DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Mexico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Mexico Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2011 When Prohibition and Violence Collide: The Case of Mexico Kyleigh M. Clark Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Clark, Kyleigh M., "When Prohibition and Violence Collide: The Case of Mexico" (2011). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1070. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1070 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHEN PROHIBITION AND VIOLENCE COLLIDE: THE CASE OF MEXICO A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By KYLEIGH CLARK B.A. International Studies, Wright State University, 2009 2011 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL November 18,2011 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Kyleigh Clark ENTITLED When Violence and Prohibition Collide: The Case of Mexico BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ______________________________ December Green, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ December Green, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Laura Luehrmann, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Nancy Broughton, Ph.D. Department of Modern Languages ______________________________ Andrew T. Hsu, Ph.D. Dean, Graduate School ABSTRACT Clark, Kyleigh. M.A., Department of Political Science, Wright State University, 2011. When Prohibition and Violence Collide: The Case of Mexico. Some theorists have found a positive correlation between increased drug prohibition enforcement and a rise in violence. These studies focus on the United States and Colombia, arguing that prohibition amplifies violence, rather than decreasing it. Much like the United States and Colombia earlier in their histories, Mexico has recently experienced an escalation in violence. Since beginning a democratic transition in 2000, the Mexican government has intensified a war on drugs by strengthening the rule of law, battling corruption, and cooperating with the United States’ drug war. This study, using a congruence method with process-tracing, will analyze the Mexican case in depth, with the goal of determining whether increased drug prohibition enforcement has escalated drug-related violence in Mexico, and what effect the violence has on the legitimacy of democracy itself in Mexico. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION RESEARCH QUESTION 2 SUB-QUESTIONS 2 27 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE RULE OF LAW 3 PROHIBITION AND VIOLENCE 4 VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECT ON DEMOCRACY 7 METHODOLOGY 9 CONCLUSION 12 CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW OF MEXICAN POLITICS AND PROHIBITION, 1910-1994 INTRODUCTION 13 POLITICS OF MEXICO UNDER THE PRI, 1910-1994 13 UNITED STATES INFLUENCE ON MEXICAN POLITICS, 1910-1994 25 CONCLUSION 27 CHAPTER II: THE RULE OF LAW UNDER AND AFTER THE PRI INTRODUCTION 28 THE RULE OF LAW UNDER THE PRI, 1910-1994 28 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON THE RULE OF LAW UNDER THE PRI, 1910-1994 30 ANALYSIS 30 27 THE RULE OF LAW UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 31 RULE OF LAW REFORMS UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 31 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON THE RULE OF LAW UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 36 ANALYSIS 37 THE RULE OF LAW UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 41 RULE OF LAW REFORMS UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 42 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON THE RULE OF LAW UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 46 ANALYSIS 47 THE RULE OF LAW UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 53 RULE OF LAW REFORMS UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 53 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON THE RULE OF LAW UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 57 ANALYSIS 58 CONCLUSION 62 24 CHAPTER III: PROHIBITION UNDER AND AFTER THE PRI INTRODUCTION 64 PROHIBITION UNDER THE PRI, 1910-1994 64 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON PROHIBITION UNDER THE PRI, 1910-1994 70 ANALYSIS 71 27 PROHIBITION UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 72 iv PROHIBITIONARY REFORMS UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 73 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON PROHIBITION UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 74 ANALYSIS 75 PROHIBITION UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 76 PROHIBITIONARY REFORMS UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 77 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON PROHIBITION UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 79 ANALYSIS 80 PROHIBITION UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 81 PROHIBITIONARY REFORMS UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 82 UNITED STATES’ INFLUENCE ON PROHIBITION UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 84 ANALYSIS 85 CONCLUSION 86 24 CHAPTER IV: HOMICIDE LEVELS AND CITIZEN VIEWS ON DEMOCRACY UNDER AND AFTER THE PRI INTRODUCTION 88 27 HOMICIDE LEVELS UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 88 ANALYSIS 89 HOMICIDE LEVELS UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 91 ANALYSIS 92 HOMICIDE LEVELS UNDER CALDERÓN, 2006-2010 94 ANALYSIS 95 MEXICAN CITIZENS’ VIEWS ON DEMOCRACY UNDER ZEDILLO, 1994-2000 96 ANALYSIS 100 MEXICAN CITIZENS’ VIEWS ON DEMOCRACY UNDER FOX, 2000-2006 101 ANALYSIS 102 MEXICAN CITIZENS’ VIEWS ON DEMOCRACY UNDER CALDERÓN, 1994-2000 103 ANALYSIS 105 ANALYSIS OF THE HYPOTHESIS, 2000-2010 106 CONCLUSION 109 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION 111 27 97 WHAT IS THE CURRENT STATE OF THE WAR ON DRUGS IN MEXICO? 111 CONCLUSION 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 2.1: CPI Index During the Zedillo Era, 1995-2000 39 Figure 2.2: WGI of Rule of Law Percentile During the Zedillo Era, 1996-2000 39 Figure 2.3: CPI Index During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 51 Figure 2.4: WGI of Rule of Law Percentile During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 52 Figure 2.5: CPI Index During the Calderón Era, 2006-2010 60 Figure 2.6: WGI of Rule of Law Percentile During the Calderón Era, 2006-2009 61 Figure 3.1: Expenditures on Anti-Drug Efforts During the Zedillo Era, 1994-2000 74 Figure 3.2: Expenditures on Anti-Drug Efforts During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 79 Figure 3.3: Expenditures on Anti-Drug Efforts During the Calderón Era, 2006-2009 84 Figure 4.1: Homicides During the Zedillo Era, 1994-2000 89 Figure 4.2: Number of Drug-Related Homicides Compared to Expenditures on Anti-Drug Efforts During the Zedillo Era, 1994-2000 90 Figure 4.3: Drug-Related Homicides During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 92 Figure 4.4: Number of Drug-Related Homicides Compared to Expenditures on Anti-Drug Efforts During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 93 Figure 4.5: Drug-Related Homicides During the Calderón Era, 2006-2010 95 Figure 4.6: Number of Drug-Related Homicides Compared to Expenditures on Anti-Drug Efforts During the Calderón Era, 2006-2009 96 Figure 4.7: Support for Democracy During the Zedillo Era, 1995-2000 99 Figure 4.8: Number of Homicides Compared to Support for Democracy During the Zedillo Era, 1995-2000 100 Figure 4.9: Support for Democracy During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 102 Figure 4.10: Drug-Related Homicides Compared with Support for Democracy During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 103 vi Figure 4.11: Support for Democracy During the Calderón Era, 2006-2010 104 Figure 4.12: Number of Drug-Related Homicides Compared to Support for Democracy During the Calderón Era, 2006-2010 106 Figure 4.13: Number of Drug-Related Homicides Compared to Expenditures on Anti- Drug Efforts, 2001-2009 107 Figure 4.14: Number of Drug-Related Homicides Compared to Support for Democracy, 2000-2010 109 TABLES Table 4.1: Support for Democracy During the Zedillo Era, 1995-2000 99 Table 4.2: Support and for Democracy During the Fox Era, 2000-2006 101 Table 4.3: Support for Democracy During the Calderón Era, 2006-2010 104 vii ACRONYMS AFA- Agencia Federal Antisecuestros; Federal Anti-kidnapping Agency AFI- Agencia Federal de Investigación; Federal Agency of Investigations ANSJL- Acuerdo Nacional por la Seguridad, la Justicia y la Legalidad; National Agreement for Security, Justice and Legality CITCC- Comisión Intersectorial para la Transparencia y el Combate a la Corrupción en la Administración Publica Federal; Interministerial Commission for Transparency and Against Corruption in Federal Public Administration EZLN- Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional; Zapatista Army of National Liberation FEADS- Fiscalía Especializada en Atención de Delitos contra la Salud; The Prosecutor Specializing in Crimes Against Health ICC- International Criminal Court ICESI- Instituto Ciudadano de Estudios Sobre la Inseguridad; The Civic Institute of Studies on Insecurity IFE- Instituto Federal Electoral; Federal Electoral Institute INEGI- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía; National System of Statistical and Geographical Information INM- Instituto Nacional de Migración; National Institute of Migration LFcDO- Ley Federal contra la Delincuencia Organizada; The Federal Law Against Organized Crime OECD- Organization for Economic Corruption and Development OMS- Operativo México Seguro; Operation Safe Mexico PAN- Partido Acción Nacional; National Action Party PF- Policía Federal; Federal Police PFM- Policía Federal Ministerial; Federal Ministerial Police PFP- Policía Federal Preventiva; Federal Preventative Police viii PGR- Procuradura General de la República; Offices of the Attorney General PJF- Policía Judicial Federal; Federal Judicial Police PRI- Partido Revolucionario Institucional; Institutional Revolutionary Party PRD- Partido de la Revolución Democrática; Party of the Democratic Revolution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South of the Border, Down Mexico Way: the Past, Present, and Future of Petroleum Development in Mexico,‡ Part I
    Owen L. Anderson* & J. Jay Park† SOUTH OF THE BORDER, DOWN MEXICO WAY: THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT IN MEXICO,‡ PART I ABSTRACT Mexico is estimated to have 9.8 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves, or about 10 percent of the world’s crude oil; however, much remains undeveloped and production is declining as a result of dysfunction in the structure of Mexico’s petroleum regime. Until recently, Mexico’s Constitution and laws limited oil and gas activities to those of its state oil company, Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex), which struggled to invest in new drilling and technology. In 2013, however, Mexico reopened its petroleum sector to foreign investment. Although 75 years in the making, Mexico is taking a bold new path toward developing its petroleum resources. Mexico stands to benefit from foreign investment and new technology to develop its remaining resources, which include shale deposits, deepwater reserves, and reserves only recoverable through modern enhanced recovery techniques. This two-part article has two objectives: Part I reviews the history of petroleum in Mexico—much of it unhappy—as a reminder of the long and tortuous pathway that led to Mexico’s current initiative to open its petroleum sector to foreign investment. The Mexican economy was built on oil in the early 1900s, but a combination of nationalism, petroleum-investor arrogance, and eventual over- dependence on petroleum revenues all served to undermine the Mexican oil industry. It is important for petroleum investors to understand and appreciate this history in order to ease the transition of new oil production in Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Jonathan Fox and Xochitl Badamigrant Organization And
    Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 8 Nos. 2 and 3, April and July 2008, pp. 435–461. BlackwellOxford,JOACJournal1471-03581471-0366©XXXOriginalMigrantJonathan The Author. UKofOrganizationArticles Publishing AgrarianFox Journal and ChangeXochitl Ltdand compilation Hometown BadaMigrant © Blackwell Impacts in Publishing Rural Mexico Ltd, Henry Bernstein and Terence J. Byres. Organization and Hometown Impacts in Rural Mexico JONATHAN FOX AND XOCHITL BADA The interaction between migration, development and rural democratization is not well understood. Exit is usually understood as an alternative to voice, but the Mexican experience with cross-border social and civic action led by hometown associations suggests that exit can also be followed by voice. This article explores migrant impacts on hometown civic life, focusing on voice and bargaining over community development investments of collective remittances that are matched by government social funds. The most significant democratizing impacts include expatriate pressures on local governments for accountability and greater voice for outlying villages in municipal decision-making. Keywords: migrant civil society, Mexico, hometown associations, remittances, community development CONTENDING RURAL FUTURES: EXIT OR VOICE? Political economists counterpose exit and voice as conceptual shorthand for different actors’ possible responses to diverse challenges.1 In this context, migration is often understood as an exit option and therefore an alternative to voice. Migrants vote with their feet, in the commonsense phrase. If this exit-voice dichotomy holds, then the hundreds of thousands of Mexicans who leave their villages each year are indirectly weakening rural civil society’s capacity for collective action and political representation. This article suggests that while exit might well substitute for voice in the short term, exit can also be followed by voice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Modernization of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement, 2000-2020
    Master’s Degree in Comparative International Relations Final Thesis Towards a new generation trade agreement: the modernization of the EU-Mexico Global Agreement, 2000-2020 Supervisor Ch. Prof. Duccio BASOSI Assistant supervisor Ch. Prof. Vanni PETTINÀ Graduand Silvia SCHIAVONI 877176 Academic Year 2019/2020 Index Abstract 1 Introduction 5 Chapter 1: The external trade policy of the EU 1) Influences on the evolution of European trade policies 10 2) The Common Commercial Policy of the EU 13 3) The Treaty of Lisbon and the new EU trade strategies 20 4) Main characteristics of FTAs/PTAs 26 5) First Generation FTAs 31 6) DCFTA 35 7) EPA 36 8) New Generation Agreements 38 9) The new generation of EU FTAs: South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, TTIP, CETA and Mercosur 41 Chapter 2: Mexico’s external policy and its trade relations with the EU 1) History of Mexican commercial policy 53 2) The 1980s trade opening and liberalization reforms 60 3) The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 64 4) European Union relations with Latin America 68 5) Evolution of Mexican relation with the European Union, 1900s – 1992 73 6) The framework of the 1997 Mexico-European Union Global Agreement negotiations 83 Chapter 3: Modernization of the Mexico-European Union Global Agreement 1) Analysis of the Global Agreement and the 2008 Strategic Partnership 88 2) First years of Global Agreement implementation: 2002-2006 97 3) EU-Mexico relations in the framework of the Global Agreement 2006-2012 106 4) The period 2012-2016 and the decision to modernize the Global Agreement 115 5) Global Agreement impact assessment 123 6) The Agreement in Principle and the inclusion of new elements 129 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 144 Abstract Verso la metà degli anni Novanta, mentre il Messico firmava l’Accordo nordamericano di libero commercio con i due partner principali dell’America del Nord, gli Stati Uniti e il Canada, la quota europea del mercato messicano diminuiva in maniera costante.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Consequences of Institutionalised
    THE HISTORICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INSTITUTIONALISED CORRUPTION IN MODERN MEXICO by Michael Malkemus, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in Political Science December 2014 Committee Members: Omar Sanchez-Sibony, Chair Edward Mihalkanin Paul Hart COPYRIGHT by Michael Malkemus 2014 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Michael Malkemus, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is a culmination of many years of passionate and exciting study of México. Its culture, politics, and people have long fascinated me. Therefore, first and foremost, the people of México must be warmly acknowledged. Secondly, I would like to extend gratitude to all of my professors and mentors that have introduced and taught me vital concepts relating to the political culture of México and Latin America. Finally, this would have been impossible without my parents and their unwavering support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Porfirian Influence on Mexican Journalism: an Enduring Legacy of Economic Control
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1987 Porfirian influence on Mexican journalism: An enduring legacy of economic control Steve Devitt The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Devitt, Steve, "Porfirian influence on Mexican journalism: An enduring legacy of economic control" (1987). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5085. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5085 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a nu scr ipt in w hich c o pyr ig ht s u b s is t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. Ma n s f ie l d L ibrary Un iv e r s it y of Montana D a t e :____ 1_ THE PORFIRIAN INFLUENCE ON MEXICAN JOURNALISM: AN ENDURING LEGACY OF ECONOMIC CONTROL by Steve Devitt B.A., Eastern Montana College, 1971 Presented in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism University of Montana 1987 Approved by Graduate School UMI Number: EP40549 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The.
    [Show full text]
  • National Electoral Choices in Rural Mexico
    UC Santa Cruz Reprint Series Title National Electoral Choices in Rural Mexico Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97g2k65h Author Fox, Jonathan A Publication Date 1996 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California çb ño R TORMING COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SEMINAR SERIES teminars at Coìumbia Universig, welcomes rhis srudy ^. *"9ï-Iï:l!lMtl"o: Agrarian ?r:Try:rg Refonn edited by Laira Randall to the Co_ MrxICo'S rumbra unrversity Seminars Series. The study has benefited nar from-"*"n""g" beÃì_ discussions and reflects the advantages of ,lÀoiurfy provided by the Seminar Movement. Aaron W. ACnARIAN Wamer Direclor, University Seminars Columbia University THE FT]TURE OF AMERICÂN BANKING RBTORM R. Jaítes Ba h, R. Dan Btunúiu&h,lr., anrl Roberî E. Litan THE EVOLUTION OFU.S. FINANCE. VOLIJME I FEDERAL RESERVE MONE,IARy polrcy: 191S_193S JqneW. D'Arista THE EVOLUTION OFU,S. TIN.ANCq VOLUME II RËSTRUCTURING INSTITUTIONS AND MARKET; løneW. D,Arista Laura Randall HOW CREDIT"MONEY SHAPES THE ECONOMY THE UNITED SlATES IN A GLOBAL SYSTEM Editor Roberl Guttmann THE ANTITRUST IMPULSI, VOLUMES IAND II AN ECONOMIC. HISTORICAI. AND LECALAN'LiìIS p. T heod ore Koual û, ed i tor FROM MALTHUS TO THE CLUB OF ROMEAND BACK-- PRoBLEMS OF LIMITS rO cnowrH, ponulnrrõ¡v CONTROL, AND MIGR,A]'IONS ú Paul Neurøth FI TOW,ARD SUSTAINÀBLE DEVELOPMENT? STRUGGLING OVER INDIA'S NARMADA RIVER a Wi\ia F. FisheL editot D[BT, CRISIS, ÁND RICOVERY THE r93OS AND T'HE 19905 $rI.E. Sharpe Albert G. Hatt and petry Mehrting Armonk, New York CHTq,NGING STRUCTURE O[ MEXICO London, England POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PRósPECl'S l-aúru Randoll,edìtot REFORMING MEXICO'S A,GRARIAN REFORM Iauru R¡ndall,editot Copyright O t996 by M, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Pervasive Precarity: Migrant Mexican Oil Workers
    Pervasive Precarity: Migrant Mexican Oil Workers’ Experiences and Tactics to Navigate Uncertainty By Rebecca J. Crosthwait © 2014 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Anthropology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson, Donald D. Stull, Ph.D., M.P.H. ________________________________ Brent E. Metz, Ph.D. ________________________________ Ebenezer Obadare, Ph.D. ________________________________ Peter Herlihy, Ph.D. ________________________________ Ruben Flores, Ph.D. Date Defended: November 24, 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Rebecca J. Crosthwait certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Pervasive Precarity: Migrant Mexican Oil Workers’ Experiences and Tactics to Navigate Uncertainty ________________________________ Chairperson Donald D. Stull Date approved: December 10, 2014 ii Abstract An ethnographic analysis of precarity as experienced by migrant Mexican oil workers in permanently insecure work structures in the Gulf of Mexico, this study explores precarious employment situations in the oil industry and tactics workers use to navigate, cope with, and diminish uncertainty. In addition to workers’ experiences, I analyze the contexts in which individuals live and work, including: labor-market changes; the history, politics, and geography of oil; and hurricanes’ impacts on labor. To better understand the tightrope walk between precarious employment and unemployment, I conducted interviews with workers and others affiliated with the oil industry during fieldwork in the Coastal Bend of Texas, in 2008, and Ciudad del Carmen, Mexico, in 2012. Both areas are important in the Gulf of Mexico oil industry and draw workers for projects both in the fabrication of offshore vessels and drilling and production of offshore oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Mexican Migrant Civil Society
    Mapping Mexican Migrant Civil Society 1 Jonathan Fox Latin American and Latino Studies Department University of California, Santa Cruz [email protected] comments welcome This is a background paper prepared for: Mexican Migrant Civic and Political Participation November 4-5, 2005 Co-sponsored by the Latin American and Latino Studies Department University of California, Santa Cruz and the Mexico Institute and Division of United States Studies Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars www.wilsoncenter.org/migrantparticipation 1 This paper draws on ideas presented in Fox (2004, 2005a, 2005b, and 2005c) and Fox and Rivera-Salgado (2004). The research was made possible by grants from the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, as well a 2004-2005 fellowship from the Woodrow Wilson Center. This paper was informed by ongoing conversations with colleagues too numerous to thank here, but I would like to express my special appreciation for input from Xóchitl Bada and Gaspar Rivera-Salgado. Summary: This paper “maps” the diverse patterns of Mexican migrant social, civic and political participation in the US, reviews current research and poses analytical questions informed by a binational perspective. While some migrants are more engaged with organizations focused on the US, others participate more in groups that are concerned with Mexico. At the same time, some Mexican migrants are working to become full members of both US and Mexican society, constructing practices of "civic binationality" that have a great deal to teach us about new forms of immigrant integration into US society. These different forms of participation are analyzed through the conceptual lens of “migrant civil society,” which includes four migrant-led arenas: membership organizations, NGOs, communications media and autonomous public spheres.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico City: Art, Culture & Cuisine!
    Mexico City: Art, Culture & Cuisine! Art History of Mexico Available Anytime! Cultural Journeys Mexico | Colombia | Guatemala www.tiastephanietours.com | (734) 769 7839 Mexico City: Art, Culture & Cuisine! Art History of Mexico On this journey of learning and discovery, we explore the history and expressions of Art in Mexico. In order to understand the vision and temperament of Diego and Frida, we will learn of History and Politics of Mexico, that is the only way to contextualize their art and lives. While Diego’s Art was overtly political, Frida’s was more personal, as we will see. The Mexican Muralism Movement will also be explored. If you are interested in Art, His- tory, Culture, Muralism, Diego and Frida, this trip is for you! Join us to explore art in Mexico City! Program Highlights • Explore the Zocalo • Visit Templo Mayor, Ceremonial Center of the Aztecs • Learn of Mexican History & Indigenous LOCATION Past at the National Palace Murals, painted by Diego Rivera • Ocotlan and the Southern Craft Route. • Visit the Palacio de Bellas Artes • Museum of Modern Art • Rufino Tamayo Museum • Frida Kahlo Museum • Dolores Olmedo Museum • UNAM Campus Itinerary Day 1: and the Cathedral of the Assumption of mural iconography and techniques of the Arrive Mexico City, Transfer to our Mary, constructed in a medley of Ba- ancient civilizations of Mexico. Diego Rivera Centrally Located Hotel and explore the roque, Neoclassical, and Mexican chur- studied the Prehispanic fresco technique to Historic Center! rigueresque architectural styles. Then we apply to his own work. (B, L) Enjoy a Light Lunch move to the National Palace to view Diego Explore the Zocalo, the Largest Square in Rivera’s mural masterpiece The Epic of the Day 3: the Americas! Mexican People, where he depicted major Today we explore the Antiguo Colegio San Visit Templo Mayor, Ceremonial Center of events in Mexico’s history, and the indig- Idelfonso, home to the first mural painted the Aztecs enous cultures of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiscal Policy in Latin America
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1997, Volume 12 Volume Author/Editor: Ben S. Bernanke and Julio Rotemberg Volume Publisher: MIT Press Volume ISBN: 0-262-02435-7 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/bern97-1 Publication Date: January 1997 Chapter Title: Fiscal Policy in Latin America Chapter Author: Michael Gavin, Roberto Perotti Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11036 Chapter pages in book: (p. 11 - 72) MichaelGavin and RobertoPerotti INTER-AMERICANDEVELOPMENT BANK; AND COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY AND CEPR Fiscal Policy in Latin America 1. Introduction Macroeconomic analysis of Latin America has long been primarily an exercise in monetary analysis. Fiscal policy has always formed part of this study, but the emphasis has typically been on fiscal deficits only, with the interest primarily centered on their effect on monetary out- comes and inflation. This emphasis is understandable, in light of the region's history of monetary and financial instability, but the time may be ripe for a. change. While inflation has not vanished from Latin Amer- ica, over the course of the past decade it has fallen nearly to single-digit levels. There is good reason to hope that Latin America will no longer be a breeding ground for the extreme and exotic monetary experiments that have in the past occupied monetary economists around the world. If so, policymakers in the region will have scope to turn their attention to other policy problems, and students of economic policy will have to search elsewhere for lessons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Mexico's Oil Monopoly
    The Politics of Mexico’s Oil Monopoly Richard Huizar University of California, Santa Barbara Pemex, the state owned oil company, is in crisis as a result of the choices made by its manager, the federal government. It is true that Pemex is an indebted oil company because it is heavily taxed. It is also true that Pemex is currently one of the main sources of revenue for the federal government, especially in era of high oil prices. However, the company faces serious problems such as whether it should be privatized or not. In this paper I will discuss various questions that need to be taken in consideration in any discussion of privatization of Pemex. In the first part of this essay, I provide a brief history of Pemex in order to emphasize the circumstances under which the oil sector in Mexico was nationalized. In the second part, I discuss Mexico-United States relations regarding oil because the United States is currently the major consumer of Mexico’s oil. The third section looks at the current problems that Pemex needs to address as soon as possible if it wants to maintain its status as an oil exporter. A brief history of Pemex In order to understand the current politics of Mexico’s oil sector it is useful to remember under what circumstances Mexico decided to nationalize its oil sector. Some Mexican scholars believe that the history of oil since the beginning of the twentieth century to the present can be broadly divided in three periods (Del Villar 1979; Meyer 1978). The first era ended in 1938 with the nationalization of the oil sector.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Relations with Mexico and Central America, 1977-1999
    The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies CCIS University of California, San Diego U.S. Relations with Mexico and Central America, 1977-1999 By Marc Rosenblum University of California, San Diego Working Paper 10 May 2000 2 U.S. Relations with Mexico and Central America, 1977-1999 Marc Rosenblum Introduction This dissertation, takes issue with the null hypothesis that Congress acts alone to make immigration policy in response to domestic interest group demands. Rather, I argue that both the president and migrant-sending states care about, and seek to influence, U.S. immigration policy; and I argue the president, with varying degrees of success, seeks to use immigration as a tool of foreign policy. In this chapter, I focus on U.S. immigration relations with Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua between 1977 and 1999. I have intentionally chosen a set of countries which have often sent large numbers of immigrants to the United States and, on the surface, appear to care about U.S. immigration policy. During the time period under consideration, U.S. relations with each of these countries have undergone important shifts: while relations with all four are very positive in the late 1990s, relations were strained, at best, with Mexico and Nicaragua during the 1980s, while the United States supported the right wing governments of El Salvador and Guatemala in civil wars during the 1980s. U.S.- Mexican underwent a similar, though less profound shift within the 1970s as well.. Second, these countries have also varied in their importance, from the perspective of the United States: Mexico became very important during the 1970s when new-found Mexican oil reserves became extremely appealing during the U.S.
    [Show full text]