Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2012 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2012 IMPRESSUM Client: Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina Prepared with the support of: Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund United Nations Environment Program Thematic expert group: Anđa Hadžiabdić Esena Kupusović Fethi Silajdžić Ivan Brlek Laurent Mesbah Martin Tais Mehmed Cero Mihajlo Marković Milena Kozomara Semra Čavaljuga Senad Oprašić Tanja Trubajić Toni Nikolić Wilhelm Vogel Zvjezdan Karadžin Consultant: Enova d.o.o. Sarajevo Umweltbundesamt GmbH Translation: Amina Subašić-Kovač, Ajla Silajdžić-Dautbegović Graphic design: Tarik Hodžić Photo: Aleksandar Trifunović BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MINISTRY OF FOREIGN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2012 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ACHIEVEMENT FUND CONTENTS Foreword 19 Acronyms and Abbreviations 20 Acknowledgements 24 Purpose of the State of Environment Report 27 Methodology and Availability of Data 28 Significance of Environmental Indicators and 29 Strategy of Selection 29 Report Development Process 30 Form of the Report and its Contents 30 CONTENTS OF THE REPORT 31 Brief Summary of the State of Environment 32 Environmental Indicators Partially or Completely Missing 38 Recommendations for Improving the State of the Environment and Key Tasks 39 1.. GENERAL INFORMATION 40 1.1 GEOGRAPHY 41 1.2 CLIMATE 42 1.3 HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND 43 1.4 CULTURAL HERITAGE 44 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS AND PRESSURES 48 2.1 DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION TRENDS 49 2.2 POVERTY AS A DRIVING FORCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 51 2.3 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND RECENT TRENDS 53 2.4 DRIVERS AND PRESSURES BY SECTORS 57 2.4.1 Agriculture 57 2.4.1.1 Percentage of land area under agricultural land 57 2.4.1.2 Agriculture and animal production 58 2.4.1.3 Greenhouse gas emissions 60 2.4.1.4 Consumption of water for irrigation 61 2.4.1.5 Conclusions and recommendations 62 2.4.2 Energy 63 2.4.2.1 Final energy consumption by sector 64 2.4.2.2 Total energy intensity 65 2.4.2.3 Primary energy consumption by fuel 66 2.4.2.4 Renewable energy consumption 68 2.4.2.5 Renewable electricity consumption 69 2.4.2.6 Conclusions and recommendations 71 2.4.3. Industry 72 2.4.3.1 Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from the industry 72 CONTENTS 2.4.3.2 Energy consumption of industry 73 2.4.3.3 Number of industrial companies engaged in Environment Management System 74 2.4.3.4 Conclusions and recommendations 74 2.4.4 Fisheries and aquaculture 74 2.4.4.1 Production of consumed fish 74 2.4.4.2 Number and structure of fish farms 75 2.4.4.3 Conclusions and recommendations 76 2.4.5 Mining 76 2.4.5.1 Disposal and treatment of waste materials and environmental aspects of mining activities 76 2.4.5.2 Coal mines in BiH 78 2.4.5.3 Production in coal mines in BiH 79 2.4.5.4 Metal and non-metal mines 83 2.4.5.5 Conclusions and recommendations 84 2.4.6 Transport and Infrastructure 85 2.4.6.1 Road and railroad traffic 86 2.4.6.2 Air traffic 89 2.4.6.3 Water transport and infrastructure 90 2.4.6.4 Conclusions and recommendations 91 2.4.7 Tourism 92 2.4.7.1 Number of tourist visits 92 2.4.7.2 Number of tourist overnight stays 93 2.4.7.3 Conclusions and recommendations 95 2.4.8 Spatial and urban planning 95 2.4.8.1 Urban development 97 2.4.8.2 Housing conditions 98 2.4.8.3 Conclusions and recommendations 99 2.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT 99 2.5.1 Municipal waste 100 2.5.1.1 Municipal waste generation 100 2.5.1.2 Collection of municipal waste and service coverage 102 2.5.1.3 Municipal waste treatment 103 2.5.1.4 Number of registered municipal waste landfills 103 2.5.1.5 Number of illegal municipal waste landfills 103 2.5.1.6 Degree of regional sanitary landfills establishment 104 2.5.1.7 Generation and recycling of packaging waste 105 2.5.2 Non-hazardous production waste 106 2.5.3 Hazardous production waste 107 2.5.4 Medical waste 108 2.5.5 Special categories of waste 109 2.5.6 Transboundary movement of hazardous waste 111 2.5.7 Conclusions and recommendations 112 CONTENTS 3.. STATES AND TRENDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 114 3.1 FOREST RESOURCES 115 3.1.1 The most represented types of trees 115 3.1.2 Forest cover surface and ownership 115 3.1.3 Growing stock 116 3.1.4 Wood harvesting 116 3.1.5 Afforestation 118 3.1.6 Forest health 118 3.1.7 Landmine presence 118 3.1.8 Conclusions and recommendations 118 3.2 LAND AND SOIL RESOURCES 119 3.2.1 Land area by land use categories 119 3.2.2 Anthropogenic and special soil degradation 119 3.2.3 Land structure 121 3.2.4 Change of land use 123 3.2.5 Land ownership structure 124 3.2.6 Land types and soil quality 125 3.2.7 Conclusions and recommendations 126 3.3 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 127 3.3.1 Quantity of Surface Water 128 3.3.1.1 Use of freshwater resources 128 3.3.2 Surface water quality 130 3.3.2.1 Oxygen consuming substances in rivers 130 3.3.2.3 Bathing water quality 134 3.3.2.4 Urban waste water treatment 135 3.3.3 Groundwater 138 3.3.4 Conclusions and recommendations 138 3.4 MINERAL RESOURCES 139 3.4.1 Coal deposits 139 3.4.2 Metallic ore deposits 142 3.4.4 Stone deposits 146 3.4.5 Previous assessment of geothermal potential 147 3.4.5 Conclusions and recommendations 149 3.5 BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY 149 3.5.1 State of biological and landscape diversity 150 3.5.2 Pressures on and threats to biological diversity 153 3.5.3 Endangered and protected species 153 3.5.4 Invasive species 154 CONTENTS 3.5.5 Protected areas 154 3.5.6 Ramsar sites 156 3.5.7 Diversity change caused by climate change 156 3.5.8 Conclusions and recommendations 157 3.6 AIR POLLUTION AND OZONE DEPLETION 159 3.6.1 Air pollution 159 3.6.2 Acid rain 162 3.6.3 Atmosphere radioactivity 163 3.6.4 Emissions of ozone precursors 164 3.6.5 Production of ozone depleting substances 165 3.6.6 Conclusions and recommendations 166 3.7 CLIMATE CHANGE 167 3.7.1 Climate change observations in BiH 168 3.7.2 Precipitation trends 168 3.7.3 Temperature trends 169 3.7.4 Greenhouse gas emissions 171 3.7.5 Climate change impacts on ecosystems 172 3.7.6 Mitigation measures and adaptation to climate change 175 3.7.7 International legal frame for climate change from BiH perspective 176 3.7.8 Conclusions and recommendations 177 4 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND HUMAN HEALTH 180 4.1 CHEMICALS AND HARMFUL SUBSTANCES 181 4.2 NATURAL AND HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS 184 4.2.1 Forest fires 184 4.2.2 Floods 184 4.2.3 Earthquakes 186 4.2.4 Landslides 187 4.3 POST-CONFLICT ISSUES 191 4.4 TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 192 4.5 IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH 194 4.5.1 Link between human health and the environment 194 4.5.2 Infectious disease reporting system in BiH 196 4.5.3 Water and food borne diseases 196 4.5.4 Vector borne diseases 199 4.5.5 Tuberculosis 199 4.5.6 Respiratory diseases caused by polluted air 200 4.5.7 Diseases caused by radiation or any other environmental risk factor 200 4.5.8 Conclusions and recommendations 201 CONTENTS 5.. POLICY RESPONSES 202 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS, STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 203 5.1.1 Institutional structure 203 5.1.2 State environmental policy 206 5.1.2.1 Environmental legislation 206 5.1.2.2 Path to EU integration 207 5.1.2.3 Environmental Protection Funds 207 5.1.3 Environmental monitoring 212 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS RAISING AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 215 5.2.1 Environmental education 215 5.2.2 Environmental awareness raising and public participation 216 6 CONCLUSIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD 218 6.1 PRESENT EFFORTS IN REFORM IMPLEMENTATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT SECTOR 219 6.2 SYSTEM FUNCTIONING EFFICIENCY 221 6.3 DATA AVAILABILITY AND REPORTING PROCEDURES 221 6.4 THE WAY FORWARD 222 6.4.1 Development of future State of the Environment Reports 223 6.4.2 Recommendations for state improvement and key tasks 224 7 . REFERENCES 228 8.. ANNEXES 236 ANNEX I 236 ANNEX II 247 ANNEX III 248 ANNEX IV 255 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: DPSIR methodology 21 Figure 2: Topographic map of BiH 33 Figure 3: Climate ofBiH 34 Figure 4: Administrative organization of BiH according to the Dayton Peace Accords 35 Figure 5: Examples of cultural heritage in BiH 36 Figure 6: State of architectural heritage before the war 37 Figure 7: Number of destroyed historical monuments 37 Figure 8: Diversity of traditional arts and crafts of BiH 38 Figure 9: Population size of BiH according to the 1991 population census and estimates made between 1996 and 2010 39 Figure 10: Population in BiH according to age groups for 2009 40 Figure 11: Total fertility rate in BiH 41 Figure 12: Poor households in BiH per geographic areas in 2007 43 Figure 13: Extent of poverty in BiH per genderhousehold head in 2007 43 Figure 14: GDP for BiH for the period of 2005 – 2010 at current prices, expressed in KM 1,000 45 Figure 15: GDP per capita in BiH for the period of 2005-2010, in KM 45 Figure 16: Consumer Price Index of BiH according to the COICOP divisions in 2010 46 Figure 17: External debt of the government sector – expressed in KM 1000 47 Figure 18: External debt of the government sector as a percentage of GDP 48 Figure 19: Cultivated land by type of cultivationin BiH 49 Figure 20: Harvested surface for the period of 2008-2010, expressed in 1000 ha 50 Figure 21: Total livestock population (domestic animals) 51 Figure 22: Total poultry population in BiH 51 Figure 23: Final energy consumption in BiH 55 Figure 24: Total energy intensity in BiH