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Morphological Differentiation and Herbicide Control of the Ludwigia Uruguayensis Complex in Florida

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Morphological Differentiation and Herbicide Control of the Ludwigia Uruguayensis Complex in Florida MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND HERBICIDE CONTROL OF THE LUDWIGIA URUGUAYENSIS COMPLEX IN FLORIDA By AFSARI BANU A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Afsari Banu To my Husband, Mom, Dad, and Sister ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not be completed without help from a group of people. First, I want to acknowledge my loving husband Anil for his continuous support and encouragement throughout my journey to thesis completion. He always boosted my morale and was always there for me. Next, I want to acknowledge my parents. They always supported me emotionally and providing me an opportunity to lead a right path for my career. My little sister Sonu is of immense encouragement for me to keep pushing myself to complete this endeavor. I also want to acknowledge my brothers for their continuous encouragement and emotional support to complete my thesis. My thesis would not be completed without encouragement, advice and support from my advisor, Dr. Stephen Enloe. He always pushed me to think deeper and to think differently to find answers to invasive species management. Dr. Jacono, my committee member is deserving of much acknowledgement. It is because of you Dr. Jacono, I was able to complete my morphology study. You taught me a lot about plant morphology and always supported my research ideas. Next, I want to acknowledge my two other committee members, Drs. Macdonald and Leon for their continuous support and encouragement to complete my thesis successfully. I also want to acknowledge Dr. Haller for agreeing to serve as my replacement committee member at the last minute and continuously supporting my research activities at CAIP in the capacity of center director. I also want to thank Dr. Netherland for his instant and expert responses to my specific research queries. Finally, I want to thank my colleagues, Carl, Cody, Josh, and Kate for helping to complete my experiments, without them I would not have completed my research. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 13 Ludwigia uruguayensis Complex ............................................................................ 13 Biology and Ecology of the Ludwigia uruguayensis Complex ................................. 13 Distribution of Ludwigia uruguayensis Complex ..................................................... 15 Management Strategies .......................................................................................... 16 2 MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN THE LUDWIGIA URUGUAYENSIS COMPLEX IN FLORIDA ............................................................ 20 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 22 Sample Collection and Planting ........................................................................ 22 Floral Morphology ............................................................................................. 24 Foliar Morphology ............................................................................................. 26 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 28 Floral Morphology ............................................................................................. 28 Foliar Morphology ............................................................................................. 32 3 RESPONSE OF LUDWIGIA HEXAPETALA AND LUDWIGIA GRANDIFLORA TO SELECTED AQUATIC HERBICIDES ............................................................... 47 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 47 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 49 Dose Response Study ...................................................................................... 49 Tank Mix Comparisons ..................................................................................... 52 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 53 Dose Response Study ...................................................................................... 53 Tank Mix Comparisons ..................................................................................... 55 4 COMPARISON OF EARLY GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND CREEPING MORPHOLOGY OF LUDWIGIA HEXAPETALA AND LUDWIGIA GRANDIFLORA ...................................................................................................... 67 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 67 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 69 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 71 5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 93 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 95 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 100 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Floral morpho-metrics of five Ludwigia uruguayensis populations from the common garden study, 2016. ............................................................................. 36 2-2 Floral morpho-metrics of five Ludwigia uruguayensis populations from field collections in 2014 and 2016. ............................................................................. 37 2-3 Floral morpho-metrics of five Ludwigia uruguayensis populations from the common garden study, 2016. ............................................................................. 38 2-4 Floral morpho-metrics of five Ludwigia uruguayensis populations from field collections in 2014 and 2016. ............................................................................. 39 2-5 Foliar morpho-metrics of five Ludwigia uruguayensis populations from the common garden study (2015, 2016 and 2017) and field collections (2014, 2015 and 2016). ................................................................................................. 40 2-6 Floral and foliar morphological characters differentiating Ludwigia grandiflora and L. hexapetala. .............................................................................................. 41 3-1 Herbicides rates used in the dose response study and tank mix comparisons, applied to emergent plant foliage of Ludwigia hexapetala and L. grandiflora with 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant. ................................................................... 59 3-2 Model parameters and standard errors in parenthesis for two-parameter log- logistic model provided in equation 1 for figures 3-1,2,3 (shoot regrowth dry weights). ............................................................................................................. 60 4-1 Growth rates of two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2017. ........ 77 4-2 Mean stem width and internode length of two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 3, 5, 7 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2016. ....................................................................................... 78 4-3 Mean total number of shoots and number of abscised shoots in two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 3 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2016. ........................................................................... 79 4-4 Mean petiole length and leaf shape of two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 3 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2016. .................................................................................................................. 80 4-5 Growth rates of two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2017. ........ 81 7 4-6 Mean stem width and internode length of two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 4, 5, and 6 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2017. ....................................................................................... 82 4-7 Mean total number of shoots and number of abscised shoots in two Ludwigia hexapetala and three L. grandiflora populations at 4, 5 and 6 WAP from the common garden experimental run 2017. ............................................................ 83 4-8 Mean petiole length and leaf shape of two Ludwigia
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