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Survey of Transiting Extrasolar Planets at the University of Pittsburgh

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Survey of Transiting Extrasolar Planets at the University of Pittsburgh SURVEY OF TRANSITING EXTRASOLAR PLANETS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH by Melanie L. Good B.S. in Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. in Physics University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Melanie L. Good It was defended on July 27, 2011 and approved by W. Michael Wood-Vasey, PhD, Assistant Professor Arthur Kosowsky, PhD, Associate Professor Donna Naples, PhD, Associate Professor Thesis Advisor: W. Michael Wood-Vasey, PhD, Assistant Professor ii SURVEY OF TRANSITING EXTRASOLAR PLANETS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Melanie L. Good, M.S. University of Pittsburgh, 2011 In the past two decades, a wealth of planets and planetary candidates orbiting other stars have been discovered and are awaiting more follow-up study to further characterize them. To pursue such follow-up avenues, I recruited a research team of undergraduate collabo- rators for a project we named Survey of Transiting Extrasolar Planets at the University of Pittsburgh (STEPUP). Since its inception in August 2009, STEPUP has investigated both known planets and planetary candidates, making use of the Allegheny Observatory’s 16” Meade LX-400 ACF telescope. In total we have taken 90 nights’ worth of data, ob- serving 17 stars hosting known or suspected substellar companions. We have been able to confirm transits of known gas giant planets such as XO-2b, TrES-2b, and HD80606b. In fact, our observations of HD806060b contributed to an international ground-based effort to collaboratively observe this long transit, a collaboration which demonstrated the success of coordinating observations across geographical distances. Our transit detections indicate our ability to obtain relative photometric precision of roughly 1%. In addition to studying known transiting planets, STEPUP has worked with the SDSS-III MARVELS team to search for transits of planetary candidates, which, if detected could help confirm the planetary nature of those candidates. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 1.1 Overview ..................................... 1 1.2 Contemporary Understanding of Extrasolar Planets .............. 3 1.3 Motivation for the Current Study ........................ 4 1.4 Beginnings of Current Study .......................... 6 2.0 METHODS ..................................... 14 2.1 Telescopes/Hardware ............................... 14 2.2 Pipeline/Software ................................ 15 2.3 Photometry .................................... 18 2.3.1 STEPUP Aperture Photometry ..................... 18 2.3.2 Theoretical Flux Received During Planetary Transit .......... 19 2.3.3 Corrected Photometry ........................... 21 3.0 KNOWN TRANSITING PLANETS ..................... 24 3.1 Planning Follow-up Observations ........................ 24 3.2 Brief Description of Observed Targets ..................... 26 3.2.1 HAT-P-1b ................................. 27 3.2.2 HAT-P-9b ................................. 27 3.2.3 HAT-P-13b,c ................................ 27 3.2.4 HD80606b ................................. 28 3.2.5 TrES-2 ................................... 29 iv 3.2.6 WASP-2b .................................. 29 3.2.7 WASP-3b .................................. 29 3.2.8 XO-2b ................................... 29 3.3 Known Transit Analysis ............................. 30 3.4 Conclusions on Known Transiting Planets ................... 31 4.0 HD80606b ...................................... 42 4.1 Overview of Planet-Star System ......................... 42 4.2 Collaborative Nature of Ground-Based Observations ............. 43 4.3 January 13, 2010 ................................. 45 4.4 Collaboration Analysis .............................. 46 4.5 Results of Collaborative Effort and STEPUP Contribution .......... 48 5.0 SDSS-III MARVELS ............................... 53 5.1 MARVELS Project Description ......................... 53 5.2 Photometric Follow-Up of Planetary Candidates ................ 54 5.3 Analysis of MARVELS Targets ......................... 57 5.3.1 Problems Encountered .......................... 57 5.3.2 Troubleshooting and Re-Analysis ..................... 57 5.4 Conclusions .................................... 58 6.0 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS .............. 62 6.1 Future Directions ................................. 62 6.1.1 Hardware Improvements ......................... 62 6.1.2 Analysis/Pipeline Improvements ..................... 63 6.1.3 Additional Projects ............................ 64 6.2 Summary of STEPUP Work ........................... 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 66 APPENDIX A. HOW TO PLAN OBSERVING ................. 72 APPENDIX B. APERTURE RADII CHOSEN ................. 77 APPENDIX C. STAR FIELD IMAGES ...................... 85 v APPENDIX D. LIGHTCURVES OF MARVELS TARGETS ......... 94 APPENDIX E. LIGHTCURVES OF KNOWN TARGETS .......... 108 APPENDIX F. DATA FILES OF KNOWN TARGETS ............ 114 vi LIST OF TABLES 1.1 STEPUP Membership ............................... 13 3.1 Summary of Known Transiting Targets Observed ................ 40 3.2 Summary of Statistics of Known Target Data Sets ............... 41 5.1 Size of Planets Detectable to STEPUP ..................... 56 5.2 Summary of MARVELS Targets Observed ................... 61 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Lightcurve Schematic ............................... 9 1.2 Geometry of Grazing Transit ........................... 10 1.3 Original XO-2b Lightcurve ............................ 11 1.4 Re-analyzed XO-2b Lightcurve .......................... 12 2.1 Pipeline Flowchart ................................. 23 3.1 TrES-2b STEPUP Lightcurve .......................... 33 3.2 ETD Fitted TrES-2b Lightcurve of STEPUP Data ............... 34 3.3 TrES-2b Residuals ................................. 35 3.4 Airmass During TrES-2b Observation ...................... 35 3.5 ETD-derived Geometry for TrES-2 System ................... 36 3.6 O-C Plot of TrES-2b ............................... 37 3.7 Transit Duration Plot of TrES-2b ........................ 38 3.8 Transit Depth Plot of TrES-2b .......................... 39 4.1 HD80606b Image ................................. 50 4.2 HD80606b Transit Data .............................. 51 4.3 HD80606b Collaborative Lightcurve ....................... 52 5.1 Photometry of a MARVELS Target from July 29, 2010 ............ 60 C1 HAT-P-1 Image .................................. 86 C2 HAT-P-9 Image .................................. 87 C3 HAT-P-13 Image ................................. 88 viii C4 HD80606 Image .................................. 89 C5 TrES-2 Image ................................... 90 C6 WASP-2 Image .................................. 91 C7 WASP-3 Image .................................. 92 C8 XO-2 Image .................................... 93 D1 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC000 from March 4, 2010. ............ 95 D2 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC001 from February 3, 2011. .......... 95 D3 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC001 from February 8, 2011. .......... 95 D4 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC001 from March 1, 2011. ............ 95 D5 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC001 from March 2, 2011. ............ 96 D6 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from May 25, 2010. ............ 96 D7 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from May 27, 2010. ............ 96 D8 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from May 30, 2010. ............ 96 D9 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 30, 2010. ............ 97 D10 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from July 5, 2010. ............. 97 D11 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from July 27, 2010. ............ 97 D12 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from July 29, 2010. ............ 97 D13 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from August 10, 2010. .......... 98 D14 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 target from August 16, 2010. ....... 98 D15 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from August 20, 2010. .......... 98 D16 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from August 26, 2010. .......... 98 D17 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from September 1, 2010. ......... 99 D18 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from September 6, 2010. ......... 99 D19 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from September 21, 2010. ......... 99 D20 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from November 1, 2010. ......... 99 D21 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 2, 2011. ............ 100 D22 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 12, 2011. ............ 100 D23 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 14, 2011. ............ 100 ix D24 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 28, 2011. ............ 100 D25 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 29, 2011. ............ 101 D26 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC002 from June 30, 2011. ............ 101 D27 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC004 from November 9, 2010. ......... 101 D28 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from February 3, 2011. .......... 101 D29 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from February 8, 2011. .......... 102 D30 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from February 10, 2011. ......... 102 D31 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from February 13, 2011. ......... 102 D32 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from February 23, 2011. ......... 102 D33 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from March 1, 2011. ............ 103 D34 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from March 2, 2011. ............ 103 D35 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from March 19, 2011. ........... 103 D36 A STEPUP Lightcurve of a MC006 from March 27, 2011. ........... 103 D37 A STEPUP Lightcurve
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