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The Fourth Industrial Revolution

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution Janusz SOBIERAJ Author es una marca editorial de ISBN: 978-84-17659-XX-X Depósito Legal: M-XXXXX-2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACIO ................................................................................................................................................. 3 PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1 AUTOMATION AND SMART FACTORY ........................................................................................... 19 2 CHALLENGES OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ............................................................ 38 3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 AND THE ECONOMY ..................................................................... 58 4 MEGATRENDS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0: PHYSICAL, DIGITAL AND BIOLOGICAL ..... 72 5 INTERNET DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................. 86 6 CLOUD COMPUTING ...................................................................................................................... 93 7 BIG DATA ..................................................................................................................................... 100 8 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ............................................................................................................ 108 9 VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY .......................................................................................... 133 10 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................... 155 11 SOCIAL INNOVATIONS ............................................................................................................. 164 12 THREATS ACCOMPANYING THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ..................................... 167 13 SUMMARY (GENERAL OVERVIEW) .......................................................................................... 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 198 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... 234 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 235 LIST OF CHARTS ................................................................................................................................... 236 1 The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave By 2048, everything we know will have changed. Bill Gates, Interview for Forbes 2018 2 PREFACIO En el siglo XIX, la revolución industrial cambió el entorno social y dio origen a la gestión científica. Los cambios que hoy en día se observan traerán consigo una revolución tecnológica aún mayor y la necesidad de verificar los fundamentos de la disciplina de gestión, así como de identificar los elementos de un nuevo paradigma de gestión. Sobre los paradigmas que regirán nuestra realidad contemporánea, Robert Nasbitt ya escribió en 1982 en su obra Megatrends con sorprendente precisión. Este autor hablaba de tendencias como la descentralización, la creación de redes, las altas tecnologías y la sociedad de la información. Hoy tenemos la oportunidad de observar el funcionamiento de estos paradigmas en la práctica. Muchas áreas de la vida moderna están influenciadas por nuevos cambios. La creciente complejidad de las nuevas tecnologías, el progreso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, la creación de redes, la globalización, las innovaciones sociales y el aumento de las necesidades de los clientes plantean nuevos retos para la gestión y la economía. Hoy en día utilizamos la palabra turbulencia para describir la naturaleza de nuestro entorno actual, ya que percibimos un aumento de en la intensidad y velocidad de los cambios y una creciente complejidad de los negocios (Ansoff, 1985). Si nos fijamos en las transformaciones del entorno empresarial, podemos correr el riesgo de decir que el entorno está determinado por el acceso a la información, y la propia economía se vuelve informativa, porque la productividad y la competitividad dependen del uso de la información. Además el entorno contemporáneo presenta una dimensión global porque los procesos de gestión son globales, ya sea directamente o a través de una red de relaciones entre entidades económicas. Nuestro entorno está en red, porque en las nuevas condiciones históricas, la generación de eficiencia y competencia tiene lugar en las redes empresariales (Castells, 2007). En relación a esto, el libro "La Cuarta Revolución Industrial" trata un tema extremadamente interesante e importante desde para una perspectiva económica que merece ser elogiado. El autor presenta los últimos desarrollos en áreas seleccionadas basándose en la literatura sobre las megatendencias de la Revolución Industrial 4.0. Las tecnologías modernas, especialmente en el área de las TICs, tienen un impacto creciente en el funcionamiento de las empresas modernas y determinan las 3 direcciones de los cambios en los sistemas de gestión de muchas de ellas, así como en la vida social. Las estructuras y jerarquías de las empresas se están desdibujando y muchas de las funciones que tradicionalmente se les atribuían están desapareciendo. Cada vez más el valor de los proyectos y empresas se produce mediante el empleo de capital intelectual y no por los recursos materiales. Asimismo, estos recursos materiales pueden calificarse de perecederos y temporales, y los papeles y funciones de los agentes del mercado están cambiando. Los procesos de virtualización cambian muchas áreas de la actividad empresarial, haciendo que las empresas busquen fuentes de ventaja competitiva en áreas como el acceso a la información, el conocimiento, las relaciones con los clientes y los socios comerciales. El tema de la cuarta revolución industrial es abordado de manera muy amplia por el autor. El libro describe tecnologías relacionadas con la automatización y Smart Factory, Sharing Economy, cloud computing, entre otras, así como las amenazas de la revolución industrial 4.0. En la introducción se esbozan brevemente las revoluciones industriales anteriores, destacando que nos encontramos en vísperas de la cuarta revolución industrial, que fusionará varias tecnologías y desdibujará las fronteras entre los mundos físico, digital y biológico. El autor subraya que esta fusión es uno de los pilares de la revolución industrial 4.0. También concluye acertadamente que los cambios tecnológicos dinámicos impulsarán cambios estratégicos en los gobiernos, las grandes empresas y las empresas en general. Son catalizadores del cambio que obligan a los diferentes actores del mercado a crear nuevas visiones y a remodelar sus propias estrategias y modelos de negocio. Asimismo, uno de los objetivos de este libro es mostrar cómo las tecnologías disruptivas influyen en cambios en industrias enteras como la banca, las finanzas, la medicina y los negocios globales, así como mostrar el nacimiento de una nueva economía y el uso de nuevos modelos de negocio en los que operan empresas como Uber, Airbnb o Alibaba. Coincidimos con la acertada afirmación del autor de que muchas de las nuevas soluciones tecnológicas están actualmente en proceso de definir el potencial para su implementación, y la dinámica de los graves cambios que se producen en su alcance limita la posibilidad de "estar al día en todas las direcciones del desarrollo del mundo". La solución recomendada es seguir la información más 4 reciente, y el mejor ejemplo de cómo hacerlo es esta publicación y el trabajo de investigación realizado por su autor. Tambien se exploran los temas relacionados con la innovación en el campo de los datos digitales, que no sólo afecta directamente a la economía global, sino que también tiene un profundo impacto en las empresas locales y en las vidas de los empresarios y consumidores asociados a ella. El autor describe a menudo las últimas soluciones en un campo dado, demostrando competencia en el difícil y multifacético tema de la industria 4.0. Al analizar los últimos años, han aparecido en el mercado varias tecnologías de vanguardia. Por ejemplo, 2015 fue un año lleno de cambios tecnológicos en el área de Cloud Computing, IO, Big Data y RV. Las principales empresas de investigación, institutos y editores de medios de comunicación, en sus previsiones para 2016 y 2017, predijeron nuevos cambios de este tipo. Las novedades tecnológicas provocarán nuevos cambios revolucionarios no sólo en las actividades de las empresas, sino también en nuestra vida cotidiana. En el contexto de la cuarta revolución industrial, algunas cuestiones merecen especial atención. Cabe mencionar aquí las cuestiones de identificación personal, el desarrollo de la biometría para la identificación y autenticación, el papel de la criptografía o el enfoque revolucionario de la protección de datos personales (es decir, la protección de datos sensibles) en relación, por ejemplo, con los grandes datos y la ciberseguridad La ventaja de este libro es su
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