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Millstone Making in Scotland Had the Divisionso Tw Proc SocAntiq Scot, 114 (1984), 539-556 Millstone makin Scotlann gi d GordoD n Tucker* SUMMARY Millstones made Scotland,in especially during 18th19ththe and centuries, fell intobroadtwo categories: those manufactured mainly from imported French burrs in urban manufactories and those made from indigenous rock at rural sites. This division applied to England as well, but there were distinctively Scottish features within each category. The urban manufacturers in Edinburgh and Glasgow usually made theirup millstones from centre-piecea of indigenous rock with radial French burr segments around distinctionin it, English the to method usingof entirely French burr segments with a markedly random element in the pattern. The rural sites produced monolithic millstones of the type almost universally produced Englishin mostand European quarries, suitablecoarserthe for grinding ordinaryin mills, having diametera of 1-1 tonorth, 1-4far the m; smallerin stones, c 0-7 to 0-9m in diameter, were made for the small horizontal or 'Norse' mills. In what was almost certainly the most important quarry of all - Kaim Hill in Ayrshire - segmented millstones were produced, a practice not established in England and not with certainty in Wales. Known urban millstone manufacturers are listed recordedand millstone quarries otherand rural millstone-making sites described.are Finally some place-names Scotlandin which include wordthe 'Millstone' listedare with suggestionthe that they probably indicate the sites of early millstone making. INTRODUCTION As in the rest of Britain and in many other countries, millstone making in Scotland had the divisionso tw . fabricatioe Th ) (a f millstoneno s fro mnumbea r (generally betwee f pieceo ) n s28 eigh d an t r segmento f 'Frencso h burr-stone' cemented together, bound with iron hoops, plastered ovee th r back, and dressed flat on the front ready to take the furrows and cracking. The stone was imported from quarries at La Ferte-sous-Jouarre, some 50 km east of Paris. The fabrication was don urban i e n manufactorie specialisy b s t worker r whosfo stone mth eserioua duss wa t s health hazard, leading to early death. (b) The cutting of millstones in one piece ('monolithic' millstones) from suitable rock, sometimes quarried, often workee surfacth n o de wher t occurredi e t sitea , s widely distributed over Scotland complete Th . e shapin ston e almoss th f wa eg o t alway squarre donth t r placa eyo e of extraction, leaving only the furrowing and cracking to be done at the mill. The industry was entirely rural. n Scotlandi Ther s wa e , however, another division r partiao , l divisione .th This wa s * Departmen f Economio t Sociad can l History, Universit f Birminghayo m 540 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1984 fabrication of millstones from segments made at Scottish quarries, somewhat after the manner of the French burr millstones. The fabrication of French burr millstones was a product of the demand for finer flour which arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the business expanded greatly during those centuries. It was brought to an end in the earlier part of the 20th century by the almost universal adoption of roller milling using steel rollers instead of millstones. e makinTh f monolithio g c millstones from indigenous rock goe se earlies th bac o t k t powered mills (animal, wate r wind)o r , and, indeed include w f i , e hand mills, using quern-stones, for thousand f yearso s . These monolithic stones serve l grindinal d g purposes unti e 18tth l h century t thebu ,n gradually became relegate preliminaro dt y grindin e grindinth f o grait go r gno of fodder. Many surviving wind and water mills have both French burr stones and indigenous TABLE 1 Urban millstone manufacturers in Scotland EDINBURGH MASON, Robert 2 Salamande , LeitrSt h c!852 STEVENSON, Henry Duk , LeiteSt h c!852 ('French-Burr, Millstone & Firebrick Works') SMITH, J(oseph) & Son Hig9 t 21 hS 1852-78 at least, ('Wireworker weaversd san , with illustrated advert millstone builders, and 'Established 1823' importers of French burr blocks') o SMITHC & n So , 219 High St 1889-9 least 3a t ('Wireworkers and millstone builders') REID, Andrew Delftfield Lane 1840-7 ('French burr millstone builder') 145 Main St, Anderston 1848 147 ditto 1849 REID, John 160 ditto 1849-58 ('French burr millstone builder') 9 Finnieston St 1858-9 3 Havelock St 1859-94 NB John Reid must have died in the 1870s, but the firm carried on at 3 Havelock St Hyd0 4 e Part kS REID, Peter 1877-1907 ('Brother of late John Reid') also 28 Hyde Park St ('French burr millstone manufacturer') from 1881 REID, Peter & Son 310 Stobcross Street C1910 London I 1920e th n si FLEMING, Robert Parkhouse Lane 1834-5 only ('Millstone maker') Bisho5 4 , Andersto& pSt 3 4 n CAMERON, Dugald 1858-61 (previously smith & bellhanger, & 303 St Vincent St now also French burr m'stone mfr) & 5 Terrace St (French burr millstone works, 5 Terrace St, 1859-61) LAINGG R , Waterlo9 2 t oS 1879-91 ('Millstone builder', but possibly only merchant dealin wida n gi e rang goodsf eo ) SNOW, John 3 Havelock St 1880-5 (ie same address as John Reid) MOSSMAN, Williao C m& Stirlin7 6 g Road 1886-99 ('Maker granitf so e paint rollers, millstones, & all classes of granite work for engineers') DONALD,n JohSo n& 42 Cadogan St c!889 (appear grindstons sa e maker, possibly not millstone maker) TUCKER: MILLSTONE MAKING IN SCOTLAN1 54 | D monolithic stones; the latter were so very much cheaper than the former that it would have been uneconomic to have used French burr stones for coarse grinding. The rock used for monolithic millstones was varied; granite sometimes, limestone rarely, plain sandstone also rarely; commones quarte th s z wa tconglomerate composita , e roc whicn ki h quartz pebble imbeddee sar d imatrina f harxo d sandstone pebblee Th . s mako whet flat e emillstonnth e cu t facth f eo e gavea good sharp cutting edge. A coarse grit stone like the famous Derbyshire Peak millstone grit would also be used when available. The reason for the use of millstones fabricated from pieces or segments should, in principle, have bee e difficultth n f hewino y e largth g e flawless blocks neede r monolithifo d c stones. Monolithic millstone f Frenco s h bur e knowne verar rar yt rarbu , e outside France e matteTh . r should have been purely economic, although some doubt expressee sar d later. Littl bees eha n publishe millstonn do e earliemakingn ow y rreferree papeb M . r y fo o rma dt general background (Tucker 1977). Much additional information regarding millstone making in Scotlan bees dha n obtained sinc presene thenth d an t, pape attempn a s ri givo t overal n ea l view of the subject. Necessarily, however, the information must be very incomplete, and the author would be grateful for any further information which readers can offer. Three other points shoul mentionee db d here. First revivae th , interesf o l stone-grounn i t d flour on dietary grounds has led to the repair and bringing back into use of many old millstones. Second, in the later part of last century there was a considerable use of millstones called composition stones, made from emery powder or ground-up French burr moulded with some binding material into a cylindrical shape; I have not investigated whether these were manufac- tured in Scotland. Third, millstones were used for grinding many other materials in addition to grain mineralsg e , monolithid an , c stones were often use edge-runners da thesn si e applications; an abortive attempt by John MacCulloch to exploit limestone in Skye during the Napoleonic wars, in order to make millstones for gunpowder mills, is described by Flinn (1981); but this hardly affect discussioe th s thin ni s paper. Finally, it should be made clear that by millstones I mean grinding stones used in mills drive animaly b n , water r wino , d power; hand-quern t regardeno e ar s millstone a d e ar d an s mentioned only incidentally e normaTh . l siz f millstoneo e d 19t e 18than th h centurien i s s wa s fro m1-c 1-1o t 4 mdiametern i 0-c 3y ,mb thick when new. However nortr north-wesfa d e han th n ,i f to Scotland (especially in Shetland) there were in use until the present century numerous small water-powered corn so-calle e millth f so d Norse type, which used millstones wit hdiametea range th n rei witd 0- an thicknesh0-a o 7t 9m 0-1c f whe3so m n new; these were always monolithic werd an , e apparently used without furrows or dressing of any kind. (a) URBAN MILLSTONE MANUFACTURE: FRENCH BURR MILLSTONES Ther Custome ear s record impor e smale th th f f so l o t stone blocks know burrs na s froe mth Continent in the first half of the 18th century, and the trade expanded greatly through the first half of the 19th. What proportion of the imports into Britain were used in Scotland is not known. Indeed, little is known of the business until the expansion of the production and publication of directories in the 19th century gave some data concerning it. This source then showed that Scotlan comparativeld dha specializew yfe d millstone manufacturers. Tabl liste1 s those whichI have found, with some appropriate detail. It seems that Scotland had only two major millstone-manufacturing organizations Smithe th : f Edinburgso Reide th f Glasgowd so han e Th .
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