Slovak Regional Study Analysis on the energy demand of Trnava Region under the framework of CENTRAL EUROPE Programme

by Italian – Slovak Chamber of Commerce

This analysis was made as a part of CEP -REC project work package 3 to giv e an overview on the Slovak Trnava Region’s energy demand profile.

Table of contents

Methodology ...... 2 1. General description of the current situation of the region ...... 3 1.1 Description of the Concept Region ...... 3 1.2 Demographic situation and development ...... 5 1.2.1 Demographic situation of the Concept Region ...... 5 1.2.2 Migration ...... 8 1.2.3 Households ...... 9 1.3 Economic situation and trends ...... 12 1.3.1 General description of the economic situation of Trnava Region ...... 12 1.3.2 Detailed description of industry and trade sector ...... 14 1.3.3 Detailed description of the situation of the energy sector ...... 15 1.4 Situation of the public sector ...... 17 1.5 Situation of the transportation sector ...... 18 2. Legislative situation ...... 21 3. RES situation ...... 22 Bibliography ...... 25

List of tables

Table 1 : Average temperature and precipitation in Trnava ...... 4 Table 2: The total number of the inhabitants on 31. 12. 2011 in all the Trnava Self - Governing Region’s districts ...... 6 Table 3: Population by age group ...... 8 Table 4: Households by form of ownership ...... 9 Table 5 : Households by number of rooms, 2011 ...... 10 Table 6: Households by size of living space in m 2 ...... 11 Table 7: Households by type of heating, 2011 ...... 11 Table 8: Households by sources of energy used for heating, 2011 ...... 12 Table 9: Regional Gross Domestic Product ...... 13 Table 10: The most important companies in Trnava Region by industry sectors in 2012 ...... 14 Table 11: Energy end use consumption: kWh per capita, from not renewable sources ...... 16 Table 12: Energy end use consumption: kWh per capita, from renewable sources ...... 16 Table 13: Consumption of electricity and heat in Trnava Region ...... 16 Table 14: Bus companies of Trnava Region ...... 19 Table 15: Motorisation - Private cars per 1000 habitants ...... 20

1

Methodology

The European Commission provides statistics through Eurostat. Information related to population, education, economy and finance, etc. is available on the webpage of the organisation.

Nevertheless, not all information is available at NUTS level 3. In most cases we can find only national or NUTS 2 regional data on migration, households, unemployment etc. Thus to elaborate the Slovakian regional study which aim is to provide a complex and comprehensive report for the future investors and for the local government on the energy demand of public and transportation sector, as well as industry, we had to gather information through additional channels.

Besides the Eurostat’s database and another important and useful source was the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic.

At the same time we executed a primary research to collect original primary data on the energy demand side. It was accomplished through a questionnaire sent for the relevant stakeholders. The collected territorial data on energy consumption including electricity, gas, and heat were not entirely sufficient for a comprehensive analysis.

Nevertheless, residential energy demand can be analysed deeply using top-down approach, but in the case of the analysed region it is impossible to provide particular data for industrial-commercial and public sectors since the existing databases do not operate with this kind of categories.

Therefore top-down investigation can provide a detailed overview of non-residential demand, but to understand the differences between the sectors it is necessary to disintegrate data. Quantitative and qualitative investigation of some representative entities of different sectors can reveal their energy demand character.

2

1. General description of the current situation of the region 1.1 Description of the Concept Region

Trnava Region (in Slovakian: Trnavsky kraj) is a NUTS level 3, administrative region that was established in 1996. This region is located in the middle-west part of Slovakia with the following borders: Austrian Lower Austria and Czech South Moravian Region in the north-west, Trenčín Region in the north, Nitra Region in the east, Hungarian Győr-Moson-Sopron county in the south and Bratislava Region in the west. The southern part of the region, the Podunajská nížina (Danube lowlands), is divided from the Záhorská nížina (Záhorie lowlands) in the north by the Malé Karpaty (Small Carpathian) mountains. There are several rivers in the region, the Morava in the west, the Váh in the centrethe Malý Dunaj and the Danube in the south. 1

Figure 1A and 1B: Location of Trnava Region in Slovakia 2

The total area of the region is 4,174.2 km 2, its average elevation is 342 m, coordinates 48°22 ′39 ″N 17°35 ′18 ″E. It consists of 7 districts and there are 249 independent municipalities, from which 16 have town status. The largest towns are Trnava, Piešťany, Hlohovec, Dunajská Streda and Sereď.

The capital of the region is Trnava which has often been called “parva Roma” (“Little Rome”) or Slovak Rome since it is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishopric.

Figure 2: Districts of Trnava Region 3

1 http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=2996 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Slovakia_trnava_skalica.png ; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slovakia_regions_english.png 3 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Okres_trnava.png 3

The city is in the centre of the region and it lies in the north temperate zone. According to this it has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. 4

Table 1: Average temperature and precipitation in Trnava

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high (°C) 2 5 10 16 22 25 27 27 21 15 8 3 15.08 Average low (°C) -4 -3 0 4 9 12 14 14 10 6 2 -3 5.75 Precipitation (m m) 25.4 25.5 32.6 43.5 49 67 68.8 58.8 54.5 44.9 42.9 36.5 549.4 Data from: www.worldweatheronline.com 5

“The Trnava region has rich resources of mineral and thermal water, such as the hot springs at Piešťany, and of fresh water on Žitný Ostrov, which is the largest source of drinking water in Central Europe. It also has deposits of oil, natural gas and coal, while the Small Carpathian mountain range is a source of high-quality wood.” 6

The access to the region and its cities is very easy by car thanks to the motorway D1 and R1.

Figure 3: Map of Slovak roads 7

4 http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=3116 5 http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Trnava-weather-averages/Trnava/SK.aspx 6 http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=2996 7http://maps.google.hu/?ie=UTF8&vpsrc=6&source=embed&ll=48.407326,19.02832&spn=2.552628,4.6 69189&z=7 4

1.2 Demographic situation and development 1.2.1 Demographic situation of the Concept Region

The total population of Slovakia was around 5,4 million, the population of Trnava Region was 554.800 in 2011.

Distribution of the population in Slovakia ( NUTS 3), 2011

Bratislava 15% 11% TRNAVA 10% Trencin 15% Nitra 11% Zilina 12% 13% Banská Bystrica 13% Presov Kosice

Data from: Eurostat 8

In terms of population, the region is the smallest of all Slovakian regions, however there are no significant differences between the each regions’ population.

Population of Slovakian regions NUTS 3, 2007-2011 (1000 capita)

Kosice

Presov

Banská Bystrica 2011 Zilina 2010

Nitra 2009 2008 Trencin 2007 TRNAVA

Bratislava

0 200 400 600 800

Data from: Eurostat 9

8 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_d3avg&lang=en 9 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_d3avg&lang=en 5

Table 2: The total number of the inhabitants on 31. 12. 2011 in all the Trnava Self - Governing Region’s districts 10 District Together Men Women Dunajská Streda 116 865 56 901 59 964 Galanta 93 682 45 786 47 896 Hlohovec 45 767 22 538 23 229 Piešťany 63 129 30 489 32 640 Senica 60 581 29 719 30 862 Skalica 46 668 22 972 23 696 Trnava 128 817 62 926 65 891 TOTAL 555 509 271 331 284 178

Nevertheless, Trnava is the second most densely populated region in Slovakia. The population density is 134 inhabitants per km² in Trnava Region while the average is 110 capita per km² in Slovakia.

Trend of population density in Trnava Region 137 136 135,6 135,2 134,7 135 134,1 133,8 134 133 capita/square kilometre 132 131 130 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Data from: Eurostat 11

The population density is different in each individual district. In the district of Trnava 173,8 inhabitants live on 1 km 2, in Hlohovec - 171,4, in Piešťany - 165,7 and in Galanta - 146,1. The lowest population density is in the district of Senica, where an average of 88,6 inhabitants live on 1 km² and in the district of Dunajská Streda where this value is 108,7. The population density in Skalica is around 130 inhabitants per km². 12

According to the 2001 census, there is a significant Hungarian minority in the southern part of the region (23.7%), forming a majority in the District of Dunajská Streda (87%) and are notably represented in the District of Galanta (41%). While the Slovaks form a majority (73.9%), other minorities (Czechs and Roma) are not considerable (together 1.5%). By 2011 the rate of the

10 http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/en 11 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_d3dens&lang=en 12 http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/en 6

Hungarian minority at regional level has declined to 21.8% and this declining tendency can be observed by the Czech and Roma population, as well.13

Fertility and Mortality in Trnava

5 800 5 600 5 400 5 200 5 000 Capita Capita 4 800 4 600 4 400 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Live births (total) 4 904 5 358 5 549 5 574 5 567 Deaths (total) 5 635 5 468 5 511 5 608 5 512

Data from: Eurostat 14

Regarding the above presented tables we can state there were no significant changes neither in the population nor in its density in the last few years. There is a relatively good road and railway network in the region and there is also a necessary institutional infrastructure to be an attractive habitat for people.

According to the 2011 Census 49.2% of Trnava’s population has the computer skill to work with text, 38.7% can work with tables and 54.3% with internet. These results by and large reflect the Slovak average. 15

70.7 % of the population uses most frequently the Slovak language in public and 19.2% the Hungarian language.16 This rate deviates at home. In Trnava 64.7% of the population uses most frequently Slovak at home. 17 Since the previous census (2001) the number of those whose mother tongue is the Slovak language has decreased from 73.2% to 69.8%. 18 More than the 70% of the resident population is Roman Catholic in Trnava Region. 19

Although in 2001 0.3% of the population obtained bachelor degree, by 2011 this rate has changed to 2.1%. Similar trends are to be seen in terms of the master and PhD degrees. At the same time the number of those having no school education (including children up to 16 years) has diminished.20

13 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable9.pdf 14 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_births&lang=en ; http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_deaths&lang=en 15 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable14.pdf 16 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable12.pdf 17 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable13.pdf 18 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable11.pdf 19 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable8.pdf 20 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable10.pdf 7

The population of Trnava Region is getting increasingly old. The aging index (index=65+/0-14*100) rose significantly from 63.6 to 94.2 in the past 10 years. 21

Table 3: Population by a ge group Year 0-14 14 -64 65+ Not specified 2011 13.8% 73.2% 13% 0% 2001 17.7% 70.4% 11.3% 0.6% Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic 22

The proportion of men and women is almost equal, 48.8/51.2 in percentage. According to this number of women per 1000 men was 1047 in 2011 23 .

1.2.2 Migration

Net migration rose dramatically at regional level by 2011, particularly in District of Dunajská Streda, Senica and Trnava. With the exception of District of Hlohovec the net migration indicator’s value is positive so this is the only district in the region where more and more people immigrate. The table below shows data for an 11-year-period but it can’t express the internal migration of Trnava Region. At the same period of time the internal migration increased in the region thus the mobility of the population also intensified. The most remarkable change was in District of Trnava and Dunajská Streda, the smallest was in District of Senica.

Net migration per 1000 inhabitants 10 8 6 4

Capita 2 0 -2 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Region of Trnava 1,39 1,73 3,39 3,2 2,67 2,61 5,05 5,18 2,77 2,83 2,6 District of Dunajská Streda 2,67 4,41 6,8 5,31 4,93 5,81 9,17 8,86 5,97 5,12 5,7 District of Galanta 2,04 1,81 5,25 3,91 2,94 2,28 5,99 9,66 2,48 3,77 3 District of Hlohovec -0,42 0,31 0,71 1,13 1,19 -0,4 -1,52 -0,64 0 -1,28 -0,8 District of Pieštany 1,58 2,83 1,52 3,9 2,63 2,3 2,76 2,31 2,09 2,28 1,8 District of Senica 0,25 0,05 2,22 3,03 1,36 1,84 4,96 5,98 1,3 1,58 1,6 District of Skalica 1,37 2,31 4,1 3,99 3,14 1,97 5,07 3,3 1,59 1,67 1,1 District of Trnava 0,87 -0,18 1,15 0,96 1,44 1,8 4,13 2,27 2,52 2,75 2,1

Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

21 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable3.pdf 22 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable3.pdf 23 http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable2.pdf 8

Internal migration of Trnava Region's districts

1600 1400 1200 1000 2005 800 2006 Capita Capita 600 400 2007 200 2008 0 2009 2010 2011

Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

1.2.3 Households

The number of households in Trnava Region is around 200,000 which is almost 10% of the number of households at national level. The Statistical Office of Slovak Republic has different data concerning the number of households. We can calculate with Total 1) or Total 2) (see the table below). The difference between the two values comes from several reasons e.g. data are not available, variant questionnaires with disparate type answers, partly and/or barely filled-in forms etc.. In respect of total number of households, hereafter we count with the value of Total 1).

Table 4: Households by form of ownership, 2011 24 Territory Apartments Total 1) Inhabited Total 2) By form of ownership Thereof Own flats Flats in Municipality Cooperative Other in ap. own flats flats homes families homes Slovak 1,994,897 1,776,698 764,100 744,203 32,239 62,873 97,510 Republic 100% 89.1% 1) 43% 2) 41.9% 2) 1.8% 2) 3.5% 2) 5.5% 2) Trnava 206,987 184,059 64,129 94,437 4,587 5,054 8,417 Region 100% 88.9% 34.8% 51.3% 2.5% 2.7% 4.6% Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

24 http://www.scitanie2011.sk/wp-content/uploads/BYTY-v-SR-krajoch-okresoch-a-obciach-FINAL- EVv3_15_web.pdf 9

The number of own flats in apartment homes are significantly below the national average in Trnava Region however the number of flats in own families homes is above the national average.

Table 5: Households by number of rooms, 2011 25 Territory Apartments Total 1) Inhabited Total 2) By number of rooms Thereof 1 2 3 4 5+ Slovak 1,994,897 1,776,698 98,729 273,475 775,159 297,009 312,954 Republic 100% 89.1 1) % 5.6% 2) 15.4% 2) 43.6% 2) 16.7% 2) 17.6% 2) Trnava 206,987 184,059 8,453 22,504 77,115 36,415 37,158 Region 100% 88.9% 4.6% 12.2% 41.9% 19.8% 20.2% Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

Most of Slovak Republic’s population lives in three-room apartments, and only 5.6% lives in studio flats. In Trnava Region more than 20% of the habitants live in five (or more) bedroom apartments, and this rate is above the national average. The situation is similar in the case of four-bedroom apartments, consequently less people live in one or two-room apartments in this region than at the national level. This can indicate a higher living standard for Trnava Region compared to the national average.

Total equivalised disposable household income

700 600 2006 500 2007 400 2008 300 200 2009 in in EUR/month 100 2010 0 2011

Statistical Region

Data from : Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic 26

In 2011 the total equivalised disposable household income 27 in Trnava Region was 610 euros per month. This value shows also that the income of households is among the highest in Trnava Region

25 http://www.scitanie2011.sk/wp-content/uploads/BYTY-v-SR-krajoch-okresoch-a-obciach-FINAL- EVv3_15_web.pdf 26 http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=10666 10

compared to other regions in the country. Household incomes have increased significantly since 2006 in each region of the country.

Table 6: Households by size of living space in m 2, 2011 28 Territory Apartments Total 1) Inhabited Total 2) By size of living space (m 2) Thereof To 40 40 -80 81 -100 100+ Slovak 1,994,897 1,776,698 278,469 1,151,156 160,853 166,374 Republic 100% 89.1 1) % 15.7% 2) 64.8% 2) 9.1% 2) 9.4% 2) Trnava 206,987 184,059 23,972 115,522 20,240 21,811 Region 100% 88.9% 13% 62.8% 11% 11.9% Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

There is no real difference comparing Trnava Region and the national level concerning the size of living space. More than 62% of the people live in 40-80m 2 apartments both in the region and the country.

Table 7: Households by type of heating, 2011 29 Territory Total 1) Total2) District Central Other None heating heating Slovak 1,994,897 1,776,698 657,307 610,560 326,002 6,819 Republic 100% 89.1 1) % 37% 2) 34.4% 2) 18.3% 2) 0.4% 2) Trnava Region 206,987 184,059 56,415 75,765 35,035 490 100% 88.9% 30.7% 41.2% 19% 0.3% Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

District heating and central heating are the most widespread systems used for heating both in Trnava Region and in the Slovak Republic too. The category “other” includes renewable energies, its share in heating solutions is still very low. District heating systems can provide alternatives to increase the rate of renewable energy sources in heating i.e. through geothermal or biomass. Furthermore the well-established and extended district heating networks represent a great potential for new type of energy efficiency solutions.

27 “The equivalised disposable income is the total income of a household, after tax and other deductions, that is available for spending or saving, divided by the number of household members converted into equalised adults; household members are equalised or made equivalent by weighting each according to their age, using the so-called modified OECD equivalence scale.” http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:Equivalised_disposable_incom e 28 http://www.scitanie2011.sk/wp-content/uploads/BYTY-v-SR-krajoch-okresoch-a-obciach-FINAL- EVv3_15_web.pdf 29 http://www.scitanie2011.sk/wp-content/uploads/BYTY-v-SR-krajoch-okresoch-a-obciach-FINAL- EVv3_15_web.pdf 11

Table 8: Households by sources of energy used for heating, 2011 30 Territory Total 1) Total2) Gas Electricity Liquid Solid Other None fuel fuel Slovak 1,994,897 1,776,698 1,092,821 58,735 21,685 284,780 59,104 26,483 Republic 100% 89.1 1) % 61.5% 2) 3.3% 2) 1.2% 2) 16% 2) 3.3% 2) 1.5% 2) Trnava 206,987 184,059 128,162 4,850 3,584 12,855 13,950 1,812 Region 100% 88.9% 69.6% 2.6% 1.9% 7% 7.6% 1% Source: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

The primary source of energy for heating in households is gas in the Slovak Republic as in Trnava Region, but the share of solid fuel is relatively high. Available data categorize renewable energy sources into the “other” category, which are still not widely used in Slovakia. However the share of RES is relatively higher (7.6%) in Trnava Region than in the rest of Slovakia. For more information on the consumption of RES, see point 3.

1.3 Economic situation and trends 1.3.1 General description of the economic situation of Trnava Region

Trnava Region has several economic strengths such as the presence of major foreign investments, high qualified workforce due to its three local universities, concentration of institutions with interregional importance etc. Beyond the region’s strengths its potential is remarkable. Agricultural areas are used to the highest degree in Slovakia, while it has very good transport links to the Bratislava Region or Vienna particularly. At the same time, the Central European Traffic Corridor which links the Baltic and the Adriatic area runs through the region and it enables the region to participate in international transportation networks. (For more info on Trnava Region’s transportation see point 1.5.)

Foreign capital investment is constantly rising, especially into industry and there are future industrial zones under development in the region. At the same time, Trnava Region has meaningful industrial and cultural heritage, as well as historic relics that favour the tourism sector. The industrial centre of the region is the town of Trnava where many factories have settled (machinery, glass production, etc.). In the Northern area of the region consumer industries are typical, while in the Southern areas the food industry flourishes. There are considerable geothermal and healing thermal springs, too but their exploitation is still far below their potential accordingly this sector might provide attraction for future investors.31

30 http://www.scitanie2011.sk/wp-content/uploads/BYTY-v-SR-krajoch-okresoch-a-obciach-FINAL- EVv3_15_web.pdf 31 http://www.sario.sk/userfiles/file/Ensario/PZI/reg/trnava_region.pdf 12

Regional GDP (in mil., in current prices) 27500 Region of Bratislava

22500 Region of Trnava

Region of Trenèín 17500 Region of Nitra 12500 Region of Žilina

7500 Region of Banská Bystrica Region of Prešov 2500 Region of Košice -2500 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

Regional gross domestic product in current prices increased substantially at national level by 2010 and this trend is represented in each district of Trnava Region. Nevertheless, the regional gross domestic product per capita diminished from 2008 to 2009 and the value for the year 2010 is still below 2008.

Table 9: Regional Gross Domestic Product (in mil lion EUR conversion, in current prices) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Slovak Republic 49314,224 55001,57 61449,714 66842,399 62794,385 65869,489 Region of Bratislava 13415,894 14386,847 16392,989 17492,007 17543,707 18296,581 Region of Trnava 5479,696 6892,248 7600,81 7920,927 7180,65 7665,981 Region of Trenčín 4855,961 5723,746 6301,635 6721,285 6165,896 6434,892 Region of Nitra 5758,952 6197,149 6720,423 7403,484 6934,711 7105,257 Region of Žilina 5235,16 5746,829 6643,435 7498,256 6988,49 7499,632 Region of Banská Bystrica 4318,251 4947,192 5534,383 6093,165 5540,115 5856,881 Region of Prešov 4295,12 4463,895 5013,825 5827,802 5396,202 5546,036 Region of Košice 5955,19 6643,664 7242,214 7885,473 7044,614 7464,229 Data from: Statistical Office of Slovak Republic

Trnava Region benefits from the influx of FDI 32 generally much more than semi-rural areas like districts of Nové Zámky, Komárno, Levice. Its gross domestic product per capita in purchasing power parity was considerably higher than in Trenčín or Nitra Region in the year 2009. Unemployment rates

32 foreign direct investment 13

were relatively low in the Trnava Region, as well as in Trenčín Region in 2011, but gross average wages in the Trnava, Trenčín and Nitra Region were below the Slovak average. 33

1.3.2 Detailed description of the industry and trade sector

The main industrial sectors in Trnava Region are chemistry, automotive, glass industry and metallurgy together with electrotechnics. According to the Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency’s latest report on Trnava Region, the present situation of the industry sector can “be improved by the shift towards higher added values production”. The emphasis is on electronics and engineering since both sectors have emerged recently because of foreign investors’ activities. 34

Table 10: The most important companies in Trnava Region by industry sectors in 2012 35 Industry sector Companies and their main activities Web page Automotive PSA Peugeot Citroën - motorcar manufacture www.slovakia.psa - industry peugeot-citroen.com Electrotechnical Samsung Electronics Slovakia, s.r.o.; Galanta a www.hansol.sk industry Samsung Electronics LCD Slovakia, s.r.o.; Voderady– LCD monitors and componensts. Hansol Technics Europe s.r.o.- LCD components, photovoltaic panels Chemical Tatrachema, výrobné družstvo Trnava –production www.tatrachema.sk industry and sale chemical and cleaning equipments Pharmaceutical ZENTIVA a.s. Hlohovec - producing medicaments, www.zentiva.sk industry sanitarian instrument, support also research aevolutionary stations of companies Glass industry Johns Manville Slovakia, a.s. – glassy fibre www.jm.com production and sale glass-fiber reinforced products Metallurgical Zlieváreň Trnava, s.r.o. – production of cast iron www.zlievaren -trnava.sk industry products Machine ŽOS Trnava, a.s. -, ZF SACHS Slovakia, a.s. –, ZF Boge www.zos.sk industry Elastmetall Slovakia, a.s. –, Toma Industries spol. www.sachs.sk s.r.o. – especially reparation railway cargo and www.zf.com/boge- personable transporting tanks, production coupling elastmetall for private cars and trucks, production bearings, www.toma.sk bearing stabilisers and accessories for automobile industry

There are two important clusters in Trnava Region, Autocluster - West Slovakia (AKS) which was founded by the town of Trnava and Trnava Region, and Electronics Cluster West Slovakia (EKS) which was founded by Trnava, Galanta and Samsung Slovakia. AKS associates universities and research institutes and several Slovak companies, while cooperates with the Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency, the Ministries of Economy and Education and the Association of the

33 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor//index.cfm?q=p.regionalProfile&r=SK02 34 http://www.sario.sk/userfiles/file/Ensario/PZI/reg/trnava_region.pdf 35 http://www.sario.sk/userfiles/file/Ensario/PZI/reg/trnava_region.pdf 14

Automobile Industry of the Slovak Republic. The EKS mostly promotes the development of consumer electronics industry. 36

Trade Sector-specific employment breakdown, Trnava Region, 2009 Industry Transport & 1% Telecommunication 3% Public Administration 5% 13% Health Care

11% Construction 1% Education 7% Finance 33% 10% Other activities Hotels & Restaurants 6% 4% 6% Real Estate Agriculture

Source: SARIO Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency 37

In 2009 33% of the employees worked in the industry sector of the region while only 5% of the employees worked in agriculture. The rest 62% was employed by the tertiary sector.

1.3.3 Detailed description of the situation of the energy sector

The chart below represents the energy end use consumption by sectors in Trnava Region. The transport sector and services were equally important, consumers and households’ consumption was just a little above these two sectors. The industry sector had the biggest share with its 34%, while the agriculture used the less energy in the region in 2009.

Energy end use consumption by sector, 2009 1% Industry 23% 34% Transport 21% Services 21% Households Agriculture

Source: Comparative study of energy security in Burgenland and TTSK (Trnavský samosprávny kraj - Trnava Region) 38

36 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor//index.cfm?q=p.regionalProfile&r=SK02 37 http://www.sario.sk/userfiles/file/Ensario/PZI/reg/trnava_region.pdf 15

Table 11: Energy end use consumption: kWh per capita, from non-renewable sources 2009 Natural gas Coal (hard, brown, coke) Electricity Fuels (Petrol, Petroleum, Diesel) Trnava Region 5 863 561 4 260 4 589 Source: Comparative study of energy security in Burgenland and TTSK (Trnavský samosprávny kraj - Trnava Region) 39

In 2009 Trnava Region’s population was around 560 700, consequently data multiplication provides the total energy consumption of local inhabitants. According to this, the region’s natural gas end use consumption was approx. 3.287.384,1 MWh, the value of coal in turn was around 314.552,7 MWh, thus altogether 3.601.936,8 MWh heat energy from non-renewable sources. Biomass, geothermal heat and solar heat can be cumulated and calculated according to the above presented logic. This way the population end use heat energy consumption from renewable sources is around 150.856,3 MWh.

Thus the share of renewables in heating is around 4%. The situation is much better regarding electricity consumption. From non-renewable sources the consumption at regional level is 2.388.582 MWh, from wind power and water power it is 2.587.069,8 MWh. Subsequently, 52% of the total electricity end use consumption derives from renewable energy sources.

Table 12: Energy end use consumption: kWh per capita, from renewable sources 2009 Wind Water Geothermal Photovoltaic Biomass Solar heat power power heat electricity Trnava Region 231 7 4 607 38 0, 05 0 Source: Comparative study of energy security in Burgenland and TTSK (Trnavský samosprávny kraj - Trnava Region) 40

Table 13: Consumption of electricity and heat in Trnava Region 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Consumption of 573.754 601.951 520.199 629.696 769.109 1.219.004 1.153.243 922.503 907.772 891.721 844.495 electricity (MWh) . Consumption of heat 5.052.0 2.841.4 2.765.5 2.987.6 3.403.0 39.090.87 31.800.36 2.439.3 2.365.2 2.368.5 2.572.2 (GJ) 24 07 89 98 90 6 0 15 33 76 80 Consumption of hard 8.333 7.898 6.918 6.976 6.351 33.182 31.910 29.944 31.923 37.919 41.209 coal, brown coal, coke (t) Consumption of 192.776 267.368 208.795 182.673 189.848 184.014 215.925 201.104 177.626 193.898 205.231 natural gas (1000 m 3) Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

The consumption of electricity increased considerably from 2001 to 2011, while the consumption of heat was halved. Nevertheless the consumption of hard coal, brown coal, coke grew dramatically. The consumption of natural gas shows a steady growth with the exception of the year 2002 when the consumption of heat and hard coal diminished.

38 http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf 39 Data from: http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf 40 Data from: http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf 16

1.4 Situation of the public sector

Statistically, the definition of public sector’s employees is expanded for the employees of public administration directly and employees of the public administration’s companies where the public ownership prevails. 41 In the first half of 2012 8 319 people were employed in public administration and support services that value was 7.4% of the total number of employees. 42

Regions at NUTS level 3 are responsible for planning and development of regional transport, secondary education, healthcare, social welfare, culture and cross-border co-operation. Higher education, innovation, research and development traditionally belong to the central government in the Slovak Republic. 43

The Slovak Republic has no EU co-funded regional operational plans for the regions at NUTS level 2 and NUTS level 3 with the exception of Bratislava Region. However, each region has the opportunity to compete for innovation policy schemes launched by the central government. These regions may benefit from six operational programmes to promote R&D, technology and human resources. Regional governments have initiated co-operation with multinational corporations (MNCs) and already established several clusters (e.g. Autocluster – West Slovakia). The most important clusters which has been established by the co-operation of public, non-government and private sectors are related to automotive and consumer electronics industries. 44

Trnava Region passed its own regional innovation strategy (RIS) in 2008. The main objectives of the RIS are supporting the knowledge-based economy, creating highly-skilled jobs, developing human resources and the innovation culture in the region.45 Major areas of policy interventions included in RIS: development of innovation infrastructure, support of establishment and development of clusters in automotive and other prospective industries; facilitating research and development.46

Regarding the future opportunities of the region, there is a great potential to increase private and public investment in research and development, as well as in innovation. Trnava Region has the possibility to receive grants from the Structural Funds for the period 2008-2013.

41 http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/studies/tn0611028s/sk0611029q.htm 42 http://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?lang=en&acro=lmi&catId=2813&countryId=SK®ionId=SK0&lan gChanged=true 43 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.organisation&n=12678&r=SK02 44 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor//index.cfm?q=p.regionalProfile&r=SK02 45 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.regionalProfile&r=SK02 46 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.policy&n=12819&r=SK02 17

1.5 Situation of the transportation sector

In generally, the infrastructure of Trnava Region is extended and well-constructed, particularly the road and railway network. Railway lines lead to Bratislava and link the capital to Czech Republic and Hungary, additionally connect more important cities e.g. Zilina, Zvolen or Košice. There are two substantial highways, one leads to Prague passing through the region, the other connects Bratislava to Trenčín . There is also an international airport in Trnava Region in the District of Piešťany for air traffic passengers and cargo. At the same time, Bratislava’s airport is accessible within an hour’s drive from anywhere in Trnava Region. 47

The region manages 1,953.267 km of the road of which 531.109 km of the second class and 1,061.241 km of the third class, and ensures maintenance of state roads of the first class in Trnava Region for a total length of 267,421 km .48

In the region there are three passenger transport companies: SAD Trnava, a.s.; SAD Dunajská Streda, a.s. and SKAND Skalica, s.r.o.. The three bus companies in total transport more than 33 million people in a year by all in all 700 buses which altogether pass around 26 million kilometres in an one-year period.

Figure 4: Road map of Trnava Region 49

47 http://www.sario.sk/userfiles/file/Ensario/PZI/reg/trnava_region.pdf ; http://www.airport- piestany.sk/en/ 48 http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk/doprava/dopravcovia-v-kraji ; http://px- web.statistics.sk/PXWebSlovak/index_en.htm 49 http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk/doprava/mapy-cestnej-siete 18

Table 14: Bus companies of Trnava Region Passes Number Transported Name of the Number of Number of kilometres of buses people per year company owns buses employees in one year daily (million capita) (million km) would go SAD Trnava, a.s. 50 295 480 14 .8 10.2 1,600 SAD Dunajská 220 261 10.5 10.2 1,300 Streda, a.s. 51 SKAND Skalica, 185 N/A 7.8 5.6 950 s.r.o. 52 Total 700 >741 33.1 26 3,850

Figure 5: Railway map of Slovak Republic 53

50 http://www.sadtrnava.sk/viewpage.php?page_id=3 51 http://www.sadds.sk/sk/profil-a-historia 52 http://www.skand.sk/autobusova-doprava.php 53 http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk/doprava/mapy-cestnej-siete 19

Consumption of diesel oils and fuel oils (t)

70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Consumption of diesel oil (t) Consumption of fuel oils (t)

Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

Over ten years the consumption of fuel oils has dramatically decreased and nowadays its quantity is around 21 tonnes that is significantly smaller than it was in 2001. The consumption of diesel oil has not changed so conspicuously but the increase is obvious.54

Table 15: Motorisation - Private cars per 1000 habitants 2001 2009 Trnava Region 571 590 Source: Comparative study of energy security in Burgenland and TTSK (Trnavský samosprávny kraj - Trnava Region) 55

Number of private cars/1000 inhabitants rose between 2001 and 2009, the situation is similar in the case of motor vehicles generally (including passenger cars, buses, motorcycles, road tractors and trucks), however the number of buses diminished between 2009 and 2011.

Performances in ton-kilometres (road transport)

2500 2000 1500 1000 Trnava Region Mill. tkm 500 0

Data from: Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

54 http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/10/22/diesel-vs-gas-contributing-to-smog/ 55 Data from: http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf 20

Railway freight plays an important role in freight transportation of the region. There are busy routes like Bratislava–Žilina, Bratislava–Galanta–Štúrovo and the electrified single-track line between Trnava–Galanta and Trnava–Kúty towards the Czech Republic. 56

2. Legislative situation

In Slovak Republic there are several initiation to promote the energy efficiency and increase the rate of renewable energy sources (hereinafter RES) by legislation in accordance with EU directives. The most relevant documents in terms of energy and environment are the followings: • SK 14 Energy Efficiency Act • Act No 555/2005 on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings • SK 15 Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the years 2008 – 2010 57 • Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2011-2013 • SK 11 Energy Performance of Buildings • SK 17 Energy Efficiency Concept for the Slovak Republic • SK 8 Energy Audit Training Programme • SK 12 Regular Check-up of Boilers, Heating Systems and Air-Condition Systems in Non- Industrial Buildings • National Renewable Energy Action Plan (2010) • Act No 309/2009 on the promotion of RES • Act No 656/2004 Coll. on Energy and consequential amendments

Energy Efficiency Act - Act No 476 Coll. on the Efficiency of Energy Use implementing EU Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services into the Slovak legislation system The act was approved by the Parliament on 4 th November 2008 and it is valid as of 1st January 2009, and it contains rules and regulation concerning the energy efficiency concept and action plans of energy efficiency including National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP); producers of electricity or heat (related to energy audit of equipments); power transmission system operator and distribution system operator (related to the evaluation of transmission efficiency); owners of big buildings (energy consumption monitoring system); technical requirements concerning thermal insulation of heat and hot water delivery; energy audits for energy consumers in industry and agriculture; energy auditors; energy service; energy efficiency monitoring, data providing and processing (data evaluation on the energy consumed of central government authorities, municipalities and regional administrations); operation of energy efficiency monitoring system; supervision.58

Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2011-2013 as an implementing instrument under the Energy Efficiency Policy of the Slovak Republic is a continuation of the First Action Plan (AP). It should include inter alia the energy savings target in the Slovak Republic; information for citizens and companies about the exemplary role and actions of the public sector; financial and legal instruments for achieving the national indicative energy savings target, etc. The most important acts and directives for the preparation of the Second AP are:

56 http://www.skaba.sk/index.fcgi?lang=en&pageset_id=6000 57 http://www.muredatabase.org/public/mure_pdf/general/SK15.PDF 58 http://www.isisrome.com/data/mure_pdf/general/SK14.PDF 21

• Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC; • The Energy Efficiency Act; • European Commission recommendations for the Slovak Republic regarding the preparations for the Second AP; • European Commission recommendations on measurement and verification methods in the framework of Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services; • International Energy Agency recommendations on energy efficiency, published in the “Energy Efficiency Progress Report, The Slovak Republic”, released in 2009. 59

SK 17 Energy Efficiency Concept for the Slovak Republic The Concept of Energy Efficiency for the Slovak Republic was approved by the Slovak Government’s Decree No 576/2007. One of the main goals of the concept is to promote RES use in the country, national indicative target is related to energy savings and final energy consumptions according to the Directive 2006/32/EC. 60

Strategy for a Higher Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in the Slovak Republic The strategy was approved by Slovak Government in 2007. The goals of the document are concerning the use of renewable energy sources by 2010 and 2015. “In order to achieve these targets, Slovakia will carry out financial and legislative measures as well as measures in the field of education, science and research on RES.”61

Act No 656/2004 Coll. on Energy and consequential amendments governs: • conditions for conducting business in the energy sector; • access to the market, rights and obligations of market participants in the energy sector; • rights and obligations of natural or legal persons whose rights or obligations may be affected by market participants in the energy sector; • state administration in the energy sector; • state supervision of business in the energy sector.62

3. RES situation

The Slovak Energy Policy’s aim is to increase the share of renewable energy sources in power and heat generation. The gas crisis in 2009, related to the Russian gas transmitted via Ukraine, highlighted the dependence on natural gas imports of the Slovak Republic and the vulnerability of heat supply security. Renewable energy sources (especially biomass) can be a key to reduce the dependence on energy imports by diversification. Furthermore, renewable energy sources can encourage the innovation and development of IT, as well as facilitate the building of a knowledge economy. 63

59 http://www.buildup.eu/sites/default/files/content/SK%20- %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Action%20Plan%20EN.pdf 60 http://www.muredatabase.org/public/mure_pdf/general/SK17.PDF 61 http://glossary.eea.europa.eu//terminology/sitesearch?term=Slovakia+2011+Survey+of+resource+effi ciency+policies+in+EEA+member+and+cooperating+countries 62 http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxweslw.htm 63 National Renewable Energy Action Plan, 2010 ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/doc/dir_2009_0028_action_plan_slovakia.zip 22

The Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of use of energy from RES provides the legal base for national RES targets. The directive sets: • mandatory national targets for the share of RES from total primary energy supply, as well as the target in transport sector; • rules related to statistical transfers between EU member states; • bio fuels and bio liquids standards.

According to this the Slovak Republic’s target on field of spread renewable energy sources is to reach the minimum 14% share in the energy mix by 2020 and 10% share of RES in transport sector. 64

Act No 309/2009 on the promotion of renewable energy and high efficiency cogeneration and amending certain laws (Act No 309/2009 on the promotion of RES) was approved in 2009 in order to promote the production of electricity from RES. The main aim of the act is to improve the functioning of the electricity market in renewable energy and create a stable business environment. “It has delivered a long-term guarantee of feed-in prices for 15 years and has guided the path followed in the production of electricity from renewable energy.”65

National 2020 targets set in National Renewable Energy Action Plan: • overall RES share 15.3% share; • 24% share of RES in electricity; • 14.6% share of RES in heating and cooling; • 10% share of energy from RES in transport. 66

Investments related to energy producing from RES are principal for the local municipalities. Biogas, biomass and solar energy are vital for public authorities in Trnava Region to satisfy the energy demand of the public and social infrastructures, accordingly Trnava Region contributes heat and electricity producing from thermal water sources (e.g. municipal projects of Galanta and Sered). At the same time, the mayor of Chtelnica village is involved in the European network of mayors taking responsibility for the energy-efficient approaches.

There are different funding schemes which are available for Trnava Region to support RES-related investments, as the programme schemes of the Structural Funds, EIB and EBRD Funds. Local mayors possess several plans for future RES-investments in a wide scale from sun-collectors on the roofs of hospitals and other public administration’s buildings (schools, municipal buildings etc.) to introduce biomass technologies. There is also potential to use biogas from community waste.67 One of the latest EU co-funded investments is the CEC 5 – Demonstration of energy efficiency and utilisation of RES through public buildings project under which the Secondary technical school in town of Senica is refurbished. The building which is owned by Trnava Self-Governing Region will have RES installation, too in the framework of the pilot project. 68

64 http://www.energyinslovakia.sk/2012/11/renewable-energy-in-slovakia.html 65 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm 66 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm 67 http://www.gbefactory.eu/sun-and-biogas-are-top-res-investments-for-the-slovak-municipalities-of- trnava/ 68 http://www.projectcec5.eu/strona-33-pilot_investment_of_trnava_slovakia_end.html 23

In Annex No. 5 of the Energy Security Strategy of the Slovak Republic there is information on energy project financing options 69 : • International programme – EEA grants • Structural Funds (2007-2013) - Operational Programme Competitiveness and Economic Growth - Operational Programme Environment - Regional Operational Programme - Operational Programme Transport - Operational Programme Informatisation of Society - Operational Programme Research and Development - Operational programme Education - Rural Development Plan • CIP - Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (Intelligent Energy Europe II Programme) • Bank loans • Energy Efficiency Fund • EBRD Loans for energy efficiency projects and for renewables projects (RES)

69 http://www.economy.gov.sk/strategy-documents/131028s 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Statistics, Reports and Studies • 2011 Survey of resource efficiency policies in EEA member and cooperating countries – Country Profile: Slovakia (Slovakia - European Environment Agency - Europa) http://glossary.eea.europa.eu//terminology/sitesearch?term=Slovakia+2011+Survey+of+re source+efficiency+policies+in+EEA+member+and+cooperating+countries • Annual average population (1 000) by sex - NUTS 3 regions http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_d3avg&lang=en • Deaths (total) – NUTS 3 regions http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_deaths&lang=en • Komparatívna štúdia energetickej bezpečnosti Burgenlandu a TTSK (Comparative study of energy security in Burgenland and TTSK (Trnavský samosprávny kraj - Trnava Region) http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf • Labour market information http://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?lang=en&acro=lmi&catId=2813&countryId=SK®ionI d=SK0&langChanged=true • Live births (total) – NUTS 3 regions http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_births&lang=en • Organisation – The Trnava Self-Governing Region http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.organisation&n=12678&r=SK02 • Policy Document – Regional Innovation strategy for the Trnava Region http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor/index.cfm?q=p.policy&n=12819&r=SK02 • Population density – NUTS 3 regions http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_d3dens&lang=en • Regional Profile – Region SK02 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/regional- innovation/monitor//index.cfm?q=p.regionalProfile&r=SK02 • Resident Population by sex, by regions, 2001, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable2.pdf • Resident Population by nationality, by regions, 2001, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable9.pdf • Resident Population by computer skills, by Slovak republic and regions, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable14.pdf • Resident Population by the most frequently used language in public, by regions, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable12.pdf • Resident Population by the most frequently used language at home, by regions, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable13.pdf • Resident Population by mother tongue, by regions, 2001, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable11.pdf • Resident Population by religion, by regions, 2001, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable8.pdf • Resident Population by educational attainment, by regions, 2001, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable10.pdf • Resident Population by age group, by regions, 2001, 2011 Census http://portal.statistics.sk/files/krtable3.pdf • Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency: Trnava Region http://www.sario.sk/userfiles/file/Ensario/PZI/reg/trnava_region.pdf • Total equivalised disposable household income by regions (EU SILC 2006-2011) http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=10666

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• Základné údaje zo sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2011 - Byty v sr, krajoch, okresoch a obciach (Apartments in the Slovak Republic, regions, districts and municipalities - Basic data from the population and housing census 2011) http://www.scitanie2011.sk/wp-content/uploads/BYTY-v-SR-krajoch-okresoch-a-obciach- FINAL-EVv3_15_web.pdf

Official web page of institutions and organizations • European Commission: www.ec.europa.eu • European Environment Agency: www.eea.europa.eu • Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu • Letisko Piešťany a.s.: http://www.airport-piestany.sk/en/ • MURE (Mesures d'Utilisation Rationnelle de l'Energie): http://www.muredatabase.org • SAD Dunajská Streda, a.s.: http://www.sadds.sk/sk/profil-a-historia • SAD Trnava, a.s.: http://www.sadtrnava.sk/viewpage.php?page_id=3 • SARIO Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency: http://www.sario.sk/?home • SKAND Skalica Spol. s r.o.: http://www.skand.sk/autobusova-doprava.php • Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic: http://portal.statistics.sk http://www.scitanie2011.sk/en/ • Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic RegDat – Regional statistics database: http://px- web.statistics.sk/PXWebSlovak/index_en.htm • Trnavský samosprávny kraj (Trnava Region): http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk ; http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/en http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk/doprava/dopravcovia-v-kraji ; http://px- web.statistics.sk/PXWebSlovak/index_en.htm

Acts, Directives and Strategies • Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2011-2013 http://www.buildup.eu/sites/default/files/content/SK%20- %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Action%20Plan%20EN.pdf • Energy Security Strategy of the Slovak Republic http://www.economy.gov.sk/strategy-documents/131028s • Legislation Slovakia http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxweslw.htm • National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Slovak Republic), 2010 ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/doc/dir_2009_0028_action_plan_s lovakia.zip http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm • SK 14 Energy Efficiency Act http://www.isisrome.com/data/mure_pdf/general/SK14.PDF • SK 15 Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the years 2008 – 2010 http://www.muredatabase.org/public/mure_pdf/general/SK15.PDF • SK 17 Energy Efficiency Concept for the Slovak Republic http://www.muredatabase.org/public/mure_pdf/general/SK17.PDF

Maps • Districts of Trnava Region http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Okres_trnava.png • Location of Trnava Region in Slovakia http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slovakia_regions_english.png • Map of Slovak roads http://maps.google.hu/?ie=UTF8&vpsrc=6&source=embed&ll=48.407326,19.02832&spn=2. 552628,4.669189&z=7 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Slovakia_trnava_skalica.png

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• Railway map of Slovak Republic http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk/doprava/mapy-cestnej-siete • Road map of Trnava Region http://www.trnava-vuc.sk/sk/doprava/mapy-cestnej-siete

Others • http://www.buildup.eu/sites/default/files/content/SK%20- %20Energy%20Efficiency%20Action%20Plan%20EN.pdf • Air pollution study clears the air on diesel versus gas emissions http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/10/22/diesel-vs-gas-contributing-to-smog/ • Average High/Low Temperature for Trnava, Slovakia; Average Rainfall for Trnava, Slovakia http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Trnava-weather-averages/Trnava/SK.aspx • European industrial relations observatory on-line http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/studies/tn0611028s/sk0611029q.htm • GBE Factory: Sun and Biogas are Top RES Investments for the Slovak Municipalities of Trnava http://www.gbefactory.eu/sun-and-biogas-are-top-res-investments-for-the-slovak- municipalities-of-trnava/ • Glossary:Equivalised disposable income http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:Equivalised_dispo sable_income • Project CEC5 – Pilot investment of Trnava, Slovakia 12/2013 http://www.projectcec5.eu/strona-33-pilot_investment_of_trnava_slovakia_end.html • Renewable energy in Slovakia (27/11/2012) http://www.energyinslovakia.sk/2012/11/renewable-energy-in-slovakia.html • Slovakia Cultural Profile: Trnava Regional Government http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=2996 • Slovakia: Region of Trnava http://www.skaba.sk/index.fcgi?lang=en&pageset_id=6000

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