes clearing the boundary rope for six. By ensuring that bats are made in the traditional manner, MCC hopes to safeguard the traditional balance of the game. We have seen the impact of new technology and materials on other sport. Golfers drive the ball enormous distances, Tennis players serve at greater speeds, Footballers can dip and swerve the ball extravagantly. If the development of cricket bats is left unchecked, the balance could be tipped too far towards batsmen. Modern training methods have allowed many batsmen to become stronger and fitter than their predecessors, thus hitting the ball harder and further. MCC is not trying to legislate against those players, but rather the new materials that could give them an unfair advantage. Design and innovation are inseparable. This is particularly evident in the case of sport products. The sporting goods industry has diversified over the years to accommodate the different interests and needs of athletes and consumers in general. It has also promoted and helped to develop new sport that have in turn served as a catalyst for new types of products (Subic, 2007). Abstract The advance in equipment design has not occurred within cricket bat manufacturing. In fact innovations as in other sport are comparatively rare (Grant & Thethi, 1994). The traditional design of the bat has changed very little as many manufacturers pride themselves on their traditional techniques. This apparent lack of development may be due to the restrictions of the rules. However, the rules do not specify that modifications cannot be made. As we have seen over there the last 10 years that the cricket has been a mass of modernization in cricket bat and handles to improve bat performance by using different material. Variations in the design have been limited to the back of the bat such as scallops, extended ridges or alterations in the weight (Grant, 1996). This apparent lack of development may be due to the confinements of the rules (MCC, 2008) which limit manufacturers to using wood as the impacting surface. Cricket as a sport with long history and rich tradition, has seen little development in regards to the performance of the cricket bat. The fact that no alteration to the material composition of the blade is permitted, that restricts cricket bat to embark to the latest sport enhancement technologies that have proven to benefit other games of sport such as baseball and tennis. (Bogue, Mulcahey, Spangler, 1998). The examples are such as aluminium baseball bats (Russell, 2006) golf clubs (Bianchini, Spangler, & Pandell, 1999), tennis rackets (Head, 2006a), mountain bike Smart shock system (Perkins, 1997), skis (Head, 2006b), and Intelligence snowboards (Head, 2006c) which use advanced material technology with/without electronic technology to either enhance performance for the games and also reduce the risk of players being injured, bringing comfort to the players. These innovative designs have made the sport more attractive, enjoyable and entertaining (Cao, 2006). As in many industries, the sporting goods industry faces fierce competition today. In order to win the competition and prevent being phased out, it is important for manufacturers to innovate products and give their goods added functionalities at an acceptable price.

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