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■ 1986-2011 i

A Quarter Century Long Effort toLift Effort Long Century Quarter A Achievements the Living Standards of Farmers of Standards theLiving ___ Research

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Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Rose rch Central LIBRARY M'?'A\? r«wrs U v?. (I,-/* «<'•/:rM 'A '

*rch Achievements R esearch A ^

Effort to Lift the Livin g - L o n g Q u a rte t Century

\det Research Center

November 20 \ Design and Layout (and Editor): Melaku Wale, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Cover photo: A partial view of the administration office of Adet Research Center

Published by: Adet Agricultural Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Printed in Bahir Dar University’s Printing Press, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, supported financially by the University’s Research and Community Services Vice President Office.

Copyright © 2011 Adet Research Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Interested readers may cite information contained in this book.

Correct citation: Adet Research Center. 2011. Research Achievements: A quarter century-long effort to lift the living stabdards of farmers. Pp 117.

This publication is a summary of 25-year research (1986-2011 GC). The objective of the book was to complement the 25th Anniversary of the establishement of the Center that was colorfully venerated at the end of September 2011.

Adet Agricultural Research Center targets Gojam and Gondar.

The report gives only a bird’s eyeview of the results of the past research activities. Any serious reader is urged to see the Research Center’s annual and progress reports or published research articles in various fields of study. ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Preface

Given that the majority of Ethiopians are center, are now compiled in this document. engaged in the agriculture sector and the sector I'his will facilitate access to information and takes the lion’s share in the economic contribute for the current Growth and development of the country, supporting the Transformation Plan of the Government. Over sector with research is not only logical but also the years, the center not only generated indispensable. Improved agricultural technologies but also transferred them. technologies enhance production and Technologies have been demonstrated and productivity. Recent advances in productivity popularized by organizing field days that led to the creation of millionaire farmers is consisting of different stakeholders. Generated a contribution of this effort. In fact, successive knowledge has been transferred to farmers and Ethiopian governments have realized this fact experts through training. and have always given emphasis to agricultural research. Research being a continuous process The center has also multiplied and supplied needs continuous support in terms of research agricultural technologies to technology facility and qualified staff. Agricultural multiplication centers and directly to farmers research centers generate, adapt and transfer for further dissemination. At this juncture, we agricultural technologies. One of such ccnters, would like to acknowledge our partners for namely Adet Agricultural Research Center has working with us. Without their participation, been by and large a success story. It was we would not have succeeded. Despite all established in 1986, which over years, has efforts, all technologies generated/adapted so developed and made available quite a lot of far have not been fully utilized by end users. agricultural technologies. Research themes Now is the time for pre-scale up and out of the included food crops, soil and water best technologies we ever claim to have management, forestry, and animal feeds and generated. This will help double agricultural nutrition1. production and productivity' in the near future. We call for strong linkage and collaboration In order to identify key production constraints, among the partnerships. At this grand occasion the center has carried out dozens of diagnostic of celebrating the 25th anniversary of Adet surveys and case studies in collaboration with Agricultural Research Center, a Bronze Jubilee different stakeholders (farmers, governmental celebration, we have also compiled basic and non-governmental organizations) in five information of the technologies we generated. administrative zones (West Gojam, East We have high hopes that these technologies Gojam, Awe, South Gondar and North will contribute significantly for the current Gondar2) in the Amhara region. Thus, agricultural development led industrialization production constraints were identified, and for the Growth and Transformation Plan of prioritized, documented and published. Guided the country. And we are committed to work by identified production constraints and the with partners. For further reference, articles agriculture and rural development strategy of published by staff of the center are listed at the the country, the center has conducted hundreds end of this document. of research projects annually focusing on food security and market oriented commodities. Alemayehu Assefa Center Director. Technologies generated and adapted over the past 25 years, eversince the inception of the

1 Transferred to Andassa Livestock research Center since 2002 2 Transferred to Gondar Agricultural Research Center since 2004 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Acknowledgments

These engagements took their precious time. First and foremost we thank all researchers, At times, they had to stop their work and work who are alive or passed away (may their souls with us for no apparent benefit of any kind. rest in peace by the grace of God). They That was quite a sacrifice on their part. worked hard day and night in the most uncomfortable circumstanccs and generated The many agricultural experts, development the massive data that culminated in the current agents and local government officials who summary of achievements. That is something were stationed around the region participated we are proud of. During those times, in the research process in one way or another. researchers were engaged and deeply We are very much grateful to them. committed to contribute their part in realizing the 20-year research master plan that was on We are particularly grateful to the senior the table for implementation. researcher, Dr Melaku Wale, Bahir Dar University, for critically reviewing and editing The center is also very grateful to researchers the compiled document. who commented the first draft of this document. The center greatly appreciates Bahir Dar University for the financial support in We cannot forget thanking thousands of publishing the document. farmers who worked with us over the years.

ii ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table of Contents P reface...... i A cknow ledgm ents...... ji Table of C o n ten ts...... iii List o f T ables...... List of F igu res...... vi A cron ym s...... vii

1. Introduction...... 1

2. Farming System Diagnostic Surveys and Case Studies...... 3 2.1 Farming System Diagnostic Surveys...... 3

2.2 Case Studies...... 8

3. Crops...... 21 3.1 Horticultural Crops...... 21 3.1.1 Potato...... 21 3.1.2 Sweet potato...... 28 3.1.3 Vegetable crops...... 28 3.1.4 Fruit crops...... 34

3.2 Cereals...... 36 3.2.1 Wheats...... 36 3.2.2 Barley...... 43 3.2.3 T ef...... 51 3.2.4 Rice...... 53 3.2.5 Finger millet...... 58 3.2.6 Maize...... 59 3.2.7 Sorghum...... 62

3.3 Pulses and Oil Seeds...... 62 3.3.1 Pulses...... 63 3.3.2 Oil seed crops...... 70

3.4 Basic and pre-basic seed multiplication...... 73

4. Soil and Water Management Research...... 75 4.1 Water Harvesting and drainage...... 75

4.2 Crop water requirement and deficit irrigation...... 76

4.3 Documentation of traditional practices...... 76

4.4 Soil Fertility Management Research...... 77

lil ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

4.4.1 Soil microbiology...... 77 4.4.2 Inorganic fertilizers...... 78 4.4.3 Organic fertilizer...... 79 4.4.4 Soil Characterization...... 80 4.4.5 Soil and Water Conservation Research...... 80 4.4.6 Watershed studies...... 81 4.4.7 Wetlands...... 82

5. Forestry and Agro-forestry...... 83 5.1 Agro-forestry R esearch...... 83

5.2 Forestry Research...... 84

6. Animal feeds and Nutrition...... 91 6.1 Forage crops breeding (selection)...... 91 6.1.1 Forage legumes...... 91 6.1.2 Cultivated forage grasses...... 91 6.1.3 Multipurpose trees...... 92

6.2 Agronomic studies of forage crops...... 92

6.3 Integrating forage and food crops (cropping system studies)...... 94

6.4 N atural pasture...... 96

7. Publication Index...... 97 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Trend of important components of the farming systems in Western Amhar...... 7 Table 2.2 Pests of legumes recorded in northwestern Ethiopia...... 12 Table 2.3 Pests of oilseed crops recorded in northwestern Ethiopia...... 13 Table 3.1 List of the recommended potato varieties and their growing environments...... 22 Table 3.2 Released bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) and triticale (X-Triticosecale wittmak) varieties...... 38 Table 3.3 Fertilizer requirement (kg/ha) of bread wheat in different locations on nitosols...... 39 Table 3.4 Fertilizer rate recommendation for durum wheat with BBF (vertisols) based on precursor crops...... 40 Table 3.5 Fertilizer requirement of triticale in different locations on red soils...... 40 Table 3.6 Pests of small cereals (wheat) recorded in northwestern Ethiopia...... 41 Table 3.7 Released food barley varieties for early and late barley production systems...... 44 Table 3.8 Adapted food barley varieties for early barley production system (1987-2010)...... 46 Table 3.9 Adapted malt barley varieities for north western malting barley production environments.47 Table 3.10 Fertilizer requirement of food barley at different locations...... 49 Table 3.11 Pests of small cereals (barley) recorded in northwestern Ethipia...... 49 Table 3.12 Description of tef varieties released by Adet Agricultural research center...... 53 Table 3.13 Fertilizer requirement of tef in different locations and soil types...... 54 Table 3.14 Pests of tef recorded in northwestern Ethiopia...... 55 Table 3.15 List of rice varieties released or adapted by other research centers in northwestern Amhara Region...... 57 Table 3.16 List and description of released rice varieties by Adet Research center (1999-2011)...... 60 Table 3.17 Fertilizer requirement for lowland rice in vertisols of different localities...... 60 Table 3.18 Fertilizer requirement for upland rice in vertisols of Fogera plain...... 60 Table 3.19 Fertilizer requirement of finger millet on nitosols of different localities...... 61 Table 3.20 Fertilizer requirement of maize on nitosols of different localities...... 63 Table 3.21 Fertilizer requirement of sorghum in vertisols of Alefa Takusa...... 63 Table 3.22 Released faba Bean varieties by Adet Agricultural research Center in 2005...... 64 Table 3.23 Fertilizer requirement of faba bean on nitosols of different localities...... 64 Table 3.24 Agronomic and morphological caracteristics of the released field pea varieties...... 67 Table 3.25 List of antagonistic fungi against Fusarium oxysporum f ciceri in 1993 and 1994...... 69 Table 3.26 Seed multiplication and distribution statistics...... 74

v ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER ______25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Mandate areas, sub-centers and testing sites of Adet Research Center...... 4 Fig. 3.1 Zengena potato variety...... 23 Fig. 3.2 Guassa variety...... 24 Fig. 3.3 External features of farmers’ potato seed store (DLS) in Lai Gaint woreda...... 27 Fig. 3.4 Internal features of farmers’ potato seed store (Dl.S) in Lai Gaint woreda...... 27 Fig. 3.5 First mini inception regional workshop in Bahir D ar...... 29 Fig. 3.6 Training for seed potato producers at Injibara (Awi)...... 29 Fig. 3.7 A partial view of field day participants and potato seed producing farmers in Banja woreda. 30 Fig. 3.8 Some of the fanners who changed their life through potato production...... 30 Fig. 3.9 A partial view of the wrap up workshop participants in Bahir D a r...... 31 Fig. 3.10 Snap bean...... 32 Fig. 3.11 Chapin bucket kits drip irrigation system with different mulch treatments...... 33 Fig. 3.12 Cool chamber stm cture...... 35 Fig. 3.13 Kuncho (left) and Etsub (right) tcff varieties demonstration...... 55 Fig. 3.14 Rice variety screening trials...... 58 Fig. 3.15 Rice field day at Fogera...... 61 Fig. 4.1 Water harvesting (a), lifting (b) and drip irrigation system ...... 75 Fig. 4.2 Farmers’ water diversion method and the genda scheme used to pass irrigation canal across a river...... 77 Fig. 4.3 Area closure and plantation activity, check-dam construction effort and a field day...... 81 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S- YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Acronyms

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

SWHISA Sustainable Water Harvesting and Institutional Strengthening in Amhara

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

CCRP Crop Collaborative Research Program

HOPE Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement

RCBP Rural Capacity Building Program

ENIDP Ethiopia Nile Irrigation Development Program

FREG Farmer Research and Extension Group

ACSI Amhara Credit and Saving Institute

EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research WUE Water use efficiency

CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Research Center MRR Marginal rate of return

NB Net benefit

UNDP United Nation Development Program

ARARI Amhara Agricultural Research Institute

WARDA West African Rice Development Association

IRRI International Rice Research Center

BBF Broad Bed and Furrow

vii r

ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

1. Introduction

Adet Agricultural Research Center was productivity and nutritional quality while established in March 1986 in accordance with preserving and enhancing the natural resource the agreement made between the Ethiopian base. The center is mandated to undertake Government and the European Economic scientific research on major agricultural Commission. The center is located at 11° 17’ N constraints in the western part of the Amhara latitude and 37° 43’ longitudes on an altitude Region in four administrative zones (West of 2240 m above sea level (Fig. 1.1). It is Gojam, East Gojam, Awi and South Gondar). situated 43 km southeast of Bahir Dar along Its mission is to conduct agro-ecology based the highway to Addis Ababa via Mota. The research on Crops, Soil and Water center receives average annual rainfall of 1271 Management and Forestry and Agro-forestry mm and temperature ranging from 8.8-25.2°C. in order to generate, adapt and transfer The overall goal of the center is to alleviate environmentally sound, socially acceptable poverty and improve the welfare of the people and economically feasible technologies and of Western Amhara through scientific develop agricultural knowledge to improve the research, by increasing the production, livelihood of the people of Western Amhara.

•A. MVW>Sl'.yi

Fig. 1.1. Map of the center

1 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

With its main research station and office based technology supply directorates; and supportive at Adet, the center has rwo sub centers (Debre job processes, i.e., Finance, Purchase and Tabor and Fenote Selam) and a total of Procurement, Human Resources Management, seventeen testing and one seed multiplication Planning monitoring and Evaluation, and site in the mandate areas (Figure 2). Seven are Audit processes. Crop directorate is further general purpose testing sites; Mota and divided into four case teams (Cereal Crops, Bichena in East Gojiam, Injibara in Awi, Horticulture Crops, Pulses and Oil Crops and Finote Seiam in West Gojiam, Debre Tabor, Farm Management). Soil and Water Simada and Gaint in south Gonder. There are management directorate has three case teams also testing sites for specific purpose; one rice (Soil and Water Conservation, Soil Fertility trial site at Woreta, four horticultural trial sites and Agricultural Water management). Forestry located at Jiga, Geray and Woramit in West and agro-forestry directorate is also composed Gojam and Chagni in Awi. The center recently of two case teams, Forestry case team and aquired 50 hectares of land at Chagni in Awi Agro-forestry case team. Currently the center zone for parental line seed production of has a total of 203 permanent staff (99 technical maize. The center also has full-fledged and 104 supportive staff). From the technical irrigation research site at Koga irrigation staff 50 are researchers (26 MSc and 24 BSc). project site at Merawi, forestry research sites at Bezawit in Bahir Dar, Soil and water The major financial sources are Regional conservation trial site at Anjeni and rice Government and EIAR (for collaborative quarantine site at Andasa. Besides on-farm trials). The center also raises other funding research and technology transfer activities are sources from different NGO’s like SWH1SA undertaken on farmers fields by organizing Canada, J1CA, McKnight, HOPE, RCBP, fanners research and extenstion group ENIDP, etc. based on the project proposals (FREG). Thus some 33 FREGs consisting of submitted by the center and agreements 847 members in 15 woredas of the mandated reached with each organization. Through two four zones are established. and half decades research, the center generated quite a good number of technologies in each of The center is structured in three research the directorates and the summary of these directorates, i.e., Crop, Soil and Water research results are compiled and presented in management, and forestry and agro-forestry this document. ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

2. Farming System Diagnostic Surveys and Case Studies

2.1 Farming System Diagnostic Surveys

Farming systems of different localities in the About 53% of the farmers in the target area mandate areas were studied and the results are use fertilizer, 51% of tef growers and 38% of briefly summarized as follows (Fig. 2.1). Table barley growers use fertilizer. Farmers’ main 2.1 gives a summary of the diagnostic surveys. reasons for not using fertilizer are lack of cash, unavailability the fertilizer and low return. Yilmana Densa Woreda About 96% of field pea growers and 82% of In Yilmana Dense woreda, informal surveys faba bean growers reported the importance of were conducted in 1986 and formal ones in aphid and Africa bollworm, respectively. 1987. The major crops grown in Yilmana Similarly, 72% of chickpea growers claimed Densa woreda were tef, barely, maize, Irish cutworm as an important pest. Both loose and potato, rapeseed, grass pea and chickpea. covered smuts are observed on barley. Rust About 48% of tef growers and 54% barley and chocolate spot are also among the factors growers claim to consume more than 75% of that have contributed to the reduction in area their produce. Similarly, the family uses most under faba bean. The primary objective of the of the maize and grass peas produced. About livestock sector is to supply farm power to 61% of the sample fanners reported that they crop production. The dairy aspect is secondary could sustain their family over a full year with about 87% of the farmers have one or more what they produce. They mostly run out of oxen, 59% own cows and 41% have heifers. food during July and August. Farmers attribute The oxen are never strong enough to this shortage to scarcity' of land (80%) and complete plowing on time (5%). Scarcity7 of drought (43%). There appears to be a strong livestock feed is most severe from December- relationship between food deficit, farm size June. and number of oxen owned. Bahir Dar area Price of cereals is high at planting time and it A diagnostic survey was conducted in three is low immediately after harvest. The average woredas of Bahir Dar area, namely Bahir Dar farm holding is about 1.7 ha of which 1.56 ha is Zuria, Mecha, and Achefer. The survey cultivated. About 10% of the fanners rent out consisted of two separate stages: an land due to oxen shortage and illness. The exploratory (informal) survey in which average family size is 6 .2 , with an average of researchers conducted interviews in 1987 and a 2.9 economically active. Moreover, 38% of the verification (formal) survey in w'hich the farmers have one additional family member enumerators administed questionnaires to working full time on the farm. The busiest- verify and quantify information obtained from period of the farmers is late August to the exploratory survey. A multistage sampling September. About 42% have 2 oxen and thus technique was used in selecting 100 farmers. do not face oxen shortage. However, 45% have The survey area was 5276 km‘ with a mean only ox and about 13% have no oxen. The annua! rainfall of 1472 mm. The mean average draft power holding is 1.27 ox per maximum temperature ranges from 23.5 to family. Farmers generally use more than the 29.5°C. The average cultivated area per farmer recommended seed rate. For example, they use is 2.8 ha of which 32% is covered by finger 25 kg/ha for tef and 100 kg/ha for barley. millet and 31% by tef. Some 96% of famers According to farmers, high barley seed rate is grow tef and 91% grow finger millet. Both are used to increase yield (70%), to suppress primary staple cereals. Maize and barley are weeds (60%) and to compensate for poor grown by most of the farmers. Noug is one of gemination (38%). the most important cash crops in the area.

3 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

About 73% of the farmers have two or more Debre Tabor Mixed fanning Zone oxen; 23% one ox; 4% lack oxen. Oxen A diagnostic survey was carried out in the shortage forces the farmers to plant crops late. Debre Tabor area, in September-October 1988. Crop yields steadily declined due to depletion More than 60 randomly selected farmers were of soil fertility through continuous cropping interviewed, both individually (about specific and soil erosion. Low soil fertility and pests issues) and in a group (about general issues). also contribute to the decline of pulses and oil Based on natural factors crops are grown, the crops. Livestock numbers decreased mainly survey area was divided into three tentative because of disease, parasites, feed shortage, target zones: highland Nitosol, mid-altitude and cash shortage. Nitosol. and mid-altitude Vertsol. The high land Nitosol is hilly, with an evaluation of over High priority problems are scarcity of dry 2400 m: the major crops grown include barley, season feed, low soil fertility and high soil faba bean, and Irish potato. The mid-altitude erosion, hopper damage on cereals and oil Nitosol is gently undulating, between 1940 and crops, livestock disease, seasonal food 2150 m; the major crops are tef, figure millet, shortage, cash shortage, high weed infestation and maize. The mid-altitude Vertislol falls and scarcity of arable land. However, the between 1940 and 1990 m elevation; the major medium level priority problems are shortage of crops include tef, rough pea, and figure millet. draft power and labor.

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legend JL A3*tAPC 4 k»wt| 3 Ctonfebc* SC O Vch-S ( « r*cts Jefc- ■ 1 ) 2nr,~l * *0*3 .18 V wu.crj t ^ $ n » a _] I 0 1 M '2*r< • 1 A" di<4 X. 1 9 r;un tj 9 8 £j i *97* "$ [ZJ 11 » _) \i\i

Fig. 2.1 Mandate areas, sub-centers and testing sites of Adet Research Center

4 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

In livestock husbandry, the age at first mating Awabe! and Mechakel woredas for cattle ranges from 3 to 4 years and for In Dagasenan and Amanueal areas soils are small ruminantes from 1 to 12 months. The degraded and are highly exposed for erosion. calving interval for cattle is 1-2 years. The Gullies are prevalent about every 300-meter most difficult periods for feeding animals in distance. Crops such as Engido /oat spp and Fogera plain is February-June, and on the Gibbto/Lupine are dominant due to poor soil Nitosols June-September. Area under grass pea fertility. In Debre Elias and Wamit, tef, wheat is increasing since the crop can grow well on and noug are the major crops. Sorghum is also less fertile soil. important in Wamit area. The dominant crops grown in Awabel woreda are potato and barely The major constraints common to all target in the highland, tef and wheat in the red soil, zones are: Scarcity of arable land, seasonal tef and grass pea in the black soil and sorghum food shortage, low soil fertility and heavy soil and tef in the low altitude areas. Major erosion, scarcity of animal feed, crop disease, problems include land degradation, crop pest weeds and scarcity of fire wood. In addition, and disease, erratic rainfall distribution, hail other problems differing in importance from damage, poor soil fertility and livestock one target zone to another are: aphids on disease and parasites. In addition, arable land barley and grass pea, disease of livestock, scarcity, shortage of improved verities, feed shortage of draft power, poor drainage, and seasonal food shortages are major socio­ lathyrism, hail damage (on barley), frost, and economic problems. late onset or early cessation of rainfall. Baso Liben and Dejen Woredas Simada Woreda Based on elevation, topography, major crops A number of technical, economic and grown, vegetation cover, grazing land institutional constraints were identified in the availability, etc., six tentative recommendation woreda. They led to low level of agricultural domains (four in Basoliben and two in Dejen) productivity and food insecurity. In all agro­ were identified. Recommendation domains or ecologies, rainfall is erratic and steadily target groups of farmers who have similar declined over the years, leading to extended natural and socioeconomic circumstances and drought periods and change in crop types identical recommendations may be made. grown. High population pressure which is Yejube, Yelamagej and Dejat are found in the responsible for expansion of the agricultural mid altitude, part of Dendo area is found in the area into forests, pasturelands and lowland part of Basoliben Woreda. Yelamgej mountainous areas resulted in the decline in and Dejat areas are exposed to severe soil the average size of land holding. The most erosion. Tef, wheat and maize are dominant important problems identified are hail damage, crops. Farmers in Basoliben area are highly drought, insect pest and degradation and dependant on cereal crop production. In the fertility decline in the mid and highland areas. remaining domain tef, wheat, maize and noug Drought, insect pest and diseases infestation are major crops except in Dejat and Dendo and poor soil fertility are important in the where sorghum is dominant despite severe lowlands of Simada. Common constraints striga infestation. Farmers practice cereal- across the study area are shortage of land, lack cereal dominated crop rotation and sometimes of oxen, shortage of grazing land and land oil crops and lupine are used as a break crop. degradation and insect pest and disease Dejen Woreda is divided into two infestation. Most of the constraints that are recommendation domains, i.e., highland, black bottlenecks for agricultural productivity are soil dominated and the Abay gorge, which is interrelated. low altitude and ashalima soil dominated. These domains are different mainly in soil type, elevation and major crops grown. In the highland, fanners get cash by selling crops

5 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT such as tef and chickpea and also livestock. In recommendation domains were identified, i.e., lowlands, they eam cash by selling grain Dega, Woinda Dega and Kolia. Land sorghum and by doing some off-farm degradation, scarcity of arable land, scarcity of activities. animal feed and lack of improved crop and forage varieties were the major problems in all The major production constraints in the black recommendation domains. In order to increase and ashalima soil dominated areas are critical the productivity of crops and livestock in the water shortage, arable land scarcity, poor soil area and to improve the livelihood of farmers, fertility, soil erosion, disease and pest different research, development, and policy outbreak. Land sliding is a major problem in interventions were recommended. the lowlands. Between the two recommendation domains, black soil Belesa Woreda dominated areas are better in resources. The survey was conducted in November 2001, Natural, biological and social structure, Lai Gaint Woreda economic conditions, and agricultural Lai Gaint Woreda is poor in agricultural production bottlenecks as well as causes of potential and infrastructure. Highlands are food insecurity in the woreda were identified frost prone (wurch). In highlands, barley and and prioritized. Two major recommendation potato dominate, in mid-altitudes wheat and domains were identified in the woreda, i.e., tef. Major problems include land degradation, Kolia and Woinadega. In the Kolia domain the drought, crop pest and disease, erratic rainfall major problems were drought, malaria, distribution, hail damage, poor soil fertility and livestock diseases and parasites, crop diseases livestock disease and parasite. The main and pests, lack of high school, land socioeconomic problems include arable land degradation and poor soil fertility, feed scarcity, high input cost, shortage of improved shortage, water shortage and striga weed. The varieties, feed and seasonal food shortages. major problems of Woinadega domain are similar to the Kolia domain except crop The research and extension system should disease and pests come before livestock focus on problems such as seasonal food disease and parasites. shortage. These include access to early maturing crop varieties that are drought Ebinat Woreda tolerant, disease and pest resistant, frost A Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) survey tolerant, high yielding as swell as water tool and technique was used to collect primary logging tolerant. Furthermore, basic information from farmers. Ranking was used developmental initiatives and infrastructure to prioritize production constraints and to such as schools, clinics, and pure water supply understand farmers’ preference. Here too, three particularly for lowlands and frost prone areas recommendation domains were identified, i.e., is suggested. NGOs and GOs must work in Kolia, Woinadega and Dega. The major harmony in agricultural development production constraints of Kolia domain are activities. listed in the following order: late onset and early cessation of rainfall, livestock diseases Adiarkay Woreda and parasites, crop pests, soil erosion and lack In Adiarkay area, the survey was conducted in of veterinary services. Similarly, the October 2001. Participatory Rural Appraisal Woinadega domain production constraints had (PRA) method was used to identify the the following order: late onset and early farming systems of the woreda. Pairwise cessation of rainfall, crop diseases, livestock ranking tool was applied to prioritize the diseases and parasites, and land degradation problems of recommendation domains. Data and poor soil fertility and deforestation. In the were collected by farmer interviewing farmers dega domain, livestock diseases and parasites, (individuals, groups and key informants) and crop pests, deforestation, crop diseases and late by observing the area. Three major

6 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT onset and early termination of rainfall are the major production constraints in that order.

Table 2,1 Trend of important components of the farming systems in Western Amhara Factor Trend Reasons Cropped area . Total area of farmed land increasing . Area per household decreasing

Annual crops Decreasing Poor soil fertility, declining rainfall, erratic production rainfall distribution

Crop species Decreasing Sold and consumed in consecutive /verieties drought/bad years

Draft power Fewer oxen and farm tools never Grain shortage forcing oxen sales animal change diseases and parasites

Livestock Increasing Coccidiosis, foot and . Diminishing offseason water supplies diseases mouth disease, lumpy skin disease, pasture contamination following free blackleg and mastitis problems grazing and high stocking pressures . Lower animal nutrition from decreasing feeds

Pests and Increased Monocropping, mid-season drought, late diseases planting

Forest Decreasing rapidly . High population growth, expansion of cropped area, fuel and construction needs, . Income source (firewood and charcoal)

Grazing land Decreasing rapidly High population growth, expansion of cropped area

Annual income Decreasing . Declining farm size . Decreasing yields of crops . Feed shortage and animal disease Soil fertility Declining . No practice of fallow system . Declining crop rotation due to limited farm size . Increasing soil erosion . Limited use of organic or inorganic fertilizers . Declining use of manure

Rainfall Declining and more erratic Deforestation, climate change

Infrastructure Improving slowly through school, . Food-for-work programs clinic and road construction . Investment from government and NGOs

7 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Summary of production constraints in northwestern Ethiopia Production problems varied with locality. The much integrated. More than 16 different crop following problems were common and cross­ species are cultivated in the area. The farmers cutting: grow at least more than three crops in a season, • Land degradation and poor soil mainly as a strategy to spreared risk and fertility sustain the family’s self-sufficiency. The area • Arable land scarcity is cereal dominated; cereals constitute over • Rainfall related problems (early 75% of the total area cultivated by the sample cessation, dry spell, excess rainfall, farmers in the 1990/91-crop season. Some flooding, hail damage, late onset) farmers also practice intercropping and double • Lack of adequate and timely supply of cropping. Non-profitability factors influence improved seed, fertilizer and other crop choice and combinations. The major complementary inputs factors reported to influence farmer’s crop • High cost of input (seed, fertilizer, choice are contribution to food consumption etc.) and compatibility of the enterprise to the • Crop diseases, pests and weeds biophysical and soico-economic circumstance • Feed shortage ol the fanners. In Adet Mixed Farming Zone, • Livestock diseases and parasites tef and barley alone cover about 54% of the total cultivated area of the sample farmers in • Inadequate research and extension the 1990/91 crop season; these ranked first and service second respectively, when evaluated according • Water logging problem to various criteria including profitability • Land tenure and land use policy parameters. However, they were the least related problems profitable particularly when the labor utilized • Seasonal food shortage in their production was valued in cash. • Oxen and human labor shortage Similarly, in Bahir Dar Mixed Farming Zone, • Poor infrastructural facilities (roads, figure millet and tef accounted for over 64% of schools, health, water, etc.,) the total cultivated area of the sample farmers • Lack of recognition of women’s role in and their overall rank in the system was first the household and third respectively. However, they are the • Genetic erosion of landraces of annual least profitable. crops and indigenous trees • Lack of sustainability of soil This solicits the importance of non­ conservation and agroforestry profitability parameters in decision making practices about farming. Farmers in the area diversify • Poor institutional support such as crop production to sustain their livehood and marketing, credit, community based insure welfare. Farmers diversify crops. The organizations rationales include: • Unnecessary taboos (too many 1. Uncertainty of dealing with few crops, religious holidays) particularly with respect to • Shortage of fiielwood uninterrupted food supply throughout the year 2.2 Case Studies 2 . Suitability of the different crops because of variation in soil ty pe, 2.2.1 Factors influencing crop enterprise fertility, drainage, etc. choice by smallholders 3. Self-sufficiency motives of the farmers, and Bahir Dar and Yilmana Densa Areas 4. The high labor and oxen power Bahir Dar area is a mixed farming zone in demand posed at a time owing to which crop and livestock production is very specializing in just one or two crops.

8 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Barely production status, practices and as a double crop after tef or barely and some constraints in Western Amhara Region times inter cropped with sunflower, chickpea Gojam and Gondar give about 1.6 million and barely. The common rotation is tef -grass quintals, i.e., 24% of the annual meher barley pea-tef, but noug and finger millet may also be production, from an area of a little over 175 used as the preceding crop. The average yield thousand ha (around 28% of total area in during good harvest years ranges from 1000 to Ethiopia). Meher barley covers 13% of total 1500 kg/ha. A quarter to half of the farmer’s area under seasonal annual crops and accounts produce is delivered to the local market. Most for 13% of the total annual crop production in of the farmers consume at least 50% of their Gojam and Gondar. During the study time, produce. Spicy curiy (shiro wot) made from barely was the second crop next to tef in area grass pea mixed with other food legumes is and production in Gojam and Gondar. It is the popular local sauce. major food crop in the mid and high altitudes of the region. In Gojam and Gondar, 27 The drawback to the use of this crop is woredas were identified as main barely- lathvrism/partial paralysis in the lower limbs growing woredas. Among these, 8 woredas are of humans and domestic animals. The disease in west Gojam, 6 in East Gojam, 6 in North occurs when the seeds are consumed Gondar and 7 in South Gondar. According to excessively especially during drought years. estimates of the agricultural development The crop has a neurotoxin known as B-N- office o f the respective woredas, barely is first oxalyamino I-alanine. Lathyrism cases in Dega-Damot, Sekela. Wogera, Dabat and recorded in Ethiopia are many. The disease Debark; second to tef in Bure-Shikudad, occurs over a wide geographical range where Ankesha and Hulet-Eju-Enebsie; and third to grass pea is grown. The crop is considered as forth in the rest of the woredas, except an insurance crop against drought, water Danglia. This was supported by the formal logging or flooding. It grows well on Cambisol survey results in Enebsie areas and North and vertisol soil types. Gondar. Horticultural crops production, marketing, The four barely production systems identified utilization and associated constraints in north western Ethiopia are early barley North West Ethiopia is endowed with production system in meher, late barely favorable climate and suitable soil for the production system in meher, residual barley production of horticulture crops. Horticultural production system in autumn and irrigation crops are grown under a range.s of barely production system in spring. Meher environments such as extreme highlands to the barely (early and late) is the leading lowlands. Their importance is increasing from production system. Many local verities are time to time because of growing demand for cultivated in higher elevations (>2600 m). food, availability of favorable agro-ecology, Major production constraints of barely (as increased aw'areness of farmers and expansion reported by farmers) were poor soil fertility; of irrigation. These crops are important rainfall related problems, insect pests, weeds, sources of cash, food and rural employment. diseases, rodents (rat), birds and frost. Horticultural crops grow'n in the region include vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, tomato, Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) production capsicum, swiss chard and gomen), roots and status and potentials tubers (potato, sweet potato, beetroot and Grass pea production is 24.2% in East Gojam, carrot), bulb crops (onion, garlic and shallot), 21.1% in South Gondar and 15% in West spice crops (fenugreek, black and white cumin, Gojam. The total production was higher in ginger, coriander, mustard and turmeric), fruit East Gojam (25.7%) followed by West Gojam trees (orange, citron, lemon, papaya, mango, (19.5%). It is grown in the high and mid avocado, guava, peach and tangerine), and altitudes ranging from 1700 to 2800 m. other trees (coffee, gasho, sugar cane and Fertilizer is not applied. It is commonly grown chat).

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Sufficient water resources make the Amhara late blight), pest (cut worm, tuber moth and region suitable for irrigated horticultural crop wild animals), moisture stress, poor soil production. Some farmers improved their life fertility, hail damage, land shortage and because of a steady source of cash from shortage of seed, farm tools and irrigation horticultural crops. Intensive farming is a water, traditional cultural practices, high cost characteristic of horticutural crops. Land of input, frost and shortage of improved shortage is not an issue and women involve varsities are major production constraints of themselves in decision making. The farming potato. system is sustainable in horticultural crops dominated areas. Urban and rural areas may be Farmers use different traditional potato storage engaged in horticultural crop production. systems depending on the use of the produce. Major production, marketing and utilisation Potatoesw are stored on the floor, in the farm, constraints identified include shortage of seed bed and pit. Bases of selection of the specific (vegetables) and seedling (fruit tress) supply, storage systems are ability to store for longer lack of means of transportation and poor road period and free of pests. Lack of appropriate net work, diseases and pests, limited storage for tuber seed is a critical problem, consumption habit of the people, ;limited which force fanners to harvest and sell it extension efforts, shortage of irrigation water, immediately. Thus, farmers run out of seeds land use and tenure security problems, limited for planting. Majority of the potato produced and poor nursery facilities, traditional cultural in North Western Ethiopia comes from the practiccs, lack of improved varieties, poor soil highland pocket areas where the road network fertility, shortage of irrigated land, labor and marketing systems are not well developed. shortage, rainfall related problems such as Due to lack of market outlets, price of potato frost, hail, drought, lack of credit services, ranges from 20 birr to 60 birr per quintal seeds, farm tools, etc. depending on the season and locality. Bartering potato with other crops (barely and Potato production, marketing, utilization maize) is common, They also exchange potato and associated constraints with handcrafts such as basket and rush North West Ethiopia (Gojam and Gondar) is mating. In Chilga area, the market price of the leading potato producing area of the potatoes is as high as ISO Birr/q, where it is country. It accounts for about 43% of the exported to Sudan via Metema. The price of national potato production. Some 18 major and potatoes falls at the time of harvest and rises 16 minor potato growing woredas were during the Christian fasting season (February' identified. Potato production in the highlands to April). is an old age practice but its production in the mid altitude and low altitude areas were Major potato marketing problems are low limited. However, its production is widely market price, limited buyers, and purchase of expanding. It was considered as homestead small lots due to absence of storage system and crop but currently it is widely grown in the food processing industries, poor infrastructure field. Potato is grown in all the three seasons. such as road network and storage. Potato The dominant one is the main season potato constitutes the major food diet in the farm production system followed by irrigated household mainly in the highlands. Farmers in system. Residual potato is limited and these areas highly depend on potato for food restricted to the highlands of Gojam and and cash. The common dishes prepared by Gondar where there is sufficient moisture in farming households are boiled, stew, roasted the off season. In the mid altitude zone, and dip potato. Limited food habit, lack of irrigated potato is a recent practice and it is variety of dish prepared from potato and low highly expanding because of high irrigation awareness on the food value of potato are water potential. In general, there is a shifting major utilization constraints. trend from extensive rainfed agriculture to intensive irrigation system. Disease (early and

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Weed Survey in northwestern Ethiopia A survey on the abundance and distribution of pea weevil was also carried out in field pea Weed survey and identification: About 114 growing areas of Gojam and Gondar. This pest weed species were identified in North Western is relatively a recent one. It appeared an Ethiopia. From these, 81 were broad-leaved, 29 important insect pest in areas like Ebenat, grasses, 4, parasitic weeds. Highest prevalence Farta, Libo kemkem, Jan Amora, Debark, Lai of orobanche on linseed ( 100%) and noug (8 i%) Aremacheho, Bahir Dar Zuria, Mecha, were recorded at Mecha whereas highest Achefer, Yilmana Densa and other areas. infestation was recorded on linseed at Reports indicate that it causes up to 85% yield Gonchasiso-Enebsie and faba bean at Tach loss. During the survey grain damage reached Gaint area. The noxious weed locally known as 26% at Achefer. Literature consulted indicated "Boren" was identified in collaboration with that the pea beetle (weevil) could be controlled Reading University, UK, as Chrysanthemum or minimized by spraying insecticides like segetum. endosulfan, trichlorofan, malathion, cypermethrin at flowering or at early podding Weed emergence pattern: Frequent tillage stage of the crop. Removal of plant residues favored more weed species to emerge as and crop rotation are also helpful practices in compared to no tillage. Higher density of weed minimizing the population. population (810/nr) and more weed species were observed in red soils than in black soils On chickpea, in some localities of Yilimana (718/m2). Emmergence of weed seedlings Densa and Mota (Ashabia), African bollworm depend more on the commencement of rainfall (ABW) caused as high as 99% and at Achefer than on the total amount of rainfall. 100% pod damage. Higher ABW infestations coincide increase with altitudes lower than Insect pest survey on legumes in 2000 m. Cutworm is also devastating northwestern Ethiopia chickpeas especially in hot spot areas like Survey results carried out during the first half Mertule Mariam and Ginde Woin and it is of 1990s show that aphids are of primary more established on fields planted to chickpea importance on field pea, grass pea. lentil and without rotation. faba bean (Table 2.2). Leafminer (Liriomyza longesta) attacks faba bean and field pea; Insect pest surveys on oilseds in cutwoum (Agrotis sp) causes up to 5% northwestern Ethiopia seedling damage on faba bean. A series of survey operations on farmers’ niger seed fields in 1992 and 1993 were carried out Pea aphid infestation, which is more serve on in northwestern Ethiopia. Nine different types field pea and grass pea, depends on elevation of insect pests have been identified and their where infestation increases with lowering status determined (Table 2.3). One of the altitude. About 330 aphids were counted per -major pests of noug identified is noug leaf 10 sweeps in Geregera and 300 aphids in miner. Noug leaf miner mines leaves of noug. Yinach localities of Yilmana Densa area; 100 It is indigenous to northwestern Ethiopia, aphids in Asterio Mariam of Mota area. In which has become important only recently. 1988, about 600-800 aphids were counted per This pest was also found on Guizotia scabra 10 sweeps on grass pea in Wondata area. and G. schirnperi, which are relative species of Currently many farmers are forced to quit noug. Specimens of a parasitoid found on this grass pea production in this area because of pest were sent to the Commonwealth aphid attack. Those who still practice it can do Agricultural Bureaux (CAB International) for it in only two ways; one is by spraying identification. Results indicate that the insecticides if they need any harvest or leave it parasitoid belongs to the family unsprayed and graze it by livestock. Ichneumonidae. It is believed to have a significant impact on leaf miner populations.

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Table 2.2 Pests of legumes recorded in northwestern Ethiopia Common name Scientific name Status Faban bean African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Minor Pea aphid Acyrlhosiphon pisum Major Thrips Caliolhrips impurus Minor Black aphid Aphis fabae Major Army worm Spopdoptera exempta Sporadic Bmchids Callosobruchus Chinensis Major Cutworm Agrotis sp Minor Shiny cereal weevil Nematocerus brachyridus Major Pollen beetle Coryna sp Minor Bister beetle Epilachna sp Minor Flower beetle Mylabris sp Minor Leafminer Liriomyza longesla Minor

Field pea Acyrlhosiphon pisum Major Pea aphid Helicoverpa armigera Minor African bollworm Caliothrips impurus Minor Thrips Agrotis sp Minor Cutowrm Nematocerus brachyridus Minor Shiny creeal weevil Coryna sp Minor Pollen beetle Liriomyza longest Minor Leafminer Chickpea African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Major Cutworm Agrotis sp Minor Lentil Pea aphid Acyrlhosiphon pism Major Thrips Caliothrips impurus Minor African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera minor

Grass pea Pea aphid Axyrthosiphon pism Major African bollworm Helicoverpa Minor Thrips Caliothrips impurus Minor

*

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Tabic 2.3 Pests of oilseed crops recorded in northwestern Ethiopia | Common name | Scientific name \ Status

Noug Golden plusia Trichoplusia orichalcea Major Mired bug Taylorilygus pallidus Minor Noug flower thrips Haplothrips ariiculosus Minor Noug fly Dioxyna sorercula Major Plusia worm Plusia circumflexa Major Leaf miner Sphaeroderma guizoliae Major Brown apion weevil Piezotrachelu milkoui major Black pollen beetle Meligethes sp Minor African boiloworm Helicoverpa armigera Minor

Linseed African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Minor

M ustard Brevicoryne brassicae Major Cabbage aphd Mylabris sp Minor Pollen beetle Priers brassicoides Minor Cabbage white

Agricultural input product marketing system in Bahir D ar area One principal market place was considered for advantage of seasonal prices differences each of the five woredas namely Bahir Dar because of their limited financial capacity. Zuria, Yilmana Densa, Mccha, Achefer and Also, most do not want to bear the risk of price Fogera. Multiple visits were done at each fluctuations. market, on market days, to gather various marketing data through interview and There are of course big governmental and observation. Weekly prices of some 30 crops nongovernmental marketing organizations and were recorded at each market place for one factories, which try to store and reap the year (July 1993 to June 1994). Ten farmers season price margins. Farmers service and ten crop traders were purposively selected Cooperatives (SCs), Ethiopia Grain Trading from each market place and interviewed. Enterprise (EGTE), Ethiopia Oil Seeds and Pulses Export Corporation (EOPEC), Following grain marketing liberalization, Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE), Oil government marketing institutions played less Factories, Ambasel Trading Enterprise, role in grain marketing. In contrast, the Amalgamated Trading Company and Ghion number and role of private traders have largely Share Axion were the major organizations increased, after the free market decree in 1993. which were involved in the agricultural inputs Grain trade became open to all including and products marketing. Farm chemicals such licensed and non-licensed individuals. Crop as fertilizer, veterinary drugs, herbicides and trading is a livelihood for many people pesticides were supplied mainly by MO A (especifically of poor), in the study area. (A1SCO). In general, the fanners were not Traders reap mainly the margin from spatial benefited from the marketing system. Traders price differences. In the five market places, the make good margin by exploiting the farmers’ price of crops was more or less similar. poor “marketing competence’. High price Seasonal price variation was significant, but instability (particularly of inputs), poor prices of most crops reached peak at planting. marketing infrastructures (roads, marketing Traders do not usually store and try to take the places, etc.), unavailability of market

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information and use of local volumetric units Adoption of Improved Food Barley are the other marketing challenges for the Varieties by Small-scale Farmers farmers. Farmers experience shortage, untimely supply and higher prices (from time Yilmana Densa, Lai Gaint and Farta to time) of the chemical inputs. districts The purpose of this study was to examine the The role of women in agriculture rate and pattern of adoption of improved Detailed causal survey on gender issues was barley varieties, the characteristics of conducted in North Gondar. Traditionally, technology-adopting and non-adopting farmers there is a clear division of labor among family and the socioeconomic and institutional factors members, based on sex and age. Depending on that affect the adoption of improved barley the locality, about 76 to 94% of the households varieties. A formal survey was conducted in were male headed. Men are responsible for the three districts. The zones and the districts farm activities and principal decision making. were selected because of their suitability for Children below eight and old aged farmers are barely production, representativeness of the not important agricultural source of labor. farming system and intervention areas of Children, 9-14 years old, look after cattle and barely technology. A two stage sampling members above 15 years are full time workers. procedure was used to sclect farmers for the About 8 to 13% of the farm households are study. Logistic curve and binary logit model women headed. Usually, the female headed were used to assess the rate of adoption and households lead the family in consultation with factors influencing the adoption of improved close relatives. Women are responsible for barely varieties, respectively. food preparation, childcare, fetching water, collecting firewood and other in-house The rate of adoption of improved barely activities. Depending on the locality, women varieties increased from less than 2% in 1995 also involve in gardening, weeding, removing to 58% in 2006. The adoption rate is low, but weeds from plowed fields and leveling the soil the rate had increased dramatically in the five for the planting of tef and harvesting and years since on-farm research had started in Lai preparing the threshing ground, milking and Gaint Woreda by Adet research center in taking care of calves. collaboration with AMARAW projcct. The results of the logit model revealed that farmers Women face more problems than men do. residence from the main road, delivery of Some of the problems reported are work loads, fertilizer, research contact, education level are cultural problems (women are considered as the major factors which influence the adoption inferior). Women cannot take medicines as of barely varieties. they want and they have poor access to resources and education. Women suffer most The study indicated that the adoption of during the busiest period because they improved barely varieties is highly influenced participate in crop production, livestock by institutional factors rather than socio­ management and family maintenance. Female­ economics factors. The implication of this headed households are usually economically finding is that in order to facilitate the poor. They usually rent out their farms unless adoption and diffusion of improved barely they have grown up sons, They face shortage technologies to bring food security in barely of draft power, seed and labor for plowing and based farming system it is necessary to they have poor access to credit and extension strengthen the linkage of research-extension- services. farmer at grass-roots level through FREGs. Farmer to farmer seed exchange system can garuantee the diffusion seeds to the wider farming community. The extension system also transfers some of the available technologies so that farmers can benefit..

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Adoption of bread wheat varieties and to fertilizer and fanners obtain economic improved production practices yields with fertilizer. The farmers’ fertilizer adoption rate is low even though it has Mid and high altitude zone of Yilmana increased modestly after the start of the Densa implementation of the PADETS extension Dashen, Enkoy and ET-13 were the improved program. However, use o f fertilizer, as wheat verieties that were grown in the area in observed by the authors, is constrained by high the past. Most farmers created the first price and farmers’ lack of knowledge about awareness of the varieties by observing the how to use it. An efficient marketing system demonstration plots (31%), producer for input and outputs will benefit farmers by- cooperatives fields (26%) and trials at Adet paying higher prices for wheat and reducing Research Center (18%). Awareness creation by the cost of fertilizer. Since the input and output development agents (DAs) was low ( 11%). markets for crops including the bread wheat Farmers acquired seeds of the improved bread are liberalized there is a need to study the wheat varieties for the first time from local economics of seed and fertilizer use. The markets (28%), neighboring farmers (24%), government should give the necessary' support the Ministry' of Agriculture local offices (15%) to develop rural roads and other facilities such demonstrations of Adet Research center as storage. This will enable inputs to be (12%), producer’s cooperatives (13%) and transported to farmers more efficiently and at service cooperatives (6%). As many as 495 low transport cost. The research system should farmers discontinued growing improved bread put more emphasis and high priority to wheat varsities for one or more reasons. problems of wheat producers and develop Factors that discourage fanners include high frequently new varieties that are disease and striped rust attack of Dashen (58%), poor pest resistant, high yielding and drought performance of the verieties without fertilizer tolerant. Research is also needed to identify (28%), soil type (17%), lack of seed (6%) and measures for controlling storage pests. To church acceptance (3%). Most farmers (44%) make use of the research efforts, seeds of the chose Enkoy more than Dashen (33%). newly developed varieties must be produced in sufficient quantities and qualities to producers. Adoption of Improved Bread Wheat Production Technologies The most important credit problems in the study area are unavailability of loan from South Gondar and West Gojam formal and informal sources, high interest The study revealed that the adoption rate of rates, and unfavorable loan repayment terms. It improved bread wheat verieties has been has been noted that with rising input prices, increasing from less than 1% in 1984 to 15% farmers’ need for credit has increased. The in 1997. The adoption rate has increased ever formal credit system, therefore, needs to since the national extension package program address the credit problem faced by small- was started. In 1995 when the program was scale farmers. In addition, the government started it grew to 6.3% and readied 15% in should give more emphasis and encourage 1997. About 98% of farmers included in the framers to form service cooperatives or study know about improved bread wheat farmers groups to reduce transaction costs and varieties. The major actors in the improve loan recovery. dissemination of information are extension agents (54%) and neighbors (20%). Other sources of information are relatives, researchers, traders, producers and service cooperatives.

Research on improved bread wheat has proved that varieties developed to date are responsive

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Adoption of improved bread wheat technologies and Fanner’s wheat seed source and their impact on the livelihoods of farmers management practices

East Gojam Zone of Amhara Region Enebsie Area The purpose of this study was to investigate the Wheat is the second major crop (88%) in rate, pattern and intensity of adoption of improved Enebsie area. According to farmers, more than wheat technologies as well as to assess the impact 13 types of local wheat verieties are grown of wheat technology on the livelihood of farmers. Nevertheless, only three to four of the verieties A formal survey was conducted in two districts. are under production due to diseases, moisture The Zone and the districts were selected because stress, and soil fertility problems. Zembolel, of their suitability for bread wheat production and key sindie, and Tekecher are widely grown also because they were scaling up pilot areas for local wheat varieties. On the other hand, bread wheat technologies link with market. A two improved wheat varieties were introduced to stage sampling procedure was used to select the area from relatives of few farmers living in farmers for the study. Logistic curve and Tobit other region of the country . By the time of this model were used to assess the rate and intensity of study, ET 13 and Enkoy were the widely adoption wheat technology, respectively. grown improved wheat varieties. In general, the trend of production of improved wheat The rate of adoption of improved wheat varieties varieties is increasing at the expense of increased from less than \% in 1994 to 100% in indigenous varieties. 2006. The adoption rate had increased dramatically since a rigorous extension program had been Farmers' source of seed arc both informal and undertaken by the BOA and it was followed by formal. However, the contribution of formal scaling up of wheat technology link with market. sources was minimal (5%). In the intermediate All the improved wheat package practices zone, about 50% of the seeds are bought from considered in this study were found to be practiced the local market; and in the highland zone by all wheat growers, but there was variation about 34% of the farmers bought their seed or among the grower households in the level of used seed from the previous years’ harvest. adoption (intensity). The results of the econometric Hence, recognition, strengthening and giving model revealed that extension contact and hosting legal status to informal source is essential. demonstration were found to have positive and Weighted average age of wheat varieties in significant influence on intensity of adoption of Enebsie area for 1997 was 11 years. This low improved wheat production packages. In contrast, rate of variety turnover in Enebsie area in the number of oxen and participation in off-farm particular and the country in general reflects activities had shown negative and significant lack of a properly developed seed industry and relationship with intensity of adoption of improved inadequate extension services, which in turn wheat production packages. As the result of the explain why farmer-to-farmer seed exchange is adoption of wheat technologies, farmers’ still the common practice. This situation might livelihoods have improved. have changed today.

In conclusion, the adoption of improved wheat Farmer’s method of seed selection is keeping technologies is highly influenced by institutional the first grade of the produce and cleaning at factors rather than socio-economic factors. The planting. Most of the farmers in the implication of this finding is that in order to intermediate (44.8%), and highland zone facilitate the adoption and diffusion of improved (45.1%) retained the first grade of the harvest. wheat technologies in wheat based farming There were significantly more farmers in the systems, it is necessary to link production with intermediate zone (98%) who cleaned seed at market. planting compared to farmers in the highland zone (89.3%) (x* =6.1; P<0.05). On average, farmers in the study area use wheat seed

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without replacement for 3-6 years, while the farmers sold their output to processors through recommendation for seed replacement is said scrvice cooperatives and/or unions and traders. to be 2 to 3 years. Farmers replace seed when the proportion of foreign matters becomes too Impact of Bread Wheat on the Livelihood of high. In general, nearly all farmers use Farm ers recycled seed, which has high weed seed and low germination percentage. The case of East Gojam According to one impact study in Baso -Liben The Scaling-Up Process of Bread Wheat and Debre Elias woredas of East Gojam, as Technologies in Amhara Region the result of scaling up of bread wheat Verification of bread wheat for baking quality technologies in these areas the following was done by planting different varieties across socio-economic impacts have been brought in locations in the Amhara Region: East Gojam. the livelihood farmers (Akalu et al., 2006). North Gondar, South Wollo, South Gondar and > Before five years in Baso-Liben and North Shewa. From each zone, three farmers Debre-Elias woredas, tef was a dominate participated on the verification trials, making a crop in the farming systems. But todate, total of fifteen. bread wheat has become a major crop in the farming systems. It is number one in All bread wheat grain was delivered to Guder- total production and area coverage. It has Agro Industry to analyze the baking quality. spread like bush fire that can be observed All varieties had met the industrial quality' on windy and dry conditions. The trend of standard. The varieties were tested and proved area allocated for bread wheat in the study to make good quality bread by Guder Agro- areas have sharply increased in the last Industry. After the quality was verified, four years at the expense of other crops steering committees from different due to scaling up activities. stakeholders were organized to facilitate the > Currently, bread wheat production is the scaling-up process of bread wheat. These most profitable enterprise in the farming stakeholders had different roles to facilitate the system of Baso- Liben and Debre Elias scaling up process. woredas. Farmers have gained a net profit of 3,190 birr from the production of one Farmers interested to produce improved bread hectare of bread wheat. The net return of wheat varieties were selected and provided bread wheat when compared with the net with pre-basic seed of varieties HAR-1685, return of tef is greater than 385%. HAR-1522, HAR-604, HAR 1899 and HAR > Productivity of bread wheat in the study 2036. About 40 thousand out-grower farmers areas was 14.8 q/ha before four years. But participated in 2003 cropping season (1995/96 after the scaling up activities of bread E.C). The factory bought close to 70 thousand wheat technologies, the average yield quintals of bread wheat in 2003 (1995 E.C) become 36 q/ha. This indicates that the and 50 thousand quintals in 2004 (1996 E.C) productivity of bread wheat is increased cropping seasons, and all passed the quality more than twofold. test. During these cropping seasons, a little > During the group discussions and over 200 thousand quintals of bread wheat was interview with fanners they revealed that produced on nearly 7 thousand hectares of land due to increase of their income, as a result in 16 woredas. Participating woredas include of bread wheat technologies, the following Basoliben, Debre Elias, Gozamen, Goncha socio-economic and livelihood changes are Siso Enesie, Awabel, Enarje Enawuga, Hulet observed in the study areas. Ej Enesie, Wenberma, Gondar Zuria, Wogera, ❖ Farmers have started to buy input Dabat, Debark, Jama, Werailu, Moreth Jiru directly in cash rather than credit. and Insaron. According to the Agro-Industry Previously, almost all farmers the quality of bread wheat supplied by obtained inputs (fertilizer and smallholder farmers was good. Smallholder improved seed) on credit basis

17 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

from cooperatives, a scenario that ❖ Food consumption pattern of now has changed for ever. fanners has showed some changes Farmers have paid their debt on in the last three years. They used time. It was very difficult for them to sell almost all eggs, milk and to pay their debit before four years milk products and live animals for ago. Some o f them even sold their cash source but now they have oxen to pay their debt because started to use some of it for home what they produced was not consumption. enough to cover the cost of input. Farmers have started to give ❖ Almost all farmers have houses attention for health care. roofed with corrugated iron sheets. Previously, due to lack of money, Interestingly, some farmers have they did not visit health centers started constructing such houses even when they suffered seriously also for their livestock. illness. ❖ Farmers have started to construct > Bread wheat technologies in Baso Liben house in town to rent it out. and Debre Elias woredas have created job •> Farmers have started to save opportunities for landless and poor money in Bank/ACSl. fanners. They used to migrate to Wollega, ❖ About 82% of the sample farmers Metema and other places in search of jobs. from Debre Elias woreda and Todate, they are hired by wheat produces around 53% from Baso Liben own from ploughing to threshing time within radios. the woredas. During peak times they are ❖ Increased availability of paid 10-15 bin/day/person. marketable output. Previously, > Before the introduction of bread wheat farmers did not have enough technologies, food shortage was a common output for market. Currently, the phenomenon in the study areas. Food scenarios have changed and trucks shortage usually occurs from June to collect grains from the fields. October depending on the season and the ❖ Some fanners have bought locality'. Critical food shortage usually additional oxen. Currently the occurs from July to August. Cunently, average number of oxen farmers food has been available throughout the had in Debre Elias woreda was year. Bread wheat technologies have 3.13 and in Baso Liben it was garuanteed food security. 2.39. ❖ Number of farmers who have used In conclusion, the above successes are a result herbicides have increased (due to of the scaling up process. It is a result of a link labor shortage at critical weeding established between production and the market, period). About 78% of the available technologies, policy support and interviewed farmers used linkage among major stakeholders in the herbicides for bread wheat. Before agricultural knowledge and information four years, hand weeding was a system. common practice. This is as the result of increasing income of the household. Moreover, farmers Tenure security and Soil conservation have bought pesticide sprayers for Investment Decisions bread wheat and they rent it out for other fanners. Empirical Evidence from East Gojam, ❖ A group of farmers have bought a Ethiopia truck (isuzu) and grain grinding The purpose of this study was to investigate mill by pooling their financial the mutual relation between tenure security' resources. and soil conservation investment and to

18 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT examine the influence of other socio-economic area of employment for the rural household and institutional factors on soil conservation next to agriculture. investment and tenure insecurity. A formal survey is conducted in two districts of East Currently, land degradation within the Lake Gojam Zone of Amhara region. The Zone and Tana Watershed (LTWS) area is widespread the districts were selected because of their long and has become a critical impediment to the time experience with soil conservation conservation and sustainable use of natural development activities and land re-distribution. resource within the watershed. Land A two-stage random sampling procedure was degradation affects the livelihoods of people used to choose sample households. Because living in the LTWS through reduced the structural model represents a simultaneous agricultural productivity or through depleted binary choice system, the investment and fishery stocks. The rapidly growing population insecurity equations are estimated using a two- living in Lake Tana Watershed areas is stage pro bit method. engaged in unsustainable livelihoods such as overgrazing of livestock, ploughing steep The results showed that tenure insecurity is an slopes and cutting native forests for firewood. important variable that affects the probability of investing in soil conservation technologies. The study is initiated to assess the socio­ However, the reverse relation is insignificant. economic base of the households in the Lake Farmers’ soil conservation investment Tana Watershed areas and identify best decisions are positively and significantly alternative livelihood technologies which related to slope of the field, age and education contribute to the reduction of land degradation level of the famers, and public investment, in the watershed. The study was conducted in whereas, tenure insecurity and distance from a sequential fashion using the following steps: the main road have a negatively significant secondary data collection and analysis, influence on soil conservation investment. The representative site selection and primary data analysis of tenure insecurity reveais that collection and analysis. expectation of redistribution and farm size has a negative influence on tenure security, The result showed that around 23% of the whereas education level has a reverse effect. households in the Tana Watershed area participate in non-farm and off-farm activities. Socio-Economics and Alternative However, practitioners were constrained by Livelihood Assessment in Lake Tana some major problems such as: lack of skill up­ W atershed grading trainings and extension support, lack The Amhara region is the second largest of raw materials especially for blacksmith and populated region of the country next to weaving in nearby markets and lack of Oromia. Agriculture has been the only means enterpreuncrship skills. of employment for the rapidly growing economically active rural population of the Due to diverse nature of the watershed in agro­ region. The rural population whose livelihood ecology, socio-economic and institutional depends on agriculture accounts for 89% of the factors, it is very’ difficult to find one magic total population. Poverty and food insecurity bullet soluation for the areas as an alternative challenge the rural populations, who solely livelihood. Eight technologies have been earn their livelihood from agriculture. This is identified for the area as an alternative because the agricultural sector has failed to livelihood. The technologies are sericulture generate productive employment. As a development, commercial handicrasts consequence, many people have been forced to development, poultry farming, improving identify and develop alternative livelihood protected areas, area closure of degraded lands, strategies for survival. The Non- and Off- market oriented fruit production, honey- farm income generation activity is the second production, and community-based tourism. The recommended technologies could serve as

19 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER ______25- YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

an alternative livelihood for the watershed spatial price sariation ua> not significant. areas and thereby improve land management However, a highly significant variation was I by curbing land degradation in the watershed observed among seasons. Both retailing and areas. To bring sustainable development in the whole >aie prices were recorded 1'he prices watershed, it is better to use one or more also vary w ith market days and complementary j technologies based on the agro-ecology and substitute crops Saturday price is cheaper in most cases tlian Wednesday due to the , Crop price recorded at Adet local market involvement ol large number of farmers Price ;>i ! ' Jillerent crop species was recorded I on weekly basis in Adel town. Price of crop varies with season, area and verielies. At Adet,

20 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

3. Crops Potato serves as both staple food and income 3.1 Horticultural Crops generating crop. Yet this region has one of the lowest average yields of potatoes because of Introduction factors such as diseases, poor crop The vast majority of the Amhara region management practices, use of inferior quality population depends mainly on cereal grain seed tubers of unknown origin and diet. Despite their importance for food inappropriate storage structures. security, income generation, energy' supply, etc. the potential of horticultural crops has not Varietal adaptation/development yet been fully exploited in the region. Evaluation of several potato clones in Consequently, many people in the region collaboration with ELAR has resulted in suffer from food shortages and malnutrition. identification of three nationally released This entails the need to develop and promote potato varieties namely Tolcha, Wochecha and horticultural crop technologies in the region. Menagesha that are suitable for different Accordingly, in the last several years attempts potato growing areas of the region. Tolcha and have been made to generate and promote Wochecha are more adaptable to mid altitude improved horticultural crops production and and warm highlands while Menagesha post harvest handling technologies. The performs well in cool highlands. All are research program in horticulture research had tolerant to the killing potato disease (late generally focused on breeding/genetics, blight). Gera variety is selected for Gusha- agronomy/physiology, crop protection, post­ Shinkurta area. Table 3.1 shows a list of harvest handling, socio-economics and recommended potato varieties. Two improved technolog}' multiplication and transfer. Major varieties, i.e., Zengena and Guassa, were also achievements of horticultural research at Adet released in Amhara region. are briefely given as below. Zengena: Zengena, CIP 380479.6, named after 3.1.1 Potato the crater-lake around Injibara town was regionally released in 2000/01. The variety Potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) plays an enjoys w'ider adaptation ranging from moisture important role in the livelihood and food stress highlands like Lay-Gayint to high security of farming communities of the rainfall areas of Injibara. It gives significantly Amhara region. The region covers about 45% higher yield (300-350 q/ha), and is resistant to of the total area under potato production of the the fatal potato disease, late blight. Its higher nation and supports over 700 thousand dry matter yield (32%) makes it suitable for households (BOPED, 2001). Because of this, .processing in the form of chips. It tastes Adet Research Center currently coordinates excellent and has long shelf life for seed tuber the National Potato Research Program. Potato storage. Fig. 3.1 shows a partial view of a dominates root and tuber crops in the region; Zengena potato field. its cultivation extends from mid altitudes, i.e., 1800 m a.s.i., to the extreme highlands above Guassa: Guassa, CIP384321.9, is the second 3000 m, where the environment excludes the regionally released potato variety for the choice for growing other crops. Hardy crops western Amhara major potato growing areas in such as potato and barley can survive there. 2001/02. Its name is derived from a grass that This emanates from the inherent nature of the grows wild in the highlands, namely ‘Guassa’. crop to grow under wider agro-ecological It has a wider adaptation from Debre Tabor to conditions. This quality of potato in Injibara. Its tuber yield is high (244-330 q/ha) conjunction with its short crop cycle makes it a with better late blight disease resistance than strategic food security crop in these areas. Tolcha. The flowering and maturity days of the

21 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT variety are 60 and 110-115 days after South Gondar, application of 108 kg/ha N and emergence, respectively. The growth habit of 69 kg''ha P2O5 was found out to be the variety is semi erect with medium height. economically feasible for potato production. The tuber of the variety is characterized by Likewise, different rates of fertilizer were white tuber skin with pinkish coloration at the evaluated in East Gojam (Debay, Gozamen stolen end, round in shape, medium in size and and Sinan woredas) in the main season (from uniform. It has excellent taste when served mid of May to September in 2006 and 2007). boiled. Fig. 2. shows a partial view of a farm Based on the partial budget analysis, 81/69 with guassa potato variety. Fig. 3.2 shows a kg/ha N/P20 5 application is found partial view of a Zengena potato variety field. economically and agronomically feasible.

Potato agronomy Irrigation Frequency and Nitrogen Fertilization Determination of optimum fertilizer rate An experiment was conducted at Adet and Fertilizer rate trials aimed at determining the Merawi to study the effect of irrigation optimum level of nitrogen and phosphorus for frequency and nitrogen fertilization on the potato production were conducted for at Adet tuber y ield of potato in two consecutive years and Injibara. The highest marketable tuber in the off season (from January to end of April yield of 29.4 ton/ha was obtained by applying 2006 and 2007) under furrow irrigation. In this 81/138 kg/ha N/P205 level. However, the study, the highest total and marketable tuber economically feasible levels were 81/0 yield (373 and 362 q/ha) were obtained from followed by 81/69 kg/ha N/P205 with 120 kg N ha and 5 days interval irrigation marginal rate of return of 1418% and 1361%, frequency followed by application of 80 kg respectively. These rates increased the yield N/ha with 7-day interval irrigation frequency over the control by 51 and 73%, respectively. (339 q and 323 q/ha total and marketable tuber yield, respectively). Therefore, considering the Therefore, though 81/69 kg/ha N/P205 level cost of these two expensive resources and ranks second in economic feasiblity it is other environmental factors application of 80 recommended to be used since the soil at both kg N/ha and irrigating at 7-day intervals is locations showed significant response and recommended for irrigated areas of Adet, plants exhibited deficiency symptoms of P at Merawi and similar agro-ecologies. zero level of application. In another study in

Table 3.1 List of the recommended potato varieties and their growing environments Name of Suitable Amount of rain Harvesting time Productivity (Q/ha) the altitude fall(mm) (days) Research Farmers’ varieties field field Tolcha 1600-3000 750-1000 100-115 238 202 Wochecha 1600-3000 750-1000 100-115 275 175 Menagesha >2400 750-1000 . 270 . Jalenie 1600-2800 750-1000 100-110 403 291 Gera 2200-3200 800-950 120-157 312 272 ADET AGRICUL TURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Determination of optimum planting time cuiiivars appeared to be only 15 kg'dav when An investigation made to determine the planted after mid Ma>. Hence, depending on appropriate planting time of two potato the on-set of rains earlv May to early June cultivars < Al-624 and local) for maximal tuber planting is recommended for hue blight yield and low late blight disease incidence susceptible cultivars at Adel. indicated that on average there is a tuber y ield reduction of 31 kg day for Al-624 planted after first of June. The \ield reduction for the local

Fig. 3.1 Zengena potato variet\ between plants (22 q/ha seed rate) and ridging Spacing, seed tuber size arul ridging once at 3 to 4 weeks after crop emergence frequency w ere found optimum for seed and ware potato An experiment carried out to determine the production. I he total and marketable tuber optimum seed rate and ridging frequencv for \ield obtained at this rate was 250 and 148 ware and seed potato production indicated that q ha. respectively, which is significant!) better as the seed tuber size increases, stem number than other levels. per plant and per unit area, optimum tuber si/e (grade) for seed and ware potato, and Another stud;, was conducted to determine the marketable and lotal tuber vield increases. plant spacing of Zengena variet) I he stolen However, narrow spacing between rows ga\e length of this variety is 'longer than the other more number of stems and small si/ed tubers varieties and it covers wider area Because o! I. sing 35 to 45 mm diameter seed tubers at a these characters there was a need for spacing of 75 cm between rows and 30 cm determining the optimum spacing of this ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER ______2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT particular variety From the examined Crop protection treatments. 80 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants spacing was found to be Population dynamics of Potato T uber Moth optimum for Zengena variety to achieve (Phthorimaea opercuiella Zeller) maximum tuber vield. Pheromone monitoring of the Potato I uber Moth iPhthorimaea opercuiella zeller) revealed lhat the months of June to Agust at Debre [ abor. between May and September at liliii and July. August and Septemper at Adet are peak times of occurrence of the pest in the Held.

Fig. 3.2 Guassa variety ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25- YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Population dynamics of aphids (M yzus The shelf life of potato varieties (Tolcha, persicae) on potato Menagesha, Wochecha and local) was The occurrence of aphids (Myzus persicae) evaluated under simplified naturally ventilated was evaluated in Yilmana densa, South ware potato storage structure. The result of this Gondar and Awi from June to April in 2010 study indicated that varieties varied in number through direct count and supported by yellow of days to reach 50% sprouting and 10% fresh water trap. There was infestation of the pest in weight loss. Generally, the local variety had all tested fields although their level of long shelf life compared to improved varieties. occurrence was quite different. After rainfall, It took three months in the main season and aphid numbers dramatically fall particularly in two months in the offseason to 50% sprouting Awi. was Aphid numbers were higher in South and nearly four in main and two months jn the Gondar as compared to Yilmana densa and off-season to 10% weight loss. Among Awi. Viral disease was also severe in South improved varieties Menagesha requires two Gondar, which might be associated with high and a half months in main and one and half level of aphid infestation in conjunction with months in the off-season for 50% sprouting moisture stress. while other varieties required one month both in the main and off-seasons for 50% sprouting. However, Tolhca and Wochecha required Post harvest handling more days to 10% weight loss compared to Menagesha. On the average, potato tubers Potato storage structures require two months to 50% sprouting and 10% Storability of potato varieties under naturally weight loss when kept in naturally ventilated ventilated ware potato storage structures was ware potato storage structure in the main investigated. Lack of appropriate storage season while those stored in the off-season structures for ware potatoes is among major took about one month for both 50% sprouting constraints of potato production and marketing and 10%weight loss in the region. Potato producers use extended harvesting and piece meal harvesting and other Defused Light Store (DLS) storage methods in which the storage loss is Use of Diffuse Light Store (DLS) for potato very high. seed tubers storage was investigated. DLS was developed by scientists from International Therefore, a storage structure was developed Potato center (CIP) and currently it is used in a for storing ware potatoes. The structure wide range of environments for storage of reduces storage temperature of bulked potatoes potato seed tubers. Seed tubers are put using cool night temperature ventilation that immediately after harvest in DLS for several has relatively higher relative humidity. The months until they are ready for planting. DLS important factor in the construction of such helps to obtain short and stout green sprouts structures is location and positioning. • because it reduces apical dominance, control Prevailing night wind is used to let in the cool sprout growth and increases sprout number. night ambient air. Hence, the structure has two DLS can be constructed with low cost from openings, one (inlet) at the bottom side that locally available materials auch as wooden faces the prevailing night wind and the other sides that partially allow light and thatched (outlet) on the opposite top. The wooden beds roofing. Shelves are built in and the space on which the potatoes are bulked is suspended between the shelves is 75 cm. Seed tubers are so that the air that gets in the inlet passes put on the shelves with a maximum thickness through the bulked potatoes and remove the of 2 to3 to permit light. Under such conditions accumulated heat through the outlet and cools in the presence of day light (not direct light), the potatoes. The structure can be constructed the sprout of a seed tuber will not growth from locally available materials, i.e., thick much longer than 10 mm. It will also be stout thatched roof and wooden walls and beds. and strong. DLS gets diffused daylight and

25 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

I free ventilation and the temperature inside the Technology Transfer I store remains ideal. Pre-extension Demonstration The spacing between shelves is laruelv I determined bv the vvidth of the building In Tolcha (I K 80.3) I wider buildings additional spacing is required Improved potato variety lolcha with its ' so that sufficient light reaches to all tubers In production package was demonstrated on a I smaller stores with a vvidth of 1.5-2.0 m a total of 21 farmers fields in Ankasha. Banja spacing of 30 cm between shelves is Shekudad. Addis Kidam. l-arta and Yilmana suggested. \N ith larger stores indiv idual Densa areas. In all sites improved production j shelves should not exceed 1 m in width to packages gave higher yield and better easily handle the tubers in the shelves. About economic return. Ihe mean tuber vield for I 70-80 kg of seed tubers can be stored per improved variety was 198.9 q ha and the local I square meter shelving. Natural diffused light cultivar was 101 9” q/ha. The net benefit for I seed storage is ideally suitable for small-scale the farmers' variety method was L IB -1844.5 farmers. Adet Agricultural research center has ha' The Marginal Kate of Return (MRR) to been demonstrating DLS constructed from investment in the improved production localI> available materials to farmers. Seed package w as about 415.1%. tubers were stored up to six months in such I structures depending on the environment, i Potato growers are strong!) advised to lolcha was also demonstrated on four farmers' I construct DLS in order to maintain seeds of fields at Lai Gaint Woreda It gave 151.8 q ha improved varieties and bring sustainable tuber vield compared to I 15.8 q/ha of the local improvement of yield. Pig 3.3 and 3 4 show a variety The use of the improved production model for smallholder DLS. package gave a net benefil of h I B 4060.4 ha' while the net benefit for the farmers' variety/method was ETB 3044.3 ha The Technology Evaluation Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to investment Mengasha. l olcha (standard cheek) and Aballo in the improved production package appeared (local check) were verified at Banja, l-arta and to be about 102.7%. Yilmana Densa areas. The local variety (Aballo) was susceptible to late blight but not Demonstration of farm er based seed I the Tolcha and Managesha Farmers ranked multiplication of Tolcha variety in Yilmana j Tolcha as their first choice for its high yield. Densa I resistance to late blight, and for its food Demonstration of fanner-based multiplication quality Menagesha was ranked second for its and distribution of the improved potato variety good vegetative stand, its tuber si/e is larger (Tolchai was conducted on nine farmers' fields and for its late blight resistance On the other in Yilmana Densa Woreda. The technological hand. Menagesha did not interest farmers package demonstrated include improved because of its low yield, late maturity and poor variety, improved management practice and food quality. diffused light store (DLS) as a component of post-harvest handling Ihe mean tuber yield under the improved package was 169.5 q/ha (a range o f 100-233 q ha).

This relative!) low vield is attributed to late onset ol ram and insufficient moisture at planting. ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2$- YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

DLS under construction DLS ready for use

Fig. 3.3 Hxiernal features of fanners' potato seed store (DLS) in Lai Gaini woreda

Fig. 3.4 Internal features of Tanners* potato seed store (DLS) in Lai Gaint woreda ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Through scaling up of the technology, framers were harvested 120 days after planting. Top also got a tuber yield in a range of 22-30 t/ha yielding varieties were 192040-1, 192054V, and got linked with buyers as a result of winch T92lb41X, and IISI499. TIST499TS nationally------they were able to eam from 1500 to 176 released and thus TIS1499 (kudadie) is thousand birr from the sale of seed tubers. recommended for commercial production in Consequently, farmers were able to construct the region. The varieties also gave higher their own potato seed store, residential houses, green top yield, which may be used as animal buy oxen, local dairy cows and carts. feed in drought prone areas. Generally, through potato, farmers arc changing their life styles and FRGs are TIS3U17 (2) (Falaha/Yemisrach) qualified for certified potato seed production A number of sweet potato genotypes were and are able to provide potato seed tuber to evaluated for their root yield and quality in the other farmers in the region. In conclusion, the mid altitude areas of Western Amhara Region scaling-up activity of potato technologies can (Adet. Chagnie and Finote Selam) from 1994 be considered one of the success stories of the to 1996. From the tested varieties, TIS3017 (2) research center. Technology transfer activities performed better than the other genotypes are shown in Fig. 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9. including the standard check. The maturity period of the variety is 120 days and gave 3.1.2 Sweet potato significantly higher root yield (167 q/ha) as compared to the standard checks with better Sweet potato is a widely grown primarily green top yield for animal feed. Accordingly, because it is an excellent food security crop in 1997/98 genotype TIS3017 (2) was released and good source of pro-Vitamin A. It can be as a commercial sweet potato variety for mid found growing in widely scattered plots, in altitude areas of Western Amhara Region. This backyards, and along roadsides. One of its variety is the first variety released by Adet most important characteristics is its flexible Horticulture Research Program, and thus the growing season, which allows piecemeal name Yemisrach. harvesting over a 3 -10-month period. Its production in the Amhara region is a recent 3.1.3 Vegetable crops phenomenon. However, the Government has attached due importance to sweet potato as Different types of leafy, bulb and fruit food security crop. A great deal of sweet potato vegetables are produced by smallholder cuttings are being introduced from Awassa farmers in the region. Of these tomatoes, onion Agricultural Research Center and distributed and capsicum are the dominant ones. to those frequently drought-affected major Tomatoes, both fresh and processing types, are cereal-producing areas of the region. popular vegetable crops produced in the Considering the importance of the crop in the region. Besides, tomato onion/shallot is an food security program of the region released important spices and condiment to traditional varieties and segregated genotypes have been dishes. Onion is extensively propagated in the introduced from Awassa Agricultural Research region and is preferred to shallot for its ease of Center to start sweet potato research. Two best propagation by seeds and its higher yield. varieties have been recommend/released with Capsicum (hot pepper) is also the major their production packages. vegetable, spice and cash crop in the region. The production of tomato, onion and TIS1499(kudadie) Capsicum is influenced by various factors such Some 14 early maturing sweet potato varieties as genetic, growing environments and cultural were evaluated. The root yield of the varieties practices. Research achievements on vegetable ranged from 79.5 to 162.9 q/ha when roots crops production are given as below.

28 25■ YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER

Fig. 3.6 Training for seed potato producers at Injibara (Avvi) Fig. 3. partial view of field day participants and potato seed producing farmers in Banja w oreda

Varietal development/breeding Amharu. lndam-42 and Indam-10 gave a total dry pod yield of 20-25 q ha Not only better Hot Pepper pod yield, however, they have also good pod About eight varieties ol hot pepper varieities quality Therefore. Indam-42 and Indam- 10 introduced from abroad were evaluated for have been recommended especially for black their green and dry pod yield and quality in and brown soils. different pepper growing areas ol western

Fig. 3.8 Some of the farmers who changed their life through potato production

collected and maintained. Currently, Survey has also been conducted to collect, population improvement work is underway for characterize and maintain local pepper future breeding program cultivars. As a result, about 23 cultivars were ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Fig. 3.9 A partial \ iew of the wrap up workshop participants in Bahir Dar

Tomato Snap Bean An adaptation trial has been conducted to Nine snap bean varieties were introduced from evaluate tomato varieties in the mid altitude abroad and evaluated for their green pod v ield tomato growing areas of western Amhara and quality The varieties were evaluated Region. Two promising tomato varieties under irrigation and rainfed for from 2006 to namely Vtelka-salssa and Vlelka-sholla 2007 |.P Varieties gave the highest green pod performed best, which was more than 450 yield of 179 q/ha and Indian-2005 Simirt gave q ha. Similarly. 12 fresh and processing type 13" q ha. IT.e primary quality parameters, i.e.. open pollinated varieties were evaluated at green pod length and diameter meet the Ribh and Woramit in 2009'10. I’he standard international standards (Fig 3.10) variety Melka- Salssa gave the highest fruit yield followed by Cochero. Miya and Wovno. These varieties gave more than 350 q/ha. Crop management Despite relatively lower fruit yields than the standard check farmers selected these varieties Onion fertilizer rate for their earliness, disease tolerance, fruit Inappropriate use of artificial fertilizer is one firmness and market demand of the major constraints for onion production in Fogera plain. An experiment was conducted Onion to evaluate the effect ot various levels ol Onion variety adaptation trial was conducted at nitrogen and phosphorus on the bulb yield of three locations (Adet, Finote Selatn and Pikolo onion and to make available economically Abay) for two consecutive years under sound fertilizer recommendations for onion irrigation I’wo national!) released and besi production in the vertisol areas ofFogera plain performing onion varieties (Melkam) and were (Libo-kemkcm and Fogera districts). I he recommended for production in the region. maximum total and marketable bulb yield Pusa red gave a mean yield of 230 q/ha and (24.9 and 24.9 tons ha) were obtained from Adama red 214 q ha. ! 15 kg nitrogen with 23 kg phosphorus Based on the partial budget analysis. ! 15 kg ha \ with 23 kg ha P:0< gave the maximum net benefit (71 thousand birr ha) with marginal ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER______2S YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT rate ol' return (MRR) (387.^0) However, the water. However integrated use of drip MRR value obtained from 115 23 kg'ha irrigation and straw mulch was more (N.'PiOj) is a bit lower than that of 92-0 kg-'ha appropriate and profitable. However, the ■ V P-O 0 le\el. Better marketable bulb >,eld interaction effect of the two factor'; had shown advantage (46.6% and 47 4%) were obtained non significant difference on all parameters from 92 0 and 115/23 kg ha (V P;0<) over 0 0. respectively. Therefore. 92/0 kg ha andl 15-23 The highest marketable and total fruit vield (62 kg ha \ P O application is economically and and 68 ton ha) were obtained via the agronomically feasible as I’ and 2nJ option interaction effect o f 565 mm water level with and it is recommended for major vertisol black plaslic mulch. Based on the partial onion growing areas of Fogera and Libo- budget analysis, the highest net benefit was kemkem. obtained via 440 mm with straw mulch with a net benefit (52.9594 birr ha and a marginal Effects of drip irrigation and mulching on rate of return (MRR) of 690%. The marketable Tomato fruit vield advantage of 440 mm water with \ovel irrigation technologies need to be tested straw mulch over 315 mm without mulch was under local environments and specific also very high. i.e.. 94%. therefore, the agricultural production systems Thus the main present study pointed out that 440 mm/ha of challenge confronting both rainfed and water with straw mulch is economically more irrigated agriculture is to improve water use profitable than the control and black plastic efficieny (WUE) and sustainable water use for mulch treatments around Bahir Dar and similar agriculture. Our study indicated that drip areas. l ig. 3.11 shows chapin bucket kits drip irrigation increases fruii yield of tomato and irrigation system with different mulch improves WUf due to consumption of less treatments

Fig. 3.10 Snap bean .Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer 50.100. 150 kg

32 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

The cost benefit analysis revealed that 150/50 On the other hand, favorable agroecologies kg/ha (N/P2O5) gives a net benefit of Bin- that suit seed production of these cool season 6922 per hectare with MRR of 46% indicating vegetables are available around the region. In that with a one birr investment one can earn a order to exploit the agroecological potential return of 4.61 birr covering the initial cost . and evade problems associated with shortage This rate is less than by only a net benefit of and high cost of seed, research was undertaken 86 birr per ha from 100/100 kg N/P2O 5 rate at Lai Gaint on carrot (Nantes) and beetroot and by an input cost of 154 birr. Therefore, (Detriot dark red). Both vegetables showed a although 100/100 rate has a marginal potential for seed production in the area. Out difference in benefit but with additional cost of of 12 planting dates (at monthly intervals) 154 birr and additional yield of only 0.3 q/ha carrot seeds were harvested from eight of the 150/50 N (2.8 quintal urea and 1.1 quintal planting dates that extend from July to DAP/ha) rate is recommended to be used for February. September planting recorded the hot pepper production around the test highest seed yield (24 g/plant). If 44,444 plants locations. are grown on a hectare (75 cm x 30 cm spacing) as high as 7.5 q/ha seed yield can be harvested. Considering the rain pattern, Assessing seed production potential of cool planting dates as of September are ideal to season vegetables avoid the mature plants intercept the kremt Seeds of cool season vegetable crops like head rain. In case of beetroot, all the 12 planting cabbage, carrot, and beet root are not produced dates recorded yields of which October in the country. Therefore, farmers are forced to planting gave the highest yield (21 g buy imported seeds every year, which is very seeds/plant), 11.7 q/ha (60 cm * 30 cm spacing expensive for farmers. and 55,555 plants/ha). Seeds were harvested after on and half years.

Fig. 3.11 Chapin bucket kits drip irrigation system with different mulch treatments

33 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Crop protection out of locally available and cheap raw materials it is tikely that small-scale producers At Yilmana Densa, Woreta, Bahir Dar Zuria and retailers can profitably use it (Fig. 3.12). and Farta woredas, ABW (Helicoverpa armigera), cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) and We can store this perishable horticultural crops chaffer grubs were the major insect pests of from 15-23 days with small weight loss and hot pepper, PTM (Phthorimaea opercuiella) without any damage and on average, shelf life and cereal leaf beetle (CLB) {Oulema spp.) on of produces can be extended at least for two potato. At Adet the PTM, CLB and epilachna weeks. In this storage structure we can reduce in the field and PTM and mealy bugs in the the temperature byl 1°C and I4°C from the store were recorded as major insect pests of room and atmospheric temperature, potato. respectively. In general, the cool chamber facility appeared to be an appropriate Post harvest handling technology for extending the storage life of fresh products. Therefore, this storage Evaluation of Cool chamber storage structure is recommended for vegetable structure farmers, individual traders and micro Horticultural crops are highly perishable and enterprises, cooperatives working on we are losing a huge amount of produce horticultural crops production and marketing. because of poor post harvest handling. Although refrigerator is known to be the best 3.1.4 Fruit crops method for extending the shelf life of many horticultural products it is neither accessible Varietal adaptation/improvement nor affordable to the majority of the farming community in Ethiopia. Post-harvest loss of Banana fruits and vegetable produces is substantial. Twenty two genotypes of dessert and cooking Low cost eco-friendly on-farm storage banana (11 desserts and II cooking) were structures need to be developed. A cool evaluated for their fruit yield and quality at chamber storage structure that can be Woramit (Bahir Dar). Butazu, Grand Naine, applicable to small-scale horticultural crops Williams-I, Poyo, Robusta and Giant producers and petty traders was adopted from Cavendish from dessert types gave a total yield India and evaluated under Adet’s climatic above 600 q/ha. The first three varieties, i.e., conditions. Butazu, Grand Naine and Williams-1 are very high yielders. Chibul Abgombe, Kibungo-1 The chamber was constructed with the walls and Kitawara from cooking types are better erected out of a double layer of bricks, the two yielder both in per harvest basis and total layers spaced about 15 cm apart. The inner and yield They also have good finger characters outer dimension of the chamber measure 1.6 m (smooth, attractive and medium peel thickness long x 1 m wide x 0.85 height and 2 m long x at the time of maturity and are more palatable 1.5 m wide x 0.85 m high, respectively. The due to their less sugar content than dessert cavity between the two brick walls was filled types). Therefore, Butazu, Grand Nain, with wet riverbed sand, the floor constructed Williams-I from dessert types and Chibul out of a layer of stone and the top covered with Abgombe, Kibungo-I and Kitawara from the a lid constructed out of a grass and a cooking types are recommended for mid polyethylene sheet over a bamboo frame. A altitude banana growing areas of Western known number and weight of fresh fruits Amhara Region. (banana, orange, mandarin and avocado) and vegetables (tomato, green pepper, and carrot) were stored in plastic carets inside the chamber. As the chamber can be constructed

34 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

3.1.5 Coffee To conserve highly threatened local coffee cultivars and to start genetic improvement Coffee Variety evaluation work on them, local coffee genotypes were Different coffee varieties released by Jimma collected in North Gondar, South Gondar, East Agricultural Research Center were evaluated Gojam and Awi zones. A total of 119 local for their yield performance and adaptability in landraces were collected. Characterization was major coffee growing areas of Western done in two different sets. In the first 45 Amhara (Finote Selam and Chagni). The accessions, which were collected in varieties gave higher yield at Chagni than at 1999/2000, and in the second 54 accessions, Finote Selam (Geray). This difference is collected in 2000/01 were evaluated. clearly due to environmental variations Significant genetic variations were evident (altitude, rainfall and temperature). Coffee among accessions. variety Ababuna gave a seed yield of 18.9 q/ha, 7440 gave 16.9 q/ha, 7454 gave 13.8 q/ha, 93/84 gave 12.3 q/ha and 74110 gave 3.1.6 Spices 12.2 q/ha. Ababuna, 7440, 7454 and 74110 are recommended for production in coffee Ginger and black cumin accessions were growing areas of the Western Amhara Region. collected in 2000-2002 in Western Amhara Region. Some 25 ginger and 15 black-cummin accessions were collected.

Inner The Cool Chamber Facility

v;all

Fig. 3.12 Cool chamber structure

*

35 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

3.1.7 Conclusion western Amhara region, the center has released seven improved bread wheat, four durum In general in the last quarter of the 20 wheat and two triticale varieties. Adaptation of century, 27 varieties of horticultural crops, different technologies released from the nine crop management practices and three post national wheat breeding program has been harvest handling technologies have been done and scaled out for many small scale recommended. Two potato and one sweet farmers (Kubsa and Galema). As a result, the potato varieties have benn released for the majority of wheat fields in Amhara region region. Most of the recommended/released have been covered by a high yielding variety technologies were demonstrated and promoted Kubsa (HAR 1685) for a long time. to the end users. However, the improved The released bread wheat technologies give varieties are not still accessible to many high yield, resist diseases better and adapt farmers, mainly because of lack of planting widely in western Amhara region. They are material. Formal seed organizations that also good in nutritional quality. Especially multiply and distribute horticultural crop aeeds TAY and Gassay have showed better yellow to users do not exist in the area. Adet rust resistance as they have been evaluated by Research Center is desperately attempting to the respective experts. provide pre-basic and basic seeds of most of these crops. Our centcr released two triticale varieties, i.e., Sinan and Minet in collaboration with GTZ. They are well adapted in South Gonder, where 3.2 Cereals farmers fully depend on and cover their arabale land with triticale. It is a manmade crop well adapted to degraded and marginal areas. Cereal research program is one of the three Triticale gives as much yield in marginal areas programs under Crop Research Process as other crops do in high potential areas. Directorate of the center. It covers plant However, one of the triticale varieties, Sinan, breeding and genetics, agronomy and crop lost resistance to yellow rust and fusarium physiology and crop protection (plant head blight in the 2010 cropping season. We pathology and entomology). The research is worked for replacement for the last six years undertaken in interdisciplinary approach. and we are about to release at least two new Wheat (bread and durum), triticale, barley triticale varieties. Table 3.2 shows the details (food and malt), rice, tef, finger millet, maize of the varieties. and sorghum are crops that are so far addressed and achievements made over the The center is also working jointly with the past two and half decade’s research. The Federal Research Program and the livelihood of some farmers has improved as a international center, CIMMYT representative result. Pertinent achievements are briefly (Ethiopia) to verify disease resistant and high presented below under individual yielding varieties. The joint research program commodities. is initiated because of the recently expanding disease pressure in different areas. 3.2.1 Wheats A total of twelve varieties have released by wheat breeding'genetics section for the last twenty five Variety adaptation/development years. Wheat research activities have been conducted for the last two and half decades focusing on bread wheat, durum wheat and recently on a newly introduced crop namely triticale. To increase production and productivity and thereby to reduce poverty1 and hunger in

36 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Densa) as compared to the control treatment of Crop Agronomy half at planting and the other half at tillering (the" protein content was 10.4% in Farta and Bread Wheat 11.9% in Yilmana Densa). Whereas the difference in grain yield was not significant, Sowing date i.e., 140 kg in Farta and 5 kg in Yilmana June planting higher grain yield, i.e., 703 kg Densa more yield when N was applied half at more grain yield (51% more) than July planting) planting and the other half at tillering at Adet condition. compared to half at planting and the other half at booting. Table 3.3 shows the details of the Weed control fertilizer trials. Two hand weedings from 20 to 30 and 45 to 60- day after planting gave the highest yield (33 q/ha Durum wheat - a yield increase of 9 q (32%) over unwedded) at normal weather conditions on nitosols. Post­ Seed rate recommendation for durum emergence herbicide strane (0.5 liters) + MCPA wheat (2.5 I) and britox (2.5 liters) were effectively A seed rate of 175 kg/ha gave a yield controlled broad leaved weeds. However, the advantage of 217 kg (6 .6%) in Awobel and grain yield achieved as a result of strane + 300 kg (7.7%) in Bichcna as compared to seed MCPA spray was not that much higher than the rates of 125 kg/ha (Tables 3.4 and 3.5). unweeded due to some phytotoxicity of the hcrbicide to the crop. Crop protection

Cropping system Cereal leaf beetle on wheat and barley Lupine grown as precursor crop increased the Cereal leaf beetles (Ouletna sp) and other yield of succeeding wheat crop by 42%, which related species are becoming important pests was higher than other break crops. This result of major crops including cereals and pulses in was obtained following tef, and it minimizes the northwest Ethiopia. In 1994/95, a loss need for nitrogen fertilizer application for wheat assessment trial was carried out on barely in production. Yilmana Densa area at two locations. Spray of the insecticide seems to have controlled the Comparative advantage pest at both locations. The number of cereal The interaction of production factors (fertilizer leaf beetles per plot and the number of leaves application, improved variety and weeding) was damaged by the beetles was much less in the significant and it is beneficial to apply them as protected plots than the unprotected ones an integrated package. especially at Gergera. This difference, however, was not statically significant. Treated Planting date on moisture deficit areas plots had 10.4% at Adet and 19.3% at It was verified that farmers planting time with Geregera more yield than the untreated plots. split application of the recommended nitrogen The same experiment was carried out on wheat rate was found appropriate time for wheat in 1997 at Adet. Although the infestation was planting and gave higher grain yield as high (i.e a mean of 53 cereal leaf beetles on compared to early planting of wheat (the same untreated plots against 17 beetles on treated date as barley planting) in moisture deficit areas plots), there was no significant yield reduction. of Lai Gaint and Semada. Technology evaluation Time of N application Nitrogen application half of the recommended On- farm Evaluation of Bread wheat rate at the time of planting and the other half at Varieties booting stage of the crop gave higher protein In 1988/89, varieties HAR-421, MAR-416, content (11.3% in Farta and 12.9% in Yilmana HAR-407, and Dashen (as check) were

37 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER______2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT verified. Under improved management, HAR- Densa areas. A significant seed yield 407, and HAR-421 gave 100 kg (108%) and difference was observed among the seven 520 kg (47%) grain ytetc! increment, verieties at 5% leveirU ntH ^T fie oTfrer new- respectively. Net benefit per hectare was cultivars, HAR-424 was inferior compared to higher on the high management compared to the checks. HAR-1685 followed by HAR-604 the low management. On the other hand, was superior to all and showed a yield HAR-416 (19%) and Dashen (5%) showed low increment of about 2 0% to the checks at both yield response to improved management management levels. Moreover, farmers prefer perhaps due to the unusually excess rainfall in these two verieties, based on their preharvest 1988/89. agronomic characters. Some farmers preferred Enkoy and HAR-1709 for their long stalks It was also noted that Dashen is superior to which can be used for thatched roofing. local veriety under low management. Low income framers (with less than 2 ha of land) In 1992/93. investigation was made on the use preferred HAR-407 for its early maturity. of bread wheat verieties (ET-13 and local However, medium farmers (w'ith two to three variety), fertilizer application and weed control hectares) were interested in Dashen for its methods at Enebassie-sarmider and Goncha higher tillering and grain yield. On another siso Enebsie Woredas. Location mean yield study, bread wheat varieties, i.e., HAR-1685. ranged from 995 to 2719 kg/ha. The use of HAR-604, HAR-1709, HAr-424, were tested 2,4-D on an adequately fertilized stand of ET- on three different on-farm fields contrasted to 13 was highly profitable w ith a total return rate Enkoy and ET-13, in Motta and Yilmana of 464%.

Table 3.2 Released bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum)

Characters The Crops and Plant Days to Grain Seed Year Altitude range/ Mean Current Varieties height maturity yield color of adaptation area annual Disease (cm) (Q/ha) release (masl) rainfall Reaction (Yellow Rust) Status Bread Wheat Gassay 84-97 118-127 44-50 White 2007 1900-2800 >700 Resistant Senkegna 74-100 105-125 25-62 White 2005 1900-2800 >700 Resistant TAY 85-102 104-130 25-61 White 2005 1900-2800 >700 Resistant Shina 83-90 105-120 42.09 White 1999 2000-2700 500-800 Susceptible Guna 88-96 105-136 34-57 Amber 2001 1900-2700 >600 Susceptible Densa 92 105-145 29-48 Amber 2002 1900-2700 >600 Susceptible Durum Wheat Selam 81-103 107-135 22-40 Amber 2004 1900-2800 >700 Resistant Metaya 97-125 113-139 21-35 Amber 2004 2000-2800 >700 Resistant Mosebo 109-120 102-132 20-47 Amber 2004 1900-2800 >700 Resistant Megenagna 100-110 99-128 20-56 Amber 2004 1900-2800 >700 Resistant Triticale Sinan 105 155 31 Amber 2002 0->3000 500-600 Susceptible Minet 116 163 29 Amber 2002 0-.3000 500-600 Resistant

38 r

ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.3 Fertilizer requirement (k^ha) of bread wheat in different locations on nitosols______, Economical fertilizer Time of fertilizer application Yield advantage of economical fertilizer 1______Rank rate (kg ha'1) __— ______rate over unfertilized______N -P 2 O 5 Urea-DAP Planting Early to mid Yield advantage Yield advantage (Urea- tillering (Urea) (kg/ha) (%) ______DAP)______. Farta Is’ 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 1919 173 2nd 138-23 280-50 130-50 150 1731 156 3rd 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1590 144 Lai Gaint 1” 123-46 228-100 94-100 134 1335 106 2nd 123-23 248-50 114-50 134 1194 94 3 rd 82-23 159-50 70-50 89 942 75 Bichena 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2315 236 Goncha-Siso Enebsie 1st 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2323 121 2^d 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1634 85 3rd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1259 66 Awobel 1" 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2224 130 •^nd 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1783 104 3rd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1494 87 Gozamen Is’ 184-92 322-200 122-200 200 3030 169 3* 92-92 122-200 22-200 100 2062 115 4°' 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1429 80 Machakel 1" 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2069 157 2nd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1439 109 Enarg-Enawga 1SI 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2427 138 2nd 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1816 103 3rd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1334 76 Debay Tilatgin 1st 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1841 83 2nd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1587 72 Banja 1“ 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2894 186 2nd 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 2163 139 ^rd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1563 101 Wogera 1“ 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 2149 110 2nd 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1830 94 3rd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1578 81 Bure 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 1540 69 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1349 180

39 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.4 Fertilizer rate recommendation for durum wheat with BBF (vertisols) based on precursor crops Precursor Economical fertilizer Time of application Grain Protein 1000 Yield crops rate yield content seed advantage (kg ha’1) (kg/ha) (%) weight (kg/ha) N -P j0 5 Urea-DAP Planting Early to (g) over 92/46 (Urea- mid kg DAP) tillering fertilized (Urea) plot Awobel Pulse 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 3636 11.45 50.9 498 Cereal 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 3201 11.00 45.4 855

Bichena Pulse 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 5110 12.80 52.9 602 Cereal 138-46 261-100 111-100 150 3158 11.78 51.2 484

Table 3.5 Fertilizer requirement of triticalc in different locations on red soils Location Economical Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of economical (Woreda) fertilizer rate application fertilizer rate over unfertilized (kg ha ') Rank n -p 2o 5 Urea-DAP At planting Early to Yield advantage Yield (Urea-DAP) mid (kg ha'1) advantage kg ha'1) tillering (%) (Urea, kg h a 1) Lay- 1“ 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1977 107 Gaient 46-23 80-50 30-50 50 1233 67 Farta l n 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1367 104 ^nd 69-46 120-100 40-100 80 1045 79 ^rd 69-23 130-50 55-50 75 791 60 Gozamen r 92-46 161-100 61-100 100 1647 159 2nd 69-46 120-100 40-100 80 1422 138 3fd 46-46 61-100 11-100 50 998 97 Injibara 1" 92-0 200-0 100-0 100 1612 129 2nd 69-23 130-50 55-50 75 1418 114 69-0 150-0 75-0 75 1001 80 Seed rate: For broadcast planting 175-200 kg/ha seed rate is optimum for triticale production

yield difference between HAR-1522 and the Bread wheat varieties: HAR-1522, HAR-1595, standard check (HAR -1709). However, in the HAR-1685, HAR-1709 (standard check) and second year the standard check (HAR-1685) ET-13 (as local check) were verified at outyielded the others. In general, the new Gonacha-Siso Enebsie and Yilmana Densa verieties did not show attractive grain yield Woreda. Among verieties, HAR-1522 difference over the standard and local checks. outyielded all the other verieties and HAR- The new varieties (HAR -1522, HAR-1595 1407 was next (in the first year). It gave 40% and HAR-1407) matured earlier than the and 20% more yield than the local check under standard and local checks. improved and low management, respectively. Nevertheless, there was no significant grain

40 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.6 Pests of small cereals (wheat) recorded in northwestern Ethiopia ------Common rrame------Scientific name Status

Wolo bush cricket Decticoides brevipennis Sporadic Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia Minor Wheat thrips Haplolhrips tritici Minor Lcady bird beetle Eplichna sp Minor Lesser Grain borer Rhyzoperta dominica Sporadic Army worm Spodoptera exempta Major Red flour beetle Tribolium sp Minor Termite Macrotermes sp Sporadic Desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

and ET-13 were demonstrated on a total of 15 Farmers preferred HAR-1685, HAR-1522, and farmer’s fields. In all sites improved ET-13 for their pre and post harvest quality. production package gave higher yield and Farmers also appreciated the effect of fertilizer better economic return. The mean grain yield On-farm verification of HAR-2045, HAR- o f Dashen, ET-13 and local cultivar was 25, 1720,HAR-1685 (standard check) and ET-13 17,54 and 11.35 q/ha, respectively. The use of (local check) varieties at Huelt Eju-Enebsie Dashen and ET-13 gave a net benefit of ETB and Yilmana Densa Woredas revealed that on 1403 and 871 ha' 1 while the net benefit for the average the improved management gave 61% farmer's method was ETB 483 ha'1. The (752 kg/ha) yield than farmers management. marginal Rate of Retrun (MRR) to investment Among verieties HAR-2045 performed better in the improved production packages of and gave 54% and 41% increase over the Dashen and ET-13 was 742 and 314%, standard and local checks, respectively. respectively. Farmers preferred HAR-1720 for its good vegetative performance and high yielding In Yilmana Densa, Mecha and Motta potential. Fanners gave ET-13 3r rank for its These varieties were further demonstrated to tillering capacity and plant height. In another farmers in these woredas. The mean grain experiment, HAR-1706, HAR-1899, HAR- yield of Dashen, ET-13 and local cultivar was 1407, HAR -1522 (standard check) and ET-13 16.64, 13.50 and 9.64 q/ha, respectively in (local check) verieties were verified at Yilmana Densa, Mecha and Motta. The use of Yilmana Densa and Hulet-Eju Enebsie the improved production package Dashen and Woredas. The highest yield (2742 kg/ha) was ET-13 gave a net benefit o f ETB 1116 and obtained from HAR-1899. It gave 49% and 3% .834 ha' while the net benefit for the farmer’s yield increase over the local and standard method was ETB 536 ha'1. The marginal rate check, respectively. Farmers preferred HAR- of return (MRR) to investment in the improved 1522 and HAR-1706 for their spike length production package, Dashen and ET-13 was /tillering capacity / and adaptability. 393 and 203%, respectively. Dashen turned out to be susceptible to stripe rust and because of Technology transfer which its dissemination and /or promotion was suspended. Demonstration of improved bread wheat varieties with their production packages In Huletiju-Enessa, Yilmana Densa, Mecha and Achefer Dashen and Et-13 ET-13 was demonstrated on a total of 8 In Yilmana Densa, Mecha, Achefe, Jabe- farmers’ fields. The mean grain yield for Quarit, Dembecha and Bure Shekudad: Dashen

41 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT improved variety and local cultivar was 19 and improved production package was about 13 q/ha, respectively. 201%.

The use of the improved production package Similar, in 1995/96, popularization of ET-13 gave a net benefit of ETB 2098 ha' 1 while the on a total 11 farmers’ fields in Yilmana Densa net benefit for the farmers’ method was ETB indicated that the average mean yield for ET- 1433 ha1. The Marginal Rate of Return 13 and local cultivar was 18 and 14 q/ha, (MRR) to investment in the improved respectively. The improved production production package was about 304%. package gave a net benefit for the farmers’ method was ETB 937 h a 1. The Marginal Rate In Enessie-Sar-Meder, Goncha Siso Enesse, of Return (MRR) to investment in the Huletiju-Enesse, Yilmana Densa and Farta improved production package was about In 1994/95, Et-13 was demonstrated on 18 210%. farmers’ fields. The mean grain yield for improved variety (ET-13) and local cultivar HAR-1709 was 21 and 12 q/ha, respectively. The use of the improved production package gave a net In Huletiju-Enesse, Enesse Sar-Mider, benefit of ETB 2847 ha' 1 while the net benefit Goncha Siso Enesse, Farta and Yilmana for the farmers’ method was ETB 1564 ha';. Densa The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to Demonstration of improved wheat variety investment in the improved production (HAR-1709) with its production package was package appeared to be 568%. conducted on a total of seven farmers’ fields in Huletiju-Enesse and Yilmana Densa areas and on 21 farmers’ fields in Enesse Sar Miaer, In Enessie-Sar-Meder, Goncha Siso Enesse, Goncha Siso Enesse, Huletiju-Enesse, Farta Huletiju-Enesse and Yilmana Densa and Yilmana Densa areas. The average mean In 1995/96 demonstration of improved wheat grain yield for improved variety (HAR-1709) variety ET-13 with its production package was and local cultivar was 16.6 and 8.5 q/ha, conducted on a total of 14 farmers’ fields. The respectively. The use of the improved average mean yield for improved variety (ET- production package gave a net benefit of ETB 13) and local cultivar was 24 and 13 q/ha, 2014 ha' 1 and ETB 3295 ha' 1 while it was ETB respectively. The improved production 932 ha' 1 and ETB 1061 ha' 1 in the farmers’ package gave a net benefit of ETB 1985 ha'1. method in the order for the two localities. The The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) was about investment in the improved production 508% and 913.96%, respectively. package was about 741%. In 1996/97, ILAR 1709 was demonstrated on Popularization of ET-13 with its production eight farmer’s fields in Goncha Siso Enesse, package Huletiju Enesse, Yilmana Densa and Farta In Yilmanu Densa: Popularization of ET-13 areas. The mean grain yield for the improved with its production package was conducted on variety and the local cultivar was 26 and 10.6 a total of 25 farmer’s fields. In all sites q/ha. respectively. The net benefit of improved improved production package showed a higher production package and farmers’ method was yield and a better economic return. The ETB 2667.6 ha' 1 and ETB 789.5 ha'1, average mean yield for improved variety (ET- respectively. The Marginal Rate of Return 13) and local cultivar was 14 and 12 q/ha, (MRR) was 1034.3%. respectively. The use of the improved production package gave a net benefit of ETB 1628 ha' 1 while the net benefit for the farmer’s method was ETB 1383 ha'1. The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to investment in the

42 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER ______25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

HAR 1709, HAR 604, HAR 1685 845.5 ha'1. The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) was 832.4%. In Goncha Siso Enesse, Wogera, Hueltiju Enesse Yilmana Densa, Jabitehnan, Farta and Dabat. HAR-1522 Improved bread wheat varieties (HAR 1709, HAR 604, and HAR 1685) were demonstrated InYilmana Densa on 33 farmers’ fields. In all sites the improved Demonstration of improved wheat variety production package showed higher yield and (HAR-1522) with its production package was better economic return. The mean grain yield conducted on eight famer’s fields in Yilmana for improved varieties and local cultivar was Densa. The average grain yield for improved 21, 24, 25.5 and 13 q/ha, respectively. Use of variety and local cultivar was 18.5 and 10.8 improved production package gave a net q/ha, respectively. Use of the improved benefit of ETB 1740, 2212.1, and 2362 ha' 1 production package gave a net benefit of ETB while the net benefit for the farmers’ method 1885.6 ha' 1 while the net benefit for the was ETB 827.6 ha' 1 . The Marginal Rate of farmers’ method was ETB 1885.6 ha". The Return (MRR) for HAR 1709, MAR 604. and Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to investment HAR 1685 was 1204, 1827, and 2024.5%, in the improved production package was about respectively. 406.6%.

Demonstration of farmer based seed HAR-604 multiplication of HAR 1522, HAR 1868, HAR 1899 and HAR 1775 varieties In Goncha-Siso Enesse, Huletiju Enesse, In Yilmana Densa Enesse Sar Mider, Yilmana Densa and Demonstration of farmers based seed Farta multiplication and distribution of improved Improved bread wheat variety (HAR 604) was wheat varieties (HAR 1522, HAR 1868, HAR demonstrated on 11 farmers’ field. The mean 1899 and HAR 1775) was conducted in grain yield for improved variety (HAR 604) 1999/2000 on nine farmers' fields in Yilmana and local cultivar were 27.4 and 12.4 q/ha, Densa Woreda. Varieties HAR -1522 and respectively. HAR-1668 gave a seed yield ranging from 20- 26 and 24-32.4 q/ha, respectively. HAR-1899 The use of the improved production package and HAR-1775 gave a seed yield of 25.7 and (M^R-604) gave a net benefit of ETB 2853 ha' 27.8 q/ha, respectively. Field days were I while the net benefit for the farmers’ method organized and participant fanners realized the was ETB 1028.1 ha'! The Marginal Rate of high yield potential of the varieties and Return (MRR) was 1005%. techniques of seed production. They also ■ showed a great demand to use the seed agreed HAR-1685 to pay additional cost to the normal grain price. A farmer-to-farmer seed dissemination In Goncha Siso Enesse, Huletiju Enesse, of system of improved wheat varieties is Yilmana Densa and Farta established. Improved bread wheat variety (HAR-1685) was demonstrated on 12 farmers’ field on the 3.2.2 Barley average mean grain yield for improved variety (HAR-1685) and local cultivar was 23.7 and Variety development II q/ha, respectively. The use of the improved Food barley. About four food barley varieties production package (HAR-1685) gave a net are released by Adet agricultural research benefit of ETB 2357 ha' 1 While the net center for early and late barley production benefit for the farmers’ method was ETB systems of North West Ethiopia. Three of them (Tilla, Setegn and Abay are released for early

43 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER______25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

production systems while one variety (Mulu) is Malt barley. One malt barley variety named released for late production system. The Firiti (EH 1609-F5.B3-10) was released by the varieties recommendation areas and other Center in 2009 and it was recommended for information are indicated in Table 3.7. Apart Adet, Debretabor, Lai Gaint, Dabat and from released suitable varieties, the center has Similar agro agro-ecology of the country. It recommended different food barley varieties gave an average grian yield of 28-42 q/ha. released somewhere in the country The Subsequently, five varieties were varieties recommendation areas and other recommended for production after observing information are indicated in Table 3.8. their adaptability (Table 3.9).

Table 3.7 Released food barley varieties for early and late barley production systems by Adet Agricultural Research Center (1987-2010)______No Varieties Average Year of Adaptation Production yield (qt/ha) recommendation areas systems 1 Tilla 22-40 2007 Adet, Debretabor, Early set (EMBSN Motta and Burie 14/98) early maturing barley growing areas and similar Environments/ production systems 2 Setegn (acc # 25-35 2004 Adet. Debretabor, Early set 3371-03) Motta and Burie early maturing barley growing areas and similar production systems 3 Abay (acc # 25-30 1998 Adet, Debretabor, Early set 3357-10) Motta and Burie early maturing barley growing areas and similar production systems 4 Mulu (acc # 20-45 2004 Lai Gaint, Kimir Late set 3369-17) dengay, Dabat and Similar production systems/ ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Crop Agronomy barley (farmers planting dates) is advised. Fertilizer application increased grain yield up Food barley to 47% and 210% over unfertilized in Gaint and Simada areas, respectively. Details of Sowing date results of fertilizer trials are shown in Table Sowing date at the beginning of the main rainy 3.10. season (end of May to mid June) is recommended for early maturing loca! variety Malt barley at Yielmana Densa. A yield advantage of 7.6 q was obtained over late planting. Fertilizer rate recommendation in respect to grain quality of malt barley Weed control The grain yield and quality of malting barley Post emergence herbicide britox (2.5 1/ha) and vary with locality. Compared to the Gozamen illoxan (2.5 l/ha) gave good control of annual and Yilmana-Densa areas, Lai Gaint is an ideal broad leaved and grass weeds, respectively. area for malting barley production,. The However, the later caused crop toxicity. variety HB-1533 is not recommended for cultivation as malting barley in the Yilmana- Granstar (20 g ha'1) as post emergence Densa area, because of its high protein content. application was found more effective (98% Therefore, the selection of appropriate control) in controlling Chrysanthemum varieties for different localities is one of the segetum L, locally known as Boren. issues to be considered in the future, so as to maintain the grain quality of malting barley at Comparative advantage its standard level. Grain quality, especially Application of fertilizer is relatively more W'ith respect to protein content, is highly beneficial than weeding and change in variety. influenced by variety and nitrogen fertilization. Compared to the unfertilized, a yield increase of The determination of a specific N application 80-101% at Farta area and 283-285% at rate for malting barley varieties is essential to Huleteju area was recorded. Application of all the production of malting barley grain of fertilizer rates at planting was preferable on acceptable quality'. Fertilizer application rates early maturing food barley varieties than split of 115/46 kg N/P20 5 ha' 1 for HB-52, and 92/46 application. Some 2 quintals more yield ha' 1 kg N/P2O 5 ha' 1 for Miscale-21, are was recorded. economically optimum and recommendable rates for malting barley production in the Lai Nitrogen application on moisture stress Gaint, Yilmana-Densa and Gozamen areas. areas Split application of N at planting and different crop stages before heading for early planted

45 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCHACHiEVEMENT

Table 3.8 Adapted food barley varieties for early barley production system (1987-2010) N Varieties Average Year of Adaptation areas Productio Releasin 0 Yield (qt/ha) recommendation n system — g center on experimental sites 1 Shedho 15-26 2003 Adet, Debretabor, Early set Sirinka (acc # Motta and Burie early ARC 3381-01) maturing barley growing areas and similar production systems 2 Agegneh 33 2007 Lai Gaint Similar Late set Sirinka u Environments/produc ARC tion systems/ 3 HB-1307 48 2006 Lai Gaint Similar Late set Holetta Environments/produc ARC tion systems/’ 4 Estayish 23 2004 Lai Gaint Similar Late set Sirinka production systems/ ARC 5 Dimtu 20-40 2001 Lai Gaint. Kimir Late set Holetta (acc # Dengay, Dabat and ARC 3369-17) Similar Environments/produc tion systems/ 6 Mesrach 25-34 1998 Lai Gaint, Kimir Late set Holetta (Kulumsa Dengay. Dabat and ARC 1/88) Similar Environments/produc tion systems 7 Shegie 32-55 1995 Lai Gaint, Kimir Late set Holetta (acc # Dengay, Dabat and ARC 3336-20) Similar Environments/produc tion systems/ 8 Ardu 36-63 1992 Lai Gaint, Kimir Late set Kulumsa 126b Dengay, Dabat and ARC Similar production systems 9 HB-42 32-55 1984 Gojjam and Gonder Late set Holetta Highlands and ARC Similar production systems ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25■ YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.9 Adapted malt barley varieities for north western malting barley production environments No Varieties Average yield (qt/ha) Year of recommendation 1 Miscal 21 19-52 2006 2 HB-1533 20-35 2004 3 HB-52 24-47 2001 4 Beka 24-38 1976 5 Holker 24-31 1976 Adaptation areas are High and mid altitudes of Gojjam and Gonder; varieties were initially Releasing center Holetta ARC

releasing spores when healthy tillers come out. Crop protection For covered smut, collecting and burning can be practiced from the time of heading to Yield loss assessment due to aphids on harvesting. barley In 1995/96 cropping season, yield loss Seasonal effect on the development of leaf assessment on barley due to aphids was carried stripe and loose smut of barley out, using insecticide (Chloropyrifos 48 E.C) The effect of season on seed transmission and spray, on farmers’ fields in Lai Gaint of South incidence of leaf stripe and loose smut of Gondar. The results indicate that he number of barley was investigated in 1989 and 1990 at damaged tillers decreased after one spray. Adet. Seeds harvested from off-season and Differences in aphid numbers were also noted main season crops were planted during the between sprayed and unsprayed plots. The main season of 1990. Leaf stripe and loose attack continued from seedling stage up to smut incidence was reduced by 86% and 99%, maturity. Both nymphs and adults attack the respectively on plots raised from off-season crop. Estimated yield loss was in the order of seed. The two diseases can be economically 38.3%. controlled during the main season if seed harvested from the off-season barley crop is Screening of barley landraccs against barley used, because the weather condition during the shootfly off-season is often unfavorable for the Out of 22 advanced barely landraces tested for development of the pathogens. their resistant to barley shootfly, acc,no 1806-, acc.no 3520-13 and acc.no 1694-5 have shown Screening of barley genotypes for resistance less dead-hearts and the information is passed to major diseases to the breeders. Screening of genotypes for resistance to major diseases (mainly for scald) was the major A list of insect pests recorded on small cereals 'activity, as a result of which genotypes is shown in Table 3.11. resistant to scald have been selected and submitted to the breeders for further Management of loose smut in barley by evaluation. collecting and burning smut infected heads This method is practiced in other countries like Management of loose-smut and leaf stripe of Egypt to control loose smut on wheat. It helps barley by seed dressing fungicides to eliminate the source of inoculum by The efficacy of seed dressing fungicides was avoiding infection of healthy heads and reduce evaluated in 1990 and 1992 at Adet to identify the need for chemical control. This method effective fungicides to control loose smut and should be practiced immediately after the stripe of barley on highly infected seeds of heading of infected plants; especially for loose Semereia". Seed dressing chemicals were smut, because smutted heads come out few Vincit, prelude Universal, Agrosan H, Vitavax days before the healthy heads emerge and start and Baytan Universal at rates of 2, 2, 2, 3 and

47 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAK RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

1.5 g/kg seed, respectively, and each fungicide did not have market information of malt. was dressed at 10, 30 and 90 days before However, HAR-1685 and HB-42 were planting. All except agrosan H controlled loose preferred for their higher yield and double row smut with a mean control of 84.4 to 99.4% but respectively. HAR-1685 had high market all controlled barley stripe with mean control demand compared to the others. o f 95 to 100% over untreated seeds. All fungicides were effective at all times of seed Economics of Alternative Weed Control dressing. Seed dressing 90 days before Methods in Barley planting with Baytan Universal gave the Britox and 2,4-D were tested to control weeds highest yield (25 q/ha) followed by Vinct (23.5 in barley. In economic terms the use of both q/ha) and prelude Universal)23.4 q/ha). A herbicides and hand weeding on barley is yield increase of 18.5%, 11.6% and 11.2% unjustifiable in Bahir Dar wereda except at over the untreated seeds, respectively was specific places like Sheba, Kore and Debre recorded. Mewi. where harmful annual broad leaf weeds dominate. At these areas, Brittox is recommended. In Bahir Dar area, high seed Technology evaluation rate, crop rotation and plowing are also used. Almost all barely growers in the region use a On- farm Evaluation of Food Barley seed rate above the recommended rate as a Varieties strategy to suppress weeds. Brittox is found HB-42, HB-120, Ardu-12-60B,LAR-H-485 more effective than 2,4-D in controlling annual and local varieties were verified at Farta, Lai broad leaf weeds. Gaint, Hulet-Eju-Enebsie, Yilmana Densa and Dabat woredas. The improved management On farm verification of Broad Bed and gave on average 103% grain yield increase Furrow (BBF) over the farmer management. Management Maraginal yield increments for barley (3.65) response to grain yield was higher in Farta and Noug (22%) were observed in using broad (1345) than Yilmana Densa (35%). This is bed and furrow maker. However, it should be attributed mainly to levels of farmer’s noted that similar seed rates were not used for management difference among the localities. the flat and broad bed plots. Farmers’ seed rate Fanners in Yilmana Densa applied fertilizer at is usually below the recommended rate. a rate of 98 kg/ha. However, in Farta fertilizer Farmer’s reported that they could not observe was not applied. Improved verieties response any difference. They recommended that rather to fertilizer was also higher in Farta than than making such beds using two plow's and Yilmana Densa as compared to the local heavy iron (which is difficult for the oxen to verieties. draw); it is better to make furrow is short intervals using one plow. Economic Study of Malt Barley in relation to Food Barley and Bread Wheat On farm Evaluation of post Emergency Economics of Malt Barley was compared to Broad leaf Herbicides to Control ‘Borren’ food Barely and Bread Wheat Production in Barely using Malt Barely (HB-120), Food Barely Farmers appreciated the effect of herbicides (HB-42) and Bread Wheat (HAR-1685) at Lai specifically Starane+MCPA/M as farmers Gaint and Dabat Woredas. The agronomic could not uproot the weed by hand but both result showed that HAR-1685 outyielded both herbicides killed the borren plant when they food and malt barley verieties. It gave 46% come in contact with. However, the practical and 36% grain yield increase over food and problems encountered were emergence of malt barely varieties. Farmers appreciated HB- borren continuously from July to September, 120 for its “tella” (local Drink) “kollo" quality continuous and high rainfall at time of spray and early maturity. However, they did not and toxicity of Starane + MCPA/M on the perefer it because it is single row. They also crop. In most sites, borren weeds died after

48 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT spray, but only to resurface in huge numbers sometime afterwards.

Table 3.10 Fertilizer requirement of food barley at different locations Economical fertilizer Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of rate (kg ha'1) application economical fertilizer rate over unfertilized Early to At planting mid (Urea-DAP, tillering Yield Yield Location kg ha'1) (Urea, kg/ advantage advantage (Woreda) Rank n -p 2o 5 Urea-DAP ha) (kg/ha) (%) Farta 69-23 130-50 130-50 1078 182 Lai Gaint l’1 96-46 170-100 65-100 104 1247 102 2nd 64-69 80-150 10-150 70 1002 82 3* 64-23 120-50 50-50 50 688 56 Yielmana 46-46 61-100 61-100 502 40 Densa. Bahir Dar Zuria, Mecha, Machakel I5' 46-46 61-100 61-100 909 126 2nd 46-23 80-50 80-50 704 98 EnargEnaw'ga 1st 46-46 61-100 61-100 1092 73 2nd 46-23 80-50 80-50 920 52 Gozamen r ‘ 46-46 61-100 11-100 50 810 122 2nd 46-23 80-50 30-50 50 624 94 Debay l5’ 46-46 61-100 61-100 1226 58 2nd Tilatgin 46-23 80-50 80-50 1030 49 Estie I5' 69-23 130-50 130-50 1132 135 2°d 46-23 80-50 80-50 909 109 Huleteju 1st 46-23 80-50 80-50 630 95 Enebsie 2°d 23-23 30-50 30-50 357 54 Chilga i51 69-69 91-150 91-150 1094 158 2nd 46-23 80-50 80-50 695 100 Wogera 1“ 69-46 120-100 30-100 80 1377 79 ^nd 69-23 130-50 55-50 75 1102 63 ^rd 46-46 61-100 11-100 50 889 51

Table 3.11 Pests of small cereals (barley) recorded in northwestern Ethipia Common name Scientific name Status Wolo bush cricket Decticoides brevipennis Sporadic Barley fly Delia arambourgi Minor Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia Major African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Minor Army worm Spodoplera exempta Sporadic Shiny cereal weevil Nemalocerus brachyridus Minor Web worm Marasmia trapezalis Minor Epilachna sp Minor Desert locust Schistocerca geraria Sporadic

49 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Technology transfer local cultivar. The net benefit in using of the improved production package was ETB 793.03 HB-42 ha' whtlc the net benefit for the farmers’ method was ETB 605 h a 1. The Marginal Rate In Debre Tabor of Return (MRR) to investment in the Improved food barely variety (HB-42) with its improved production package was about 53%. production package was demonstrated on six farmers’ fields around Debre Tabor area. The Ardu 12-60B mean grain yield for improved variety (HB - 42) and local cultivar appeared to be 19.5 and In Lai Gaint: Improved food barely variety' 14.6 q/ha, respectively. The use of the (Ardu 12-60B) with its production package improved production package and the farmers' was demonstrated on two farmers fields. The method gave a net benefit of ETB 2237 ha'1 average mean grain yield obtained form and ETB 17112 h a 1 in that order. The improved variety and local variety was 17 and Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) was 472%. 6.7 q/ha, respectively An overall mean grain yield advantage and percent increase of Ardu In Farta: In 1995/96, HB-42 was 12-60B was 10.2 q/ha and 152.4%, demonstrated on eight farmer’s fields. The respectively. Improved production package mean grain yield for improved and local gave a higher net benefit of ETB 1005 ha"1. cultivar was 27.6 and 21.1 q/ha, respectively. The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to A net benefit of ETB 2248.51 ha'1 was investment in the improved production recorded respectively with the improved package (Ardu 12 60) was 211.7%. production package and the fanners’ method. The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to HB-42 and Ardu 12-60B investment in the improved production package was about 263%. In Debark HB-42 and Ardu 12-60B were demonstrated In Lai Gaint, Wogera, Dabat and Debark on a total of six farmers. The mean grain yield In 1996/97, demonstration of HB-42 on II obtained from HB-42, Ardu 12-60 and local farmers’ fields in Lai Gaint, Wogera, Dabat variety' was 18.8, 18.4 and 13.6 q/ha, and Deebark areas showed that the mean grain respectively. The improved production yield of this variety was 18.61 q/ha compared package (HB-42 and Ardu 12-60) gave a to the local variety (4.81 q/ha). The improved higher net benefit of ETB 1749.3 and 1707.6 production package gave a higher net benefit ha1. The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to of ETB 1126 ha'1 while the net benefit for the investment in Ardu I2-60B was 146 and farmers’ method was ETB 1110 ha'1. The 135.6%, respectively. Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) appeared to be 5.3%. The economic return to investment Abay (3357-10) made is not a promising. The low economic return is probably attributed to the continuous In Yilmana Densa and Farta heavy rainfall in the growing season that Improved barely variety, Abay with its resulted in water logging on most of the production package was demonstrated on three demonstration sites. farmers fields in Yilmana Densa and Farta Woreda. In all the sites, the improved variety' In Wogera and Dabat (Abay) with its production package out yielded In 1997/98, HB-42 was demonstrated on four the local cultivar with farmers’ practice. fanners’ field in Wogera and Dabat areas of However, due to late onset of rain the grain North Gondar. In all sites improved production yield of the variety was low in Farta Woreda. package showed a higher yield and a better The local barely cultivar with fanners’ practice economic return. Its average mean grain yield and the improved barely production package was 15.9 q/ha compared to the 9.6 q/ha of the (Abay) gave an average yield of 8.2 q/ha (a

50 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT range of 15.1-11.3) and 17.8 q/ha (a range of maximize its effort for better result to satisfy 13.7-21.8). respectively. The mean grain yield our small scale farmers. advantage of 9.5 q/ha and 115.9% increase over the farmers’ method of food barely production was observed. Field days were Crop Agronomy organized and participant farmers showed a positive attitude towards the package of the Fertilizer rate based on precursor crops technology. However, they strongly Half and two-third of the nitrogen rate from commented that the recommended seed rate of the full nitrogen rate recommendation on the important technology (Abay) is very low. cereal based is recommended for tef production on nitosols of Adet area, when faba bean and niger seed are precursors, 3.2.3 Tef respectively. Half nitrogen rate from faba bean as precursor and two-third nitrogen rate from Variety Development: Tef variety niger seed as precursors increased net benefit development activities have been executed in from tef production by Birr 1044 and 89 i ha-1, collaboration with Ethiopian Institute of respectively as compared to the full nitrogen Agricultural Research, especially with Debre rate recommendation on cereal based system. Zeit research center. Among several improved Details are given in Table 3.13. tef varieties adopted for the last 25 years, Magna (Dz-01-196), Enatit (DZ-cr-354), Cropping system: Mono-cropping causes Dukem (DZ-01-974), Ziquala (DZ-Cr-358) yield decline from year to year (39-68% and were the leading ones. In spite of all these 54-77% decline as compared to yield of initial varieties, Magna tef is still widely used by year - 15.3 and 7.4 q/ha on red and black soil, many farmers in west Amhara. Recently respectively). released tef variety named Kuncho also recommended for production in tef growing Double cropping on Vertisols: Different areas of Northwest Amhara. It is being widely alternative options should be further adopted by large number of fanners and pre­ investigated for successful tef-chickpea double scaled out every vear in different zones (Fig. cropping systems on Vertisols of Bichena 3.13). whereas in Woreta Vertisols different potential crops other than tef need to be assessed that Three different tef varieties were released in are suited to double cropping system. different years by Adet Center for production in black and red soils of West Amhara. Weed control Description of these varieties is indicated in Britox (2.5 l/ha) and PP604 (3.0 l/ha) controlled Table 3.12. Out of these varieties, Etsub (DZ- annua! broad leaf and grass weeds well, 01-3186) is preferred by many tef growers respectively. However, the yield response as a almost equivalent to Quncho due to its high result of PP604 was not good and it was even yielding ability and its white seed color. This lower than the unweeded due to some variety has a yield advantage of more than phytotoxicity of the herbicide to the crop. 18% over the local variety’ grown in these areas. To create access to this variety to Seedbed preparation growers and encourage farmer to farmer seed Three times oxen plow (the first plow- dissemination, pre-scaling up activities are immediately after the precursor crop is being conducted in different areas of West harvested, the second plow in June about a week Amhara. before planting and the third plow at the time of The breeding program is still looking for better planting) combined with hand weeding at varieties that can tolerate lodging, insect pests tillering gave the highest MRR (343%) and NB and diseases. Shouldering the responsibility for (birr 2469.90) and was recommended to small- growth and transformation, this program will scale farmers to promote sustainable crop

51 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT production with minimal damage to the out at Sebat Amit, Bahir Dar zuria, to environment. Under seasons of high annuaJ determine if tef shoot fly really caused yield precipitation, a second weeding at stem loss. The results only confirmed previous elongation may be necessary depending on the reports of no significant yield reduction, no intensity of weed infestation. matter what the magnitude of the damage. This mus happen due to the high tillering capacity Crop protection of the tef plant, which compensates for the lost In a survey carried out in 1998 in north plants. This again can be true only when the western Ethiopia, red terfworm was found to rainy season is ideal or extended enough. be devastating tef fields in Achefer area. The overall infestation at the time was about 10%. Tecnology Evaluation But during the last couple of years, this pest has caused entire crop loss in the vast plains of On-farm Evaluation of Tef Varieties the black soils of eastern Gojam, especially DZ-01 -328. DZ-cr-358,DZ-01 -974.DZ-01 - Bichena area. It occurs in many other areas in 354( standard check) and local varieties were the Amhara region such as Dembia and verified at Yilmana Densa Woreda. The new Fogera. The list of insect pests recorded on tef verities DZ-CR-358 and DZ-01-974 showed is given in Table 3.14. attractive seed yield increase over the standard and local check. Testing of insecticides (karate Sachet and Selecron) aginst Red tef Worm (Mentaxia The lowest yield was recorded from DZ001- ignicolis) and determining its time of 354 (standard check).Host and neighboring application on tef farmers preferred DZ-01-974 for its loose panicle, plant height and white seed In 1996, the early spays of karate and selecron that correspond to the first, second and third instars were in general effective. In 1998, Technology Transfer malathion 50% EC was also included for test but there wes no significant difference in DZ-01-974 efficacy among the insecticides. The same result was obtained in 1999. Both insecticides In Yllmnan Densa gave a high number of dead larvae in the early Tef variety (DZ-01-974) with its sprays than the late sprays. This shows that recommended package of production and local insecticides can easily kill younger instars. cultivar with farmers' traditional method of tef Spraying two times in the season was found to production was demonstrated on nine farmer's be more effective than a single spray. Spraying fields in Yilmana Densa Woreda. The local tef immediately and twenty days after the first with fanners' practice and the improved tef occurrence of the worm was more effective in production package (DZ-01-974) gave an eliminating red tefworms. average yield Of 11.1 q/ha (8.1-13.7) and 14.1 q/ha (12.2-16.4), respectively. A mean grain Tef shoot fly on tef : Tef shoot fly usually yield advantage of 3.1 q/ha and a 27.9% kills many tef seedlings and at times the tef increase over the farmers’ method of tef field looks like a burned field. The question production was observed. Field days were was if there was any significant impact on the organized and participant farmers showed a yield of the crop. positive attitude towards the technology.

In studies conducted earlier else where reports indicate that red tef worm does not cause significant effect on yield. As a result, we wanted to see the situation at our condition. A paired plot loss assessment trial was carried

52 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

3.2.4 Rice Suitability map of Ethiopia, based on GIS technique assessment, indicated that the Rice is produced in a wide range of locations country has potential areas of about thirty' and under a variety of climatic conditions, million hectares for rainfed rice production and from the wettest to the driest areas in the huge untouched potential for irrigated rice world. Ethiopia is endowed with a range of production. geographic and climatic conditions that are suited to rice cultivation, in fact, rice is a Adet Research Center has been conducting rice recent introduction to Ethiopia and its research research for more than a decade together with and production activities are at an infant stage. other national and regional research centers. It However, area coverage and production of rice has been assigned as National Rice Research has been increasing since 2006 in different coordinator since 2004. areas of the country. Area allocated to rice, for example, has increased from 19 thousand to 156 thousand hectares with a production increase of 43 thousand to 500 thousand tons from 2006 to 2009. This trend is expected to increase to 774 thousand hectares with a production rise of 1.9 million tons in 2014.

Table 3.12 Description of tef varieties released by Adet Agricultural research center Variety Adaptation Days to Yield (q/ha) Yield Year Areas Altitude maturity Research Fanners adavantage of field field over local release Etsub Adet, Bichena and 1800- 92-127 19-27 16- 22 18.1 2008 areas with similar 2600 agroecology' Dima Adet, Bichena, 2000- 105 24.6 16.8 7.8 2005 Debre Tabor and 2600 F inoteselam Yilmana Adet,Bichena D.T 2000- 108 23.20 16.3 1.4 2005 and F.S 2600 Note: Etsub (DZ-01-3186), Dima (Dz-01-2423). Yilmana (DZ-01-1868)

53 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.13 Fertilizer requirement of tef in different locations and soil types Economical Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of fertilizer rate (kg application economical fertilizer rate over ha'1) unfertilized Planting Early to (Urea- mid Yield Yield Rank N- Urea- DAP, tillering advantage (kg advantage Woreda P20 5 DAP kg h a 1) (Urea, ha'1) (%) kg ha )

Nitosols Estie r 40-60 36-130 0-130 36 1130 281 2nd 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 1066 265 2 id 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 898 223 Yielmana 1" 40-60 36-130 0-130 36 933 193 Densa 2nd 40-40 52-87 9-87 43 848 176 ^fd 40-20 70-43 27-43 43 702 145 Bure 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 406 43 Achefer 1" 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 652 104 2nd 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 403 54 Denbecha 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 391 64 Gozamen 1* 60-60 79-130 14-130 65 924 183 2nd 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 707 140 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 484 96 Ebinat 1" 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 709 143 2nd 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 459 93 Dangila 20-40 10-87 0-87 10 360 11

Vertisols Dejen 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 560 57 Bichena l" 80-40 140-87 53-87 87 1121 71 2nd 80-20 157-43 70-43 87 941 49 Huleteju 1" 80-60 123-130 36-130 87 1294 196 Enebsie 2nd 60-40 96-87 31-87 65 999 151 jrd 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 733 111 Awobel l ” 80-40 140-87 53-87 87 855 90 2nd 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 702 74 Simada 1” 80-40 140-87 53-87 87 967 102 2nd 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 761 80 Belessa 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 496 169 Denbia 60-40 96-87 31-87 65 526 78 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Wm cntxfwtfr w (§p 2002)

l i a i i

Fig. 3.13 Kuncho (left) and Etsub (right) teff varieties demonstration

Table 3.14 Pests of tef recorded in northwestern Ethiopia Common name Scientific name Status Wolo bush cricket Decticoides brevipermis Sporadic Barley fly Delia arambourgi Minor Tef epilachna Epilachna Minor Red tefwrm Mentaxya ignicollis Major Army worm Spodoplera exempta Sporadic

55 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Currently, the center is conducting rice of the rice research activities are shown in in research (breeding and genetics,- crop Fig. 3.+4 and 3.15.------management, (agronomy, cropping system, crop protection), demonstration and Furthermore, multiplication and maintenance promotion, pre-scaling up, adoption, of breeder, pre-basic and basic seeds are marketing, and value chain analysis, pre­ another major component in rice breeding and harvest and post-harvest mechanization, and genetics. For this, important and elite rice utilization)) in collaboration with Gondar, commercial rice varieties have been Pawe, Werer. Gode, Gambella, Assosa, Bako, multiplied. More than 120 quintals of different Bahir Dar Mechanization and Food Science, rice varieties have been multiplied and Melkassa, and Bonga research centers. maintained every main season. More than 90 quintals of elite varieties of seeds have been The center has also been in a good tradition of delivered upon request to other research working with other governmental (DAs. centers. NGOs, and GOs that are involved in Woreda, Zone and Regional agricultural rice research, seed multiplication and experts) and non-governmental organizations dissemination. (IPMS, JICA, UNDP, SG 2000) on rice research, promotion and expansion. The In 2008, Adet Research Center in cooperation aforementioned NGOs play key role in rice with IPMS multiplied NERICA rice varieties technology dissemination and capacity on selected farmers’ fields of two kebeles of building through training to researchers, DAs, Fogera to establish and facilitate farmer to farmers and other experts in providing farmer seed multiplication system. From each financial and technical support. kebele, 20 farmers (a total of 40 farmers) of FRG members each with 0.25 ha land were Since the inception of rice research and selected and provided with NERICA rice especiall after the assignment of the Center as varieties with full recommendation package. a lead center (as National Rice Research Farmers and development agents were trained Coordinator), major findings have been about how to cultivate the rice varieties. Near recorded in breeding and genetics, crop to maturity, field-day was organized including management, technology dissemination and fanners and DAs from Ebinat, Libo Kemkem promotion, pre-harvest and post-harvest and Fogera. Farmers from Ebinat and Libo mechanization, and on rice utilization Kemkem were interested to take and grow (demonstration of different recipes). Some of them. Also the Center in collaboration with the technologies have been delivered to users UNDP through ARAR1 conducted important while others have been documented to serve as work on promotion of NERICA rice varieties foundation for further research. on major rice growing areas of the Amhara region during 2007/2008 cropping season. The Center received two rice machines (one Variety’ development polisher and one thresher). In rice breeding and genetics section about 16 rice varieties, out of which 11 for rainfed In 2007, Adet research center in collaboration upland, two for rainfed lowland and the rest with Food Aid and Security of Amhara region three for irrigation, have been released. Out of conducted promotion and supply of NERICA this Adet released seven and other national and rice varieties in two food insecure districts, regional centers nine from 1998 to 2011 Metema and Jawe. At each district, 20 farmers (Tables 3.15 and 3.16). Two local varieties are were involved to demonstrate rice varieties. known, X-Jigna and Demoze. X-Jigna is the First, training was given to farmers, DAs and most widely cultivated lowland cultivar while other experts on rice production, management Demoze is produced in a limited scale. Some and post-harvest handling of the crop. Other farmers were invited on field days to create

56 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT awareness and interest on the varieties. Each of International Rice Research Institute (IRR1), the two districts received one rice polisher Africa Rice Ccenter (ex. WARDA), and East from the project. and Central Africa Rice Research Network (ECARRN). These organizations serve as In 2008. Adet Center has delivered training on source of rice germplasm and knowledge and status of rice cultivation in Ethiopia, experience sharing. importance of rice in food security, rice production and management techniques to a In conclusion, now and the years to come, total of 400 Woreda and Zone agricultural Adet Research Center, together with other experts coming from North Gondar, South national and regional research centers, Gondar, West Gojam, East Gojjam and Awi governmental and non-governmental zone held at Bahir Dar and those coming from organizations, has planned to maximize its north Wollo, south Wollo and Oromia zone of effort in the development of high yielding and Amhara region held at Kombolcha, Wollo. better quality, diseases resistant and stress tolerant rice varieties to different rice Adet Center has also provided advisory ecosystems. This will enable the center to services to non-govemmental and contribute its part in poverty reduction and governmental organizations and private insuring food security of subsistence farmers. investors who are interested in the business of And thereby play key role to the successful rice. Moreover, the center has established achievement of the growth and transformation strong coordination and linkage with plan of the country. international organizations such as

Table 3.15 List of rice varieties released or adapted by other research centers in northwestern Amhara Days to Days to Grain yield 1000 Name of v ariety heading kernel On-farm On-station weight (8) NERICA-3(WAB-450-IB-P-28-HB 70 110 2.9 4.5 30 NERlCA-4(49WAB-450-IB-P-9/l) 70 110 3.0 4.8 29.5 SUPERICA-1 (W AB-4507) 75 1 15 2.3 5.1 29 Note: all white seeded; all varieties were released by Pawe center; all are resistant to diseases and perform in upland ecosystem.

Crop Agronomy yield advantage of 605 kg as compared to seed rate of 80 kg/ha. Lowland rice Rice transplanting Rice seed rate Rice seedlings transplanted at 4 leaf stages Broadcast planting o f rice at 140 kg/ha seed with a spacing of 25 cm x 20 cm and 3 rate was found optimum rate for rice seedlings per hill gave grain yield advantage of production in Fogera Vertisols and gave a I 133 kg/ha (37.7%) over dry sowing.

57 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Fig. 3.14 Rice variety screening trials

between 1900- 2500 m a.s.l. It matures in 137- Rice seed Pre-germination 160 days depending on the altitude. The Sowing pre-germinated seeds that were soaked variety can give up to 23-30 q/ha in research for 48 hours and incubated for one day make fields and 17-21 q/ha in farmers’ fields. rice to emerge 5 to 6 days earlier than dry sowing. Pre-germinated seeds give the rice Crop Agronomy plants a better chance to compete with weeds. Sowing pre-germinated seeds helped the rice Cropping system plants mature 10 to 11 days earlier than dry Intercropping of Gomenzer, safflower, seeds sowing that ensure better yield in sunflower and maize on finger millet (as main seasons of early rainfall cessation. crop) was found disadvantageous and causes up to 90% yield reduction of millet. Hence Split application of N rate intercropping of finger millet with the above Split application of the full recommended mentioned crops is not advisable. nitrogen rate 1/3 at planting and 2/3 at tillering stage of rice crop was found to be appropriate Seed rate time of nitrogen application in Fogera Under good management conditions seed rate Vertisols and gave 11% (437 kg/ha) grain of 10-15 kg ha' 1 for broadcasting was found yield increase over 1/2 at planting and 1/2 at optimum. However, under farmer conditions it tillering stage. Details of fertilizer trials are can be possible to apply seed rates of up to 30 given Tables 3.17 and 3.18. kg/ha. For row planting spacing of 15 cm between plants and 45 cm between rows was optimum spacing for finger millet. 3.2.5 Finger millet Fertilizer rates Variety Development Onfarm fertilizer experiment was conducted in One finger millet variety named Degu was 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons. released for production in North West Ethiopia

58 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

The results indicated that the highest mean yield advantage of 3 q/ha over two splits of 1/2 grain yields 1747, 2188, 1566 and 1480 kg/ha at planting and the other half at knee height were obtained from the applications of 148/46. (Table 3.20). 138/69, 138/46 and 138/69 kg N/P20< in Gunagua, Bure, Mecha and Dera areas, Crop protection respectively. The economical optimum A survey on insect pets of maize was carried fertilizer rate varied with location (Table 3.19). out in Gojam in 1995 cropping seson. It was In Bure area, none of the fertilizer rates were done twice (at the vegetative and reproductive founf economically feasible. stages). The lepidopterous stemborer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), was found to be the most dominant pest species followed by maize 3.2.6 Maize aphids, Rhopalosiphum maid is. Thse two species are widespread. African bollworm, Crop Agronomy Helicoverpa.armigera, was also very damaging maize ears in certain localties. Cropping system Termite Macrotermes spp. caused a Intercropping of faba bean on maize (as main considerable loss of plant stand in plains crop) was advantageous; one row of faba bean surrounding the city' of Bahir Dar. Plant bugs, in between maize rows was found highly hairy caterpillar and storage pests such s profitable and best combinations of maize- Sitophilus spp. were also recorded. Natural fababean intercropping system. However, enemies include the syrphid fly larvae, intercropping of gomenzer on maize (as main ladybird beetles and their larvae. They were crop) was not found economical rather it was associated with heavy aphid colonies on maize disadvantageous. plants.

Fertilizer application time Hot spots for B. fusca are near Bahir Dar For early maturing varieties (for instance BH- (Gordema area), Finote Selam, Dembecha 540) nitrogen to be applied in two splits 1/3 of (when sown late), Dejen (kurar) from 12% to it at planting and the remaining 2/3 at knee 33% dead heart and 47% to 67% infestation height which was found more economical with (on small terraced fields). And hot spots for yield advantage of 10 q/ha over two splits of Rhopalosiphum maids are Bahir Dar (on maize 1/2 at planting and the other half at knee ears), Mankusa (on the panicle), Sentra Meda height. Whereas for late maturing varieties (for (on leaves and ears), near Dejen (fully covered instance BH-660 ) nitrogen to be applied in ears by aphid colonies) and Bichena (Yerez two splits, 1/4 at planting and 3/4 at knee area). height which was found more economical with

59 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.16 List and description ofreTeased rice varieties by Adet KesearcfrCenter(,1999-20Tt)' Yield 1000 (ton ha-1) kernel Name of Year Rainfall On- On- weight variety o f Altitude (mm) Days to Days to farm station (g), seed release (m.a.s.l) heading maturity color Upland eco9vstem Getachew 2007 600-1850 800-1400 81 97-125 1.8 3.0 31,W Andassa 2007 600-1850 800-1400 93 111-135 2.5 3.8 27,R Tana 2007 600-1850 800-1400 92 109-135 2.4 4.4 28,W Tigabe 1999 600-1300 1000 67 90-97 3.2 3.7 28,LY Kokit 1999 600-1333 1000 67 90-97 2.8 3.6 29,W Lowland ecosystem X-Jigna Local 1740-1850 1520 101 130 2.8 4 29,W Ediget 2011 1150-1850 800-1400 98 132.8 3.2 5.2 32,W Gumara 1999 1740-1900 1520 95 130 3.0 3.4 29,R Demoze Local 1740-1850 1520 102 131 2.6 3.4 28,W Note: W stands for white seed color, R for red, LY for light yellow: as to disease reaction all are in resistant category; accession numbers of each variety is shown as: D01 (Getachew), DO 12 (Andassa), AD048 (Tana), Tigabe (IREM-194), Kokit (IRAT-209), X-Jigna, Ediget (WAB189-B-B-B-HB), Gumara (1AC-164), Demoze.

Table 3.17 Fertilizer requirement for lowland rice in vertisols of different localities Economical Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of economical fertilizer rate application fertilizer rate over unfertilized (kg/ha) Rank N-P2Os Urea- Planting tillering Yield Yield DAP (Urea- (Urea, kg advantage advantage DAP,kg ha'1) h a 1) (kg ha'1) (%) Fogera plain 1" 69-23 130-50 30-50 100 1171.9 43 2nd 46-46 61-100 0-100 60 1040.1 38 nrd 46-0 100-0 35-0 65 716.3 26 M etem a Is' 115-46 211-100 86-100 125 1863.4 98 2nd 92-69 141-150 41-150 100 1567.6 82

Table 3.18 Fertilizer requirement for upland rice in vertisols of Fogera plain PrnnAmEconomical iral fV»rfili*7P>rfertilizer TilUC Of fertilizer VYield io l/4 advantage of economical rate (kg ha'1) fertilizer rate over unfertilized n -p 2o 5 Urea-DAP Planting tillering Yield advantage Yield advantage Rank (Urea- (Urea, kg (kg ha'1) (%) DAP, ha*1) kg ha'1) 1st 80-0 174-0 87-0 87 1216 88 2nd 60-20 113-43 48-43 65 1012 73 ^rd 6 0 -0 130-0 6 5 -0 65 856 62

60 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Fig. 3.15 Rice field day at Fogera

Table 3.19 Fertilizer requirement of finger millet on nitosols of different localities Economical Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of economical Location fertilizer rate application fertilizer rate over unfertilized (Woreda) (kg/ha) n - p 2o 5 Urea- Planting Tillering Yield Yield DAP (Urea- (Urea) advantage Advantage DAP) (kg) (%) Dera 46-23 80-50 30-50 50 412 53 Guagua 46-46 61-100 11-100 50 689 65 Mecha 46-23 80-50 30-50 50 445 59

with their full package of practices (fertilizer On-farm Evaluation of Improved Maize rate, inter- and intra-row spacing, land V'arieties in Northwest Ethiopia preparation and weeding) with a local variety On-farm evaluation of improved maize with farmers’ traditional practices. varieties (BH-660, BH-540 and Kuleni) was carried out for two consecutive cropping Technology evaluation seasons (1998 and 1999) across locations (19 The agronomic and economic analysis clearly sites in northwest Ethiopia). The main indicated that the improved technology is objectives of the experiment were to evaluate superior to the local variety and farmers’ the performance of maize technologies and to practices. The average mean grain yields of the demonstrate the package to the farmers and the improved varieties (BH-660, BH-540 and extension personnel and to collect feedback Kuleni) were 9527, 5377 and 4896 kg/ha, from participants. The evaluation was respectively. conducted by comparing improved varieties

61 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

There was an overall yield advantage of 5696, Field days revealed that participant farmers 1546, 1065 kg/ha of the improved varieties have a positive attitude towards the improved (BH-660, BH-540 and Kuleni) and peri'eiTCggr maize package. Bui ihey strongly commented- increase o f 148.7, 40.4 and 27.8%, on the time of urea application that near respectively over the farmers’ method of maize tesseling application would have been better production. The marginal rate of return (MRR) than the recommended knee height application. for improved varieties (BH-660, BH-540 and The feedback is an agenda for further Kuleni) was 499.8, 62.8 and 41.3%, investigation. respectively. Farmers recognized the higher yield potential of the improved technology. As a result, many farmers showed a great interest 3.2.7 Sorghum for improved varieties. Weed control Application of nitrogen fertilizer suppressed Technology Transfer striga growth and reduced its competitive ability. The number of striga was lower in BH540 and Kuleni tolerant varieties (P 9405 and P 9403) as compared to the susceptible local varieties. As In Yilmana Densa, Bahir Dar zuria and nitrogen rate increased crop yield linearly Mecha increased. Improved maize varieties, BH 540 and Kuleni, with their production package were demonstrated on six farmer’s fields in Yilmana 3.3 Pulses and Oil Seeds Densa, Bahir Dar zuria and Mecha areas. The mean grain yield of BH 540 and kuleni and Pulses and oil seeds research program is one of local cultivar was 43.2, 47.4 and 29.5 q/ha, the three programs under crop research process respectively. The improved production directorate at Adet Agricultural Research package (BH-540 and Kuleni) gave a net Center. It covers breeding and genetics, benefit of ETB 2155 and 2455 ha 1 respectvely. agronomy and crop physiology, pathology and While the net-benefit for the farmers’ method entomology and others as interdisciplinary was ETB 2004.6 ha '. The Marginal Rate of approach. The major pulses and oil seed crops Return (MRR) to investment in the improved included in the research agenda for the last two production package (HB-540 and Kuleni) was and half decades include: Pulse crops (faba 89.3 and 148.8%, respectively. Farmers who bean, field pea, chickpea, lentil, haricot bean, participated in the field day showed interest in so\ bean); oil crops (noug, gomenzer, linseed, the improved production packages. vernonia, saflflowcr, sunflower). Over the past two and half decades, the research program recorded significant achievements, some of BH-660, BH-540 and Kuleni which helped improve the livelihood of the farmers. The achievements are briefly In Fogera, Dera and Hultigu Enesse presented on crop commodity basis. In 1999/2000. BH-540 and Kuleni with their production package were demonstrated on a Fertilizer rate total of 12 farmers fields in Fogera, Dera and In Alefa Takusa, rate of fertilizer for sorghum Huletiju Enesse Woredas. The local cultivar is recommended (Table 3.21). appeared to on par with Kuleni. This is because fanners practices gave a yield ranging from 42.2-55.6 q/ha with an overall mean grain yield of 46.8 q/ha. Improved varieties BH 660, 540 and Kuleni gave an overall mean grain yield of 95.3,70. 1 and q/ha, respectively.

62 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.20 Fertilizer requirement of maize on nitosols of different localities Economical Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of Location fertilizer rate application economical fertilizer (Woreda) Rank (kg/ha) rate over unfertilized N-P205 Urea- Planting Knee Yield Yield DAP (Urea- height advantage advantage DAP) (Urea) (kg) (%) BH-540 Dera 1“ 128-92 200-200 61-100 139 4547 275 2 nd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 3337 202 Yelmana r 1 100-75 154-163 45-163 109 3124 108 2nd Densa 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 2338 81 Achefer i" 180-138 274-300 78-300 196 7164 188 2nd 120-92 183-200 53-200 130 5349 140 3rd 100-75 154-163 47-163 107 4658 122 4th 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 3461 91 Basoliben r 100-75 154-163 45-163 109 3797 137 2nd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 2895 105 Mecha i“ 180-138 274-300 78-300 196 6786 201 2*i 120-46 222-100 92-100 130 5076 151 3,d 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 4204 125 Ankesha 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 3364 154 BH-660 Jabitenan 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 2865 56 Huletcju 1“ 180-138 274-300 78-300 196 6182 234 Enebsie 2nd 120-92 183-200 53-200 130 4539 173 3rd 120-46 222-100 92-100 130 3921 149 Bure 1“ 120-92 183-200 53-200 130 4578 94 2nd 100-75 154-163 45-163 109 4028 93 3 rd 64-46 100-100 30-100 70 3091 54

Table 3,21 Fertilizer requirement of sorghum in vertisols of Alefa Takusa Economical Time of fertilizer Yield advantage of fertilizer rate application economical fertilizer (kR/ha) rate over unfertilized N-P205 Urea-DAP Planting Knee height Yield advantage Yield advantage (Urea-DAP) (Urea) (kgha-l) (%) 41-46 50-100 5-100 45 766 61

varieties with high grain yield, disease 3.3.1 Pulses resistance and good quality crops. To date, two field pea one faba bean, two Gomenzer, one Faba Bean linseed and one vemonia varieties have been released by the section and better adaptive Variety development varieties have been also recommended to the Pulses and oilseeds breeding/genetics research region (Table 3.22). Accordingly the the has undertaken both National and Regional following varieties were developed for faba trials since its inception to develop improved bean.

63 ADET ACRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25- YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Adet-Hanna (PGRC/E 25041-2-2) Weed management Adet Hana variety is named after a rural kcbele There was some indication that the number of near to Adet town. This variety was released in orobanche emerged in asso ciatio n “with 2005 for Adet, Debre tabor, Dabat and for fababcan can be reduced by use of trap crops similar agroecologies of the region with an (rapeseed, mustard & noug) as a precursor of altitude range of 2240-2630 m a.s.l and annual fababean. rainfall of 568-2630 mm. It gives a yield of 15- 39.5 q/ha under good management conditions. The variety flowers in 44-53 days and matures Crop protection in 111-114 days Table 3.22). Its flowers are white with black spots and the color of the Chocolate spot on faba bean. To manage seed is light green. Its growth habit is chocolate spot and rust diseases, spray indeterminate. frequency of five fungicides (Benomyl, Chlorothalonil, Tilt, Bravocarb and Mancozeb) was tested in 1993 and 1994 at Adet. Each Crop agronomy fungicide was sprayed 1-4 times at a rate of 80 g (in 1993) and 800 g (in 1994), 1.2 I, 0.5 1, Fertilizer rate determination 1.5 1 and 700 g. Amongst these fungicides, Onfarm fertilizer experiment was conducted in spraying mancozeb 3-4 times at a rate of 700 Yilmana Densa, Farta and Dabat areas for g/'ha resulted in the highest yield and was three consecutive years (1997-1999). The found to be effective to control both chocolate highest grain yield (1746, 2399, 1878 kg/ha, spot and rust diseases of faba bean. respectively) was obtained from the highest fertilizer rate (27/69 kg N/PjOj/ha). Economically feasible fertilize rate for the locations indicated (Table 3.23).

Table 3.22 Adaptation areas of released faba bean varieties by Adet Agricultural Research Center in 2005 Altitude Rainfall Days to Seed Flower Productivity range (mm) maturity color colour (m a.s.l.) Research Farmers field field 2240-2630 568-1293 111-114 Light green White 15-39.5 17.9-41.7

Table 3.23 Fertilizer requirement of faba bean on nitosols of different localities Rank Economical Rate of fertilizer Yield advantage of economical fertilizer rate (kg h a 1) application fertilizer rate over unfertilized n /p 2o 5 Urea-DAP Urea-DAP Yield advantage Yield (kg h a 1) (kg ha'1) advantage (%) Yielmana Densa l sl 18-23 20-50 20-50 389 36 Farta 1" 27-69 0-150 0-150 898 60 2nd 18-46 0-100 0-100 639 43 3rd 18-23 20-50 20-50 350 Dabat 1” 18-23 20-50 20-50 296 21

64 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Technology evaluation 4.6, 9.8 q/ha in the local variety, respectively. The Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) to On-farm evaluation of faba bean varieties investment in the improved production Varieties: Nc-58. ingeda, Cs-20-DK, Kassa package was about 489.5%, 182.1%, 126.8% and local were verified on farm. The variable and 265.2%, respectively. costs ranged from 271.6 to 300.5 Birr/ha for high management treatments. Cs-20-DK gave the highest net benefit of 502.1 Birr/ha over Field pea the fanner’s practices, i.e., local varieties under low management. Adet 1 This variety was released in 1997 for mid and Technology transfer high altitudes of western Amhara and similar agro ecologies of the region. It gives an CS-20 DK in Huletju Enesse average yield of 25-33 quintals per hectare Improved faba bean variety (CS-20DK) with under good management condition and better its production package was demonstrated on resistant to major field pea disease and pea three farmers’ fields in Huletju Enesse area. aphid. The variety requires 119 days for The mean grain yield for improved variety and maturity. Both the flower and seeds are w hite local cultivar was 21.0 and 9.8 q/ha, in color. respectively. The use of the improved production package gave a higher net benefit Sefinesh of ETB 830 ha' 1 compared to ETB 359 ha' 1 I This variety was released in 1997 for mid and the farmers’ method. The Marginal Rate of high altitudes of western Amhara and similar Return (MRR) to investment in the improved agro ecologies of the region. It gives an production package was about 307%. average yield of 25-33 quintals per hectare under good management condition and better CS-20 DK Huletju Enesse, Yilmana Densa resistant to major field pea disease and pea and Farta aphid. The variety requires 121 days for In 1992/93 and 1993/94, CS-20 DK was maturity. Both the flower and seeds are white demonstrated in 16 fanners’ fields in Huletiju in color (Table 3.24). Enesse, Yilmana Densa and Farta Woredas. The mean grain yield of the improved variety was 22.5 and 24.8 q/ha compared to the local Crop agronomy variety (13.5 and 10.8 q/ha) in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The Marginal Rate of Return Seed rate: Seed rate of 75 kg ha'' was found (MRR) to investment in the improved optimum rate for field pea production under production package was about 525.7% in both both broadcast and row planting at Adet years. condition. Yield advantage of 286 kg was recorded over seed rate of 150 kg ha'1. Demonstration was done on nine farmers in Goncha Siso Enesse, Huletiju Enesse and Ylimana Sensa areas (1994/95), on 10 fields in Crop protection Goncha Siso Enesse, Huletju Enesse, Enesse Sar Mider, Farta and Densa (1995/96), on six Biology of Pea weevil {Bruchus pisoruni) fields in Huletju Enesse, Yilmana Densa and A preliminary study of the biology of pea Farta (1996/97) and on nine fields in Huletju weevil (Bruchus pisorum) was undertaken on Enesse and Yilmana Densa (1997/98). In all field pea. The insect pest is new for the region sites improved production package showed a as well as for Ethiopia. It is recent occurrence higher yield and a better economic return. The on field pea, which starts attack in the field and average mean grain yield for CS-20DK was continues in storage. It is a monophagous 13.5, 20.2, 9.1, 19.7 q/ha compared to 6, 14.5, insect pest, which has one generation per year.

65 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Development strats in the field and ends in the in considerable numbers in 1996 and these store. The adults start laying eggs in the mid tended to increase as planting date was August as soon as pods develop. The adults la> delayed. In most planting dates and years, their eggs on the young green pods and after a weekly aphid populations showed positive week or so eggs hatch into larvae and penetrate correlation with maximum temperature, the pods and enter the seeds. Then afterwards, negative with minimum temperature and a larvae feed inside the seed for a week or ten relative humidity. Increasing maximum days, At the end of Agust, different instars of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity larvae could be found in the seed. At the end suppressed them. of September pupae could be observed in the seed and at the end of October adults are found Grain yield increased and decreased as in the seed or in the field where field pea is planting date was delayed at Adet and Zema, growing. Temperature influences the duration respectively. It is recommended to plant field of the different growth stages. peas from mid to late June at Adet and during the first week of June at Zema to obtain higher Management of pea bruchid on field pea yields; by doing so a mean of 0.32 t/ha at Adet Different management options were evaluated and 0.50 t/ha at Zema more yield was for the management of pea bruchid both in the obtained. field and in storage. The results indicate that integrated use of cultural practices (weeding, Screening field pea varieties against pea early harvesting and threshing), chemical spray aphid (karate) and fumigation (Aluminum At Zema. accession numbers 305-PS-210687, phosphate) reduced the pest damage in the 062K-2P-2I92, KYONDO, HI-21 and field as well as storage. Mohanderfer had the lowest aphids per plant. All of these scored less than 20 aphids/tiller in Effect of sowing dates on pea aphids on field all three counts. In 1999/2000, the same set of pea materials was tested at three locations (Zema, To determine the population dynamics of the Finote Selam and Lai Gaint). Accessions Ht-7 pest, experiments were carried out at two and Nep 874 UK had the lowest aphid locations (Adet and Zema) in northwestern population throughout the test locations. Ethiopian from 1994 and 1996. Treatments However, Accession number 305-PS-210900, were planting dates at 15-day intervals starting 061K-2 P-14/71.305-PS-210025, 305-PS- from May 17 up to 30 June,At Zema in 1994, 210572, 304 WA 1101937, KEP 103 and NUR the dates were from June 5 to July 15. 74-Bix filby had less than 20 aphids/plant. Combined ANOVA, over seasons and These accessions may be reconfirmed for their locations, showed significant effects of sowing resistance to pea aphid in the greenhouse and dates, seasons and locations. Pea aphid eventually given to the breeders. Accession population increased at Adet and decreased at numbers HI-21 and Nur 74 Bix fibly had given Zema with delay in planting. At Adet peaks of the highest grain yield. weakly counts of aphid numbers were observed in August and seasonal totals of Screening of fungicides against ascochyta aphids on individual planting dates increased blight and powdery mildew of Field pea as planting was delayed. At Zema, peaks of A total of six fungicides were screened in 1993 weekly counts of aphid numbers were and 1995 against assochyta and in 1995 observed in mid July (1996), late Agust and against powdery mildew on the variety early September (1995) and mid September Mohanderfer. Only Bravocarb was found to be (1994); peas planted on June 16 gave the better in controlling ascochyta blight compared lowest seasonal totals of aphids. Natural to all other fungicides. enemies (predators and parasitoids) appeared

66 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER ______25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Table 3.24 Agronomic and morphological caracteristics of the released field pea varieties by Adet Agricultural research Center in 1997 Altitude range/ Rainfall Days to Seed Flower Productivity Varieties adaptation area (m maturity color color Research Farmers' a.s.l.) field field Adet 1 1800-2300 700-900 114 White White 25-33 Sefinesh 1800-2300 700-900 117 White White 25-33

By spraying Bravocarb, it was possible to obtain 42% more grain yield in 1993 and 75% Demonstration of Aphid control on field pea in 1995. This advantage was obtained with its suppression effect on powdery mildew. This In Yilmana Densa and Mota revealed that the disease has some contribution Demonstration of one application of for yield reduction of the crop and these Primophos methyl 50% E.C at 250 g a.i./ha fungicides may be included in integrated was done on a total of nine farmers’ fields in disease management programs if durable Yilmana Densa and Mota areas in 1992/93 and resistant genotypes are not identified. 1993/95. In all sites and across years the Chlorthalonil, Benomyl, prochloraz, Bravocarb improved package of aphid control marginally and Bayleton were effective. But their yield outyielded the fanners’ method (untreated advantage was not statistically significant over plot). The overall grand mean grain yield for the check. the improved and farmers’ method were 19.7 and 14.9 q/ha in 1992/93 and 11.5 and 9.6 q/ha, in 1993/95. The Marginal Rate of Return Technology' transfer (MRR) to investment in the improved production package was about 2808% in Adet-1 and Sefinesh 1992/93. Application of the chemical only once during the growing period of the crop In Yilmana Densa, Fogrera and Huletiju could not protect the crop completely. Further Enesse verification of the frequency and time of Adet-1 and Sefinesh field pea varieties with application is needed. their recommended package of production were demonstrated on six farmers’ fields in Yilmana Densa, Fogera and Huletiju Enesse Chickpea areas. In all the locations the improved varieties (Adet-1 and Sefinesh) with their Variety development production package showed higher mean grain In collaboration with the national research yield than the local variety with fanners’ system, variety verification trials were practice. The yield of the local variety with conducted and two chickpea varieties, i.e., fanners’ practice ranged from 11.2-18.3 and Chefa and Habru, were released. 15.6-19.3 q/ha, respectively. Farmers who participated in the field day strongly Crop agronomy commented that the recommended seed rate of 150 kg/ha is very high. Of course, some Planting time: Optimum planting dates ranged fanners suggested that this rate might be good from mid to late September on Vertisols of Adet for relatively poor land. Therefore, agronomic and Fogera. A yield advantage of 9.3 q over studies aimed at determining optimum seed early and 8 q over late planting was recorded. rate need to be considered in the future. ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25• YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Cropping system: Growing of chickpea as a with baiting have shown higher yield but also second crop after wheat on Vertisols of Adet high infestation; plots sprayed during planting area (using BBF) was advantageous as had less percent plant damage than seed compared to chickpea growing as a single crop dressing and baiting. Seed dressing and after fallow, especially if rainfall is well spraying on the soil during planting had distributed over six months (May to November). significantly less damage levels (p<0 .01) in 1997/98. Although not significant, the trend was the same in 1995. There was no Crop protection significant yield difference between the varieties Marye and the local mainly due to Screening of Chickpea genotypes for theft during the green stage. There was no resistance to African bollworm significant difference between treatments in Seventy-eight chickpea genotypes were tested larval count and percent number of plants with for their resistance to African bollworm at cutworm damage in 1999/2000 (p<0.05). Woreta in 1994-95 cropping Seasons. About However, spraying the insecticide on the soil 50 of them showed less than 6% pod damage. at planting time gave the lowest larval count, The best four genotypes with less than 1% pod number of plants with cutworm damage but damage include 1CCL 981/83-DZ/2-1. 1C second in grain yield. In conclusion, spraying 7958/83-DZ/l-l, 1CC-788I/82-DZ/4, 1CC- the insecticide at planting is suggested to be 84204. The most heavly attacked cultivar was useful for cutworm control. ILC-2876 at 22% pod damage. The improved cultivar, Marye, was close to the four best ones Effect of sowing date for the management of with only 1.4% pod damage. wilt/root rot in chickpea To identify appropriate sowing date for the Effect of insecticides and sowing dates on management of wiit'root rot problem, different African bollworm (ABW) (Helicoverpa sow ing dates, i.e., August 17, September 1 and armigera) on Chickpea 16, October 1,15 and 30 in 1993 and August A study on the effect of insecticides and 17, 31, September 14, 28, October 12 and 26, sowing dates on ABW on chickpea was carried 1994, were compared using three varieties out at Woreta from 1992 to 1993. The results (Marye-Improved, JG=62- susceptible and indicate that sowing dates did not vary in pod Adet local). All planting dates resulted in damage but did so in grain yield. Insecticide 100% plant mortality on the varieties, JG-62 treated plots had lower number of ABW and Adet local in both cropping seasons. damaged pods than untreated ones. Treated Variety Marye planted on October 30, 1993 plots had 1.7% pod damage while untreated and on September 14, 1994 showed less ones had 9.1% more damage. However, yields mortality than the other planting dates from were not different. Endosulfan and which only 14.2 and 23% crop stand was cypermethrin reduced pod damage levels harvested in both seasons, respectively. down. Relatively, these are the dates less favorable to wilt root rot, although they are not similar due Effect of application methods of heptachlor to the enatic nature of rainfall. Thus it is insecticide against cutworm (Agrotls spp) on difficult to determine appropriate sowing dates chickpea based on the two years data. This experiment was carried out on on-farm at the hot spots of Bichena and Mertule Mariam Use of antagonistic microorganisms against areas. In 1995/96, percentage damage due to Fusarium oxysporum f.ciceri cutworm generally decreased with the age of An attempt was made to collect soil samples the crop advancing. In 1996/97, there was a from wilt infested chickpea fields in Western significant difference in percent number of Amhara region and to isolate antagonistic damaged plants and grain yield: plots treated pathogens to wilt/root rot in 1993/94 and

68 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER ZS-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

1994/95 cropping seasons, isolation and because of its big pod size and it was screening o f antagonists was made. As a result consumed green. sonic promising fungi have been identified (Table 3.25). Grass pea Screening of chickpea genotypes against wilt/root rot Crop agronomy A plot of land has been made sick by wilt/root Planting date: Optimum planting dates ranged rot pathogens mainly by Fusarium oxyspanim from mid to late September on vertisols of f. cicer in 1988 and genotypes received from Adet and Fogera. PGRC/E. ICRISAT, ICARDA, and local collection were screened from WO to 1995. Seed rate: Optimum seed rales ranged from From this activity, promising genotypes have 40 to 50 kg ha' 1 been selected and submitted to breeders Ibr further evaluation. Crop protection Integrated management of wilt/root tot of chickpea Screening of grass pea varieties against pea A combination o f host resistance (ICC 12445- aphid resistant line and Adet local- susceptible About 177 grass pea genotypes were screened variety), fungicides (Benomyl and Vitavax against pea aphids at Wondata. Dahair Dar each at a rate of 3 g/kg seed) and fertilizers area. Results indicate that variation occurs (N/P?Oj at a rale of 15/40 kg/ha) were between the genotypes in their response to evaluated for their effect on will incidence. aphids. About 40 genotypes showed less titan From just one year data, the result indicates 10 aphids per five plants during each of the that resistant varieties are the best alternatives three sampling operations. These are retained among the integrated control methods. for further test in the future. Genotypes which showed less than a total of 10 aphids per plant were Acc nos. Technology evaluation 46034,46047,46048,46095,201556, 214802, 46075/l/Ad87, 46072/1/ 46076/1 /Ad 46075. Chickpea varieties: Workti. marye (standard 201545. 226007, 46098. NC 8a-84. The check), akaki and local varieties were verified maximum number of aphids per plant was at Dabay-Tilat-Gin, Enemay and She be I recorded from the variety PGRC/E acc no. Be rent a woredas. Farmers preferred worku and 46064 that had 107 aphids per five plains. The mariye Ibr their big seed si«? and good market Wondata local suffered heavy damage, demand. Thieves and passers by liked worku

T able 3.25 List of antagonistic fungi against Fusarimn oxvsporum /. ciceri in 1993 and 1994 ______' Location_____ Antagonistic fungus______Wondata Trichodema sp. (Trichodenmi hctrzianum) Debre Mewi Pmicillium sp. (grayish) Adet Penicillin/)! sp. (grayish) Bichena PenkiUium sp, (grayish) Motta Penicillium sp. Libo PaiiciKiimi sp. (deep green) Debre Tabor Unde fined fungus ______ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Determination of the* ertieal time of of pea aphid. Hot pepper juice was found most insecticide application against pea aphid effective for the management of the pesi. Its (Acyrtlwsiphon pi stint \,.j on gras:, pea rate and frequency o f spray were also (Lafhyrus sativum) evaluated fhe sprav o f the extracted juice Primicarb was sprayed ai various crop growth three times, i.e.. at vegetative, flowering and stages in order to determine the critical stage pod Setting stages showed good result in terms of crop growth, i.e., when ihe insecticide is of plant growth and % igor and grain y ield effective and economical to spra> rhese include various combinations of the seedling stage, pre-flowering stage, early (lowering 3.3.2 Oil seed crops stage and pod setting stages and pirimicarb treated and untreated checks. Noug

The experiment was done for four years from \n rietv development 19% to 2000 I he infestation pattern \aried On-farm performance evaluation of noug from year to year It was highest in 1998 99 varieties tested at Adel. Andassa. l-inotc and lowest in 19992000. The least aphid Selam. \ 1eraw i and W oreta indicated, variety population was obtained from plots kept clean kuyu which ha1* got 25.32% yield advantage of aphids by spraying at all crop flowering over the local is recommended for Adet The stages. Applications at the seedling and pod local check which performs belter than any of setting >tagc> did not reduce pest populations. the other varieties is recommended for The level o f aphid population per tiller steadily Andassa. Merawi and woreta. Variety fogera increased as the crop continued to grow which has got 39.82% yield advantage over the However, the increase in aphid population local is recommended for Finote Selam. trom flowering to pod setting was enormous and sudden which was about ten-fold as compared to the one at early flowering Crop agronumv

The grain yield seems to associate less with Sowing date: At Adet. late June to mid July pest population. However, year-by-year (late planting) was optimum planting time (5.~ interpretation shows some relation with pest q ha. with 33.4% or 1.43 q yield increase over condition. In 1998 99. the highest yield was early planting) obtained from the clean check followed b\ plots treated at flowering stage. This agrees Weeds: High incidence and prevalence of with the pest condition. In 1999 2000. the Ciiscuici was onseved in noug. In Fogera. situation was somewhat different The highest incidence was 90% . in Dera 90%. in Bahir Dar yield was obtained from plots treated at pod 70%. in Achefer 35% and Mecha 7%. setting and seedling stages. Phis might be Prevalence was 86% in Fogera. 90% in Dera. caused by problems of stand establishment 60% in Bahir Dar. 31% in Achefer and 26% in Heavy waiei logging caused some plants to die Mecha Seed contamination bv Cuscuta was on some plots. This creates problem to also high on noug seed. According to the survey determine the effect of aphids on yield. In report of 1993. seed contamination was 33% in conclusion, it is advisable to >pray insecticides Bahir Dar and 16.7% in Fogera. against pea aphids on gras> pea at pre (lowering and flowering stages. Cropping system: Monocropping is the grow ing of the same crop type from y ear to y ear. Management of pea aphid on grass pea Grain yield declined as a result of mono- Different botanical extracts, kerosene and cropting. detergents were evaluated for the management

70 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Compared to the initial y car. under date I he peak foliage damage was recorded ai monocropping yields decline 55-66' . on red and the last week of August after which it declined 34-63% on black soils. throughout Lstimated leaf area damage ranged between 23% and 45% and the highest one Fertilizer response: The response u> fertilizer was recorded on July 14 planted plants. application was not significant Sow ing the crop at about the beginning of June at Adel has proved to be an advantage to reduce the pest attack and at the same time Crop protection increase grain y ield.v

Population Dynamics of lchneumoid Chemical control of noug leafminer on noug parasitoid on leaf miner of noug In 1993 croping season, cypermenthrin. In 1998’90. the number of mines and percent fenitrothion. pirimiphos-methyl (aclellici and leaf area damage to noug steadily increased endosulfan were tested against leafminer on during the season. Larval numbers increased noug In 1993. there was a highly significant only up to ihe 4J' sampling. Generally, the difference in percent leaflet damage between miner population increased as the season ireaied and untreated plots but not in grain advanced, l arval count, number of mines and yield However, a yield loss ranging from 5% lea! area damage all increased until the 4,: to 20% has been calculated between treated planting, it declined at the last planting boih and untreated plots. years H 998/99 and 1999 2000) 1 arlC J im­ planting is recommended for low leaf miner damage, fhc parasitoid population was low in Technology evaluation 1998/99. In 1999 2000. parasitoid tended to increase with delay in planting although not On-farm evaluation of noug varieties significant. The number of parasitoids Noug varieties such, as PGRC 1-0 55 9. followed tiie pattern observed on larvai count, sendafa. PGRC 1.-0 55 8 and local were i e. and increasing larval cv>unt were associated verified. The variable cos'o of researcher w ith increasing parasitoid numbers and v ice managed plots ranged from 145 to 592 Birr'ha versa, Parasitoid population is lower than and farmer managed treatments from 24 to 28 larval population Number of mines also Birr/ha. fhc local variet) gave the highest net followed ihe pattern observed by larval count. benefit under researcher management, Leaf area damage increased to the highest providing an additional net benefit of 65 points one week alter the highest peaks of Birr ha relative to farmers practice, i.e.. local number of mines and larval counts. This shows variety under farmer's management Marginal that leaf area damage cannot be high analysis showed that application of 23 23 simultaneously with larval count and number kg'ha \ P:0 ; and twice hand weeding was not o f mines. Some lag time is indispensable. profitable

Effect of sowing dates on noug leal" miner on nou« Linseed In an experiment carried out to determine the effect of sowing dates against noug ieaf miner Variety development on noug. infestations varied from year to year (maximum leaflet damage of ] I % in !994 and Gergera (R7-20D) 35% in 1995). As the ev idence from 1993 up to I lie linseed variety name Geragra is named 1996 shows, the leaf miner populations and after a small town around Adet area, Ihe infestations reach maximum levels every other variety was released in 1999 00 for Adet. year During all seasons, leaflet damage by the Merawi. Dabat and similar areas of the region leaf miner steadily and significantly increased, with altitudes ranging from 2200 to 2SO0 while vields decreased, with delav in sow ini: m a.s.I and annual rainfall above 500 mm ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Under good management, it gives more than Technology evaluation nine c'ha and it is moderatel} tolerant resistant to w ilt and powdery mildew diseases. 1 he crop On-farm ev aluation of linseed varieties matures within 146 day* from planting. Its In I ‘>88 89 linseed varieties C 1.-1652. Cl flowers are lighi blue and the seed is light 1525. Concurrent, victory, and local variety brow n. It grows as high as 86 cm were verified at Mecha area (Bachma and Kudmi). Statistically no significant yield differences were detected between the tour Crop agronomy improved linseed verieties and the local check. The effect of management on the grain yield of Sowing dale: F.arly 10 late June alter the onset verieties was not significant (P>0.i). However, of steads rains. is the optimum sow ing date for fanners are interested in C l-1652 and CI-1525 lin>ceJ production on nitosols of northwestern due to their big seed size and potential for Ethiopia. A yield increase of 3.5 q was suppressing weeds. obtained over late planting

Production packages: Generally, seed bed Technology transfer preparation twice, seed rate of 40-50 kg ha. seeds covered using local plow and hand CI-1525 weeding once (at the critical stage of crop-weed competition) or twice weeding (the second In Huletiju-Enesse. Bahir DarZuria, Mecha weeding done before crop flowering) were the and Achefer optimum combinations for iinseed production at The improved linseed variety C'l-1525 was Adet and similar agroecologies demonstrated with its production package on eight farmers in 1992 93 and five farmers in 1993 '94 in Huletiju-Enesse. Bahir Dar /uria. Crop protection Mecha and Achefer woredas. In all sites the improved production package showed a higher Screening of fungicides for the control of yield. In 1992 93. the average mean grain yield powdery mildew of linseed of the improved variety (C l-1525) was 4.9 and About si\ fungicides were evaluated to control the localjcultivar was 3.8 q/ha. In 1993/94. the powdery mildew of linseed of which yield of the improved variety was 6.6 and the chlorothalonil. benomyl prochlora/. bravocarb local 4 q ha I he Marginal Rate o f Return and bayleton were effective However, only i MRR) to investment in the improved benomyl and barvaocarb gave statistically production package was about 44% in both significant yield difference over the check. years Other fungicides also suppress the disease, but they did not give significant yield advantage as compared to the check. Gomen£er Variety development Screening of linseed genotypes for the control of pow dery mildew of linseed Muger (PRGC/E 201)21) Some genotypes were evaluated against Muger variety was released in 2002 for Adet. powdery mildew of linseed and promising Debre labor. lenote Selam. Motta and similar genotypes have been selected In general, the env ir.'nments of the region with altitudes result of the experiment indicated that since ranging from 2000-2600 m.a.s.l and annual the genetic diversity of the crop is broad in the rainfall of above 600 mm. Under good country. the chance to select resistant genotype management, it gives more than 15 q/ha. The is w ide. crop matures hin 161 days after planting. Us flowers are yellow and the seed is dark brown. It can grow as high as 193 cm: leaf

72 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

arrangement/growth habit of the crop is erect is used in oleochemical industry, in the and laterally branched with equal size. formulation of additives, coatings, epoxy resins, lubricants “and lubricant additives, Tul (PGRC/F. 21163) sealants, toughened elastomers, and other Tul variety was released in 2002 for Adet, industrial raw materials. Vernolic acid is a Debre Tabor, Fenote Selam, Motta and similar naturally occurring cpoxidized fatty acid with environments of the region with the altitudes unique physical properties, particularly low ranging from 2000 to 2600 m.a.s.l and annual viscosity which may replace the chemically rainfall of above 600 mm. Under good epoxidized soybean/linseed oil. The defatted management, it gives more than 15.4 q/ha and meal could be used as animal feed, and the under fanners; management, 15.2 q/ha was plant can be grown in agroforestry systems obtained. . The crop matures within 152 days because of its tolerance to shade. Various pans from planting. Its flowers are yellow and the of the plant can be used as medicine to treat a seed is dark brown. It grows as high as 172 variety of diseases. V galamensis is a major cm. Leaf arrangement/growth habit of the crop source of natural vernolic acid. Agronomic is erect and laterally branched with equal size. data in Ethiopia show that the plant requires a well-drained red soil (Nitosols). So far efforts have been made in Ethiopia to explore, collect, Crop agronomy and evaluate diverse germplasm source of V. galamensis for high yield, oil and vernolic acid Cropping system: Compared to the initial year, content. under monocropping yields declined 40-88% on red and 50-100% on black soils. The variety Boke Kuni was released in 2005 for Zema, Finote Selam. Merawi and Sirinka Fertilizer Response: Gomenzer significanly and similar environments of the region with responsed to phosphorus fertilizer application. the altitude range of 1800-1900 m.a.s.l and annual rainfall of above 500 mm in the Seed rate and leaf toping: Non-topped growing season. Under good management, it gomenzer gave the highest grain yield and gives more than 653.1 kg/ha and the oil outyielded topped ones by a minimum of 235 content of the variety is 38%. The crop kg/ha. If the objective is for higher oil matures within 183 days from planting. Its production, gomenzer should be planted at a seed is black. It grows as high as 172cm with seed rate of 8 kg/ha and leaf topping must be an indeterminate growth habit. avoided. If the objective of gomenzer production is for grain as well as for leaf yields, planting gomenzer at a seed rate of 10 kg/ha and topping 3.4 Basic and pre-basic seed multiplication it 40 days after emergence is the recommended. The center multiplies and supplies improved technologies to technology multipliers. Over Vernonia the past two and half decades, different basic and pre basic crop varieties have been Variety development multiplied and distributed to different stakeholders (seed enterprise, Bureau of Variety : Boke Kuni AD-01-04 (Acc # 7) Agriculture, different NGOs) and directly to Vernonia galamensis spp. galamensis var. farmers. A total of 1197.8 tons of seeds were ethiopica is a new industrial crop originating distributed; 88 varieties belonging to 18 crops in Ethiopia, which combines merits for were multiplied and given to different semiarid tropics and subtropics of abundant stakeholders who themselves multiply the rainfall. The seed of V.galamensis contains 35- seeds for further dissimination (Table 3.26). 40% oil with 72-80% vernolic acid (12,13- epoxy-18: 1A 9), a natural epoxy fatty acid. It

73 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

The following crops and their varieties were Sc nan i. finger millet (KNF.-1098 and K.M.- mulplied bread wheat (Enkoy Gara. Dashen. 409). maizc(Bt 1-660. BH-540 and Kuleni). Et-13. HAR-16. MAR-407. HAR-17Q9. HAR- jilC (>erica-4 . faba bean (CS-20-DK, Degaga 1685, IIAR-604. MAR-2536. HAR-1868. and Adel Hana). field pea(Muhanderfer. HAR-1522. MAR-1920 HAR-1’ 75. HAR- CXf)Z. Tegegnech. Scfincsh and Adet-1), 2562. HAR-1595. HAR-2508. HAR-2501, chickpcatMane. Werku, Areni and Shasho). HAR-7 10. HAR-1899, MAR-1407. HAR- haricot bean(Roba-I, M exican-142. Awash-1. 2029,Senkegna. Poven-72. Poven-76. L;-I2D- Mamo-41. Gobiravo. Zebra. Atendaba. 604. Gasav). durum wheat (D/-217S. DZ- Beshbesh. Tabor. Wolayita red. Gofta. Melkie. 2023. DZ-1666. DZ-1222). tef(DZ-196. DZ- Ayencwt. soybean (Ethio/Yogoz-80, Asrat). 99.DZ-787, DZ-354.DZ-974.DZ-358,DZ- nougdogera. 1 sue. Sendafa). linsead(CI-l522 1285.1)/-1281 ,CR-82,CR-387.Etsub), food and C l-1652). rapeseedtTawer and Yelo barley (HB-42. 3371 -03(Setegn)). malt Dedela) and pepper (Mareko Fana). barley(Misekal-21), triticale (Minet and

Crop type Variety Produced Distributed Crop type Varieties Produced Distributed (#) (tons) (tons) W (tons) (tons)

Bread w heat jp 317.7 275.9 Faba bean 3 31.2 21.5 Durumwheat 4 11.4 7.0 Field pea 5 4.3 4.3 Tef 12 528.8 465.8 Chickpea 4 156.4 137.5 n 7 Food barlev 2 9.1 5.8 1 laricot bean 13 55.3 Malt barlev 1 1.6 1.6 So>bean 1 35.0 32.5 Triticale 2 41.4 32.2 \ouu 3 108 10.1 Finger millet 2 20.0 10.5 Linseed 2 1.8 1.8 Maize 3 169.3 169.3 Raoeseed 4.5 4.5 Rice 1 10.0 10.0 1 lot pepper 1 0.4 0.3 T otal 88 1409 1197.8 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

4. Soil and Water Management Research

4.1 W ater H arvesting and drainage Ihree different pond designs were tested I) 4.1.1 Evaluation of land forming and double pond w ith surface area 15 m * 15 m. bottom cropping on Vertisols area 3 m * 3 m. side slope 3:1 and depth 2 m; Studies on the use of raised beds ibr draining 2) pond with surface area 13.12 m *13 12 m. extra moisture and practicing double cropping bottom area 3 m x 3 m. side slope 2:1 and in the waterlogged areas of the Fogera plain depth 2.53 m; and 3) pond w ith surface area !6 showed that. by draining excess moisture, it m * 16 m. bottom area 0.5 m * 0.5 m. side was possible to grow crops like wheat in the slope 4:1 and depth 2 m. The ponds had a main season and other legume crops like capacity of 186 n r. 186 m and 18’ in', chickpea and grass pea with the residual respectively. moisture in years of sufficient rainfall. However, currently growing rice on the Lined ponds with side slope of 2:1 (H:Y) and Hooded fields of the fogera plain could be 3:1 11 i V ) were found stable and effective advantageous to both of the main season and Evaporation was lower on slope 2 I ponds. residual crop produciion Ponds w ith 4 :1 slopes were found to be easy for construction and have relatively stable 4.1.2 Evaluation of different side slopes for slopes but had higher evaporation and seepage construction of runoff storage ponds There was no significant difference in the number of labor required for construction. At Adet Hence, even though construction was found Farm ponds are traditionally used in Ethiopia. somehow difficult, the pond with 2 1 slopes The major problem w ith them is loss of water were effective and stable which was because of their extreme exposure to seepage, recomended for future use. Some of the water evaporation and low structural stability management acti\ities are shown in I'ig. 4 .1.

Fig. 4.1 W ater harvesting (a), lifting (b) and drip irrigation system ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

4.2 Crop water requirement and deficit from a hectare of potato covered land. The irrigation water productivity (43.8 kg/mm), dry matter content (22%) and the yield loss (19.7%) 4.2.1 Evaluation of effect of alternate values are also acceptable. Therefore, 60% furrow irrigation on yield and water deficit irrigation at crop development stage use efficiency on potato (day 25 to 55 which is about one month) could be safely used to produce potato near Adet and This experiment was conducted to assess the in areas having similar agro-ecologies. extent of water saving, find-out the effect of different furrow irrigation water application 4.2.3 Estimation of Main Season Crop methods and determine the water use Water Requirement of Major Crops for efficiency. In this experiment, as compared to the Western Amhara Region the control (i.e. conventional furrow irrigation Meteorological data were collected from five (CF1) with 100% irrigation requirement level), meteorological stations of the Western Amhara partial root zone drying (PRD) treated potato region. Crops were selected for each with half (50% irrigation requirement level) meteorological station for the estimation of the resulted in 41,7% water saving, in terms of Crop Water Requirements (CWR) and for the dry matter and the maximum dry matter Irrigation Requirement. From the result it was contcnt was obtained with fully irrigated PRD concluded that most crops in Western Amhara treated potato plots. Again, half treated PRD Region require additional water (supplemental potato plots also maintained almost the same irrigation) during the main cropping season. At dry matter content as the control. In addition, Dangila, potato and maize area can be grown the WUE showed an increase from 4.2 kg/m3 nearly in the absence of supplementary to 5.4 kg/m3 which is about 31% irrigation. One can use this result for further improvement. Therefore, PRD may help research where crop water requirement is maximize efficient utilization of water needed as a main component. especially in arid and semi-arid areas and in the water harvesting schems. Moreover, to maximize the utilization of the existing 4.3 Documentation of traditional potentials of PRD, further research on broader practices range and variety of horticultural crops at different locations is needed. 4.3.1 Analytical Documentation of Successful Traditional Practices and 4.2.2 Evaluation of regulated deficit Farmer Innovations in Agricultural Water irrigation using furrow method on the vield Management in the Amhara Region of potato In most areas of West Amhara Region, farmers Crops are more sensitive to deficit of water have had long years of experiencwater in during emergence, flowering and early grain management schemes. Some have practiced filling than at the time of crop development irrigations for the last 400 years. PRA and later growth stages. The result of this discussion at Askuna Abo kebele, Buchiksi experiment goes in line with the above fact. It revealed that irrigation schemes were is evident that with 60% deficit irrigation at constructed during the time of Ahmed Gragn. crop development stage, the crop used only Fanners have developed long experience in 375 mm net irrigation water whereas no deficit irrigation in these areas, Through experience, used 426 mm of net irrigation water during the they have developed techniques for how and growing season. This implies that, 51 mm where to divert the water (Fig. 4.2). irrigation water which is about 12% of the total net irrigation could be saved without Very important innovation is the use of significant potato yield reduction at Adet. This “genda” (which is a traditional wooden or iron in turn is equivalent to saving 510 m ’ of water sheet gutter like conveyance system to pass

76 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT water across obstacles such a> gullies, roads, water where they want. Regarding water etc. (Fig. 4 2) Another important practice is administration and equitable use. the allocation conveying water in a difficult topograph) is made based on either land size or crop type I hey follow exactly the contour and divert the or time

Fi

control in the first year when NP fertilizers 4.4 Soil Fertility Management Research were applied at the rate of 23 20 kg ha N P 0.

4.4.1 Soil microbiology Chickpea Application of NP fertilizers did not Studies on nodulation patterns of legume significantly affect the yield. Therefore, further crops investigation is required to draw a conclusion Preliminary survey on the nodulation pattern on the need for inoculation. of the various food legumes carried out at selected locations of northwestern Ethiopia Field pea indicated that field pea showed better Nodulation pattern seemed to decrease with nodulation followed by grass pea. Poor increasing rates of N fertilizer application In symbiotic associations in all ihe nodulation contrast, progressive developments in all the \ariables were observed in lentil. Generally patterns were obtained as P was applied. none of the nodulation patterns were found Nitrogen, despite its enhancing effect on yield, impressive in all locations and crops l'he depressed the nodulations patterns of field pea results are by far lower than the values at all ihe locations. reported b> man> authors for the same crops Inoculation needs were assessed for faba bean, G rass pea chickpea, field pea and grass pea. The response of grass pea to NP nutrients at Bichena was less reliable and inconsistent At Faba bean Woreta. both yield and nodulation patterns of Application of NP fertiliser did not grass pea increased when N wa^ applied at a significantly affect nodulation in faba bean rate of 60 kg ha. At Bichena. NP nutrients did However, grain yield was significantly not improve both yield and nodulation increased (P<0.05) as the fertilizers increased patterns Since grass pea is a crop produced on l’he response of faba bean, especially, to N residual moisture on Vertisoils, it needs further fertilizer is an indication of the existing investigation on the effect of the environment rhizobiai strains to sufficiently supply N to the on fertilizer response of the crop. crop, file gain yield was about double the

77 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Inoculation studies 4.4.2 Inorganic fertilizers

Feba bean ( Viciu fubu var. CS-20 l)k) Phosphorus calibration on Bread \\ heat The use of \ fertilizer at a rate of 60 kg N ha seriously affected the growth and development A phosphorus calibration study was of the nodules at Adel and Mota N application undertaken both on black and red soils for two increased yields because existing rhi/.obial years. Generally, in this experiment, the effect strains did not satisfy the N needs of the crop of applied phosphate on available soil P Though there appeared to he no significant revealed lhat there was a direct relationship interaction between strains and P. very -.light yield increments were observed due to P over between applied P and soil P in all the two the use of nitrogen. methods o f extraction (Olsen and Baray II) I he response to an increased application of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. v ar. M a n e) phosphate would be associated w ith an There were significant differences (P<0.05) improvement in the uptake of P that could among the rhizobial strains in which the account for the increase in yield. It is also Ethiopia Agricultural Legume strains (EAL.) necessary to determine the economic optimum and the local strains were better in noduiation patterns than the Tropical Agricultural l egume fertilizer rates for both soils. strains (TAL). Phosphorus has shown an enhancing effect on the noduiation Response of Maize. Malt Barley and development, while \ had a depressing effect Tomato to Potassium L nder all locations and test crops, there was a Field response of phosphate solublising good response for potassium though no! fungus {Aspergillus spp.) on "heat significantly. For instance, the minimum prod uction cumulative tomato yield (26913 and 20773 1 hough it was not statistically significant, kgha for firsl and second year respectively) application of a phosphate solubliing fungus was recorded from the control (0 kg ha K O ) IAspergillus spp.) gave a grain yield increase while the maximum (29333 and 23580 kgha of 3.21 q ha over the control variant and was for first and second year respectively) was found to be even better than applying 20 kg/ha recorded from the maximum potassium rale of P:0s on black soils at Adel. However, on red 100 kg ha K:0 Because the yield increment to soils, no clear evidence could be seen about the addition of potassium fertilizer is not the effect of the inoculum significantly higher than from the control, addition of potassium fertilizer may not be Effect of Bradyrhizobium laponieum (TAL adv i sable 3'79) on noduiation and grain yield of Soy bean Soil Test Based N and P Fertilizer Rate The overall result indicates that the strain Recommendations of Maize for (TAL 379) has good effect on noduiation and West Amhara grain yield of soybean. Therefore, to nodulate Results of the two-year (24 locations) and fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce high experiments indicated thal the tested methods grain yield, the soyabean seed should be give reliable availability indices. Hence, from inoculated with the Bradyrhizobium japonicum the two-year data the equations developed for (TAL 379). estimating \ fertilizer requirements of maize were: a) lo g (1 0 0 -y ) = 2 - 0 1343/> - 0.00641.V for organic matter and b) log(100 - y ) = 2 - 2.2088/? - 0.006479a- lor total N. where y was relative yield goal, b was \ availability ;ndex expressed as percent and x

78 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

was the N fertilizer requirement. Similarly, the Decomposition Dynamics and Inorganic equations developed for estimating P fertilizer Fertilizer Equivalency Values of Compost requirements of maize from soil analysis were: Prepared from Different Plant Residues (a) log (100 - y) = 2 - 0.1468b - 0.007546x and Results of the experiment revealed that the (b) log (100 - y) = 2 - 0.1167b - 0.007546x for organic carbon content did not significantly Olsen and Bray-2 methods, respectively, vary among composting plant materials. where y was desired relative grain yield in Nevertheless, all the cereal residues contained percent; b was soil P availability index (mg kg' lower total N content than the legume residues. ); and x was P fertilizer requirement (kg ha'1). During the eight months of the composting period, organic carbon content showed a Soil K Status and K Requirement of Potato reduction trend while total N and inorganic N Growing on Different Soils of Western contents showed increasing trend. Increasing A m hara legume contents in composting materials Results of the experiment indicated that there increased yield and yield components of tef. A was no significant increase in potato tuber ratio of 75% legume and 25% cereal was number, plant height, number of main stems found to be optimal. Composting upto 7.5 per plant, potato dry matter yield due to months generally improved inorganic N increase in K fertilizer rate on Nitosols, release and yield and yield components of the Acrisols and Luvisols. However, increase in K test crop. From the experiment it was possible fertilizer rate significantly increased mean to recommend that since huge amount of tuber weight and tuber yield of potato on compost is required to satisfy' the nutrient Acrisols of Banja Woreda and improved shelf demand of crops, compost should be applied in life of potato collected from all soil types. combination with mineral fertilizers for commercial purposes. However, for small plot agriculture of Ethiopian farmers, compost 4.4.3 O rganic fertilizer remains to be very useful low cost organic fertilizer. Effect of green manuring on the soil fertility status and yield of wheat Effect of Green and Dry AzoIIa on wheat Generally, application of green manure (vetch yield and yield components and lupine) on red soils appeared to give Green azolla and dry azolla alone increased equivalent yield to combined application of 69 grain yield by 25% (385 kg) and 31% (478 kg) kg/ha N and 30 kg/ha P2O5, respectively over the control with 23 kg N ha' 1 (30.7% (470 kg)). Hence, azolla can be used as Determination of optimum rate of farmyard N source for wheat. However, since wheat is manure and mineral fertilizer for maize produced on larger plot of land and need large production amount of N, it may not be possible to satisfy Generally, application of continuous but small -its N requirement from green azolla and dry rates of FYM in combination with N/P azolla because large amount of green and dry nutrients were found to be better both from the azolla is needed per hectare. Therefore, green point of sustaining productivity of the crop and and dry azolla may be used for high value most probably of the soil resources. If manures crops (vegetables and fruits) that can be grown are to be used in combination with some part on small plots of land. of the recommended fertilizers, farmers will gel a relief from investing much of their Symbiotic Blue Green Algae (Azolla): A money on purchasing chemical fertilizers. Potential Biofertilizer for Low Land Rice Production at Fogera Plain Inoculation of Azolla filiculoides and Azolla microphylla incorporated once to soil has increased rice yield by 911 kg ha' 1 (19%) and 721 kg ha' 1 (15%) over the control,

79 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

respectively. However, there was temperature 4.4.4 Soil Characterization fluctuation and colonization of azolla roots by algae. Multiplication and maintenance of Selected chemical and physical azolla needs special attention. It also needs characteristics of soils of Adet Agricultural continuous watering to a depth of 5 -10 cm and Research Centre and its Testing Sites P fertilizer, thus, irrigation facility and From the results of the experiment, it is alternate P sources are vital. Azolla produce possible to conclude that, the soils in almost all high biomass and easy to manage and establish the sites are deficient in nitrogen and and should be used as biofertilizer for rice and phosphorus as well as in organic carbon its effect on high value and perennial crops content. The acid reaction at Injibara suggests shall be studied. that the station may not be suitable to conduct research on crops which are not acid tolerant. Adaptability of Introduced Green The Vertisols of Bichena and Woreta have Manuring Plant Species for Soil Fertility structures, which favor high water holding Replenishment capacity. Therefore, due consideration should Adaptability of 16 introduced green manuring be made in selecting crops to be tested, or plant species was seen during 2004-2005 operations that may improve soil aeration. The cropping seasons at Adet, Ayehu and Injibara. soils of Injibara have massive structure, which Based on the parameters considered, Tithonia may inhibit water infiltration. This situation divers ifolia, Tephrosia Candida, Tephrosia may cause serious water run-off and mix up vogelli, Dolichos lablab, and Crotalaria treatments. Soils with clay texture class exhibit grahamiana had high ground cover, high weed sticky and sticky/plastic consistency. The suppressing ability, and had no disease and moisture status of the soil, therefore, should be insect problem. The aforementioned species given due consideration during tillage. This is were found to be the best adaptable green especially very' important while working on manuring plants followed by Canavallia Vertisols. Phosphorus Status and Sorption ensiformis and Mucuna prunensis. Crolotaria Characteristics in general varied considerably paulina also produced high biomass and had with the land use pattern and soil reaction. good ground cover and suppressed weeds very well, but pod boring insect was observed on its 4.4.5 Soil and Water Conservation pod and hence it is not selected as green Research manuring plant until further investigation will be carried out on the entomological part. The Runoff and Soil Loss studies rest plant species were poor in establishment across all trial sites and hence, other ecologies Quantifying the Impacts of Livestock that best fit them should be identified. Trampling on Runoff, Soil Loss and Crop Yield under Traditional Teff Green Manure: an Option for Replenishing Cultivation System Soil Fertility and its Compatibility with the To justify the effects of trampling on run-off, Farming System of Gojam soil loss and crop yield, a research was An increase of 890 kg/ha grain yield over the undertaken at Adet and Debre Tabor (on usual practice of farmers was obtained using station) for four years. There was no green manure. Moreover, the technology is significant difference between treatments for very easy and cheap that farmers can easily grain yield, plant height and root depth in adopt it. Therefore, mechanisms to scale up general. However, runoff and soil loss this technology both at regional and national significantly varied between treatments. The level should be devised. highest runoff (898.1 m3 water/ha) and soil loss (3549 kg /ha) was recorded from trampled treatment while the lowest from the control (447.4 m3/ha water and 1518 kg/ha soil). Except the demand of livestock and other

80 AOET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25- YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

inputs for trampling, no reward or positive awareness and acceptance to technology by response found from trampling; rather the farmers. Awareness creation was done during loss of water and soil was very high. fhe result the inception of the work by arranging generally showed that trampling is unjustified frequent meetings especially on holidays cultural practice. finally a one-day workshop was arranged. Moreover, tour was arranged foi experience Assessment of upland erosion processes and sharing After this tour, the farmers were farmer perception of land conservation highly motivated and showed strong interest in watershed development activities. Immediately Debre-Mewi watershed, near Lake Tana. alter the tour, they organised themselves, Ethiopia elected their chairperson, secretary and cashier, I he magnitude of rill erosion in the sampled selected monthly meeting date, developed their agricultural fields at different slope positions own by-laws and started job by protecting or' the watershed was analyzed. Rates of degraded communal lands out of the reach of erosion were greater at planting (early in the people and animals. Then after, they prepared season), which became negligible in August. a field day by their own initiative (Fig. 4.3).

I his research recommends the space and time From this time on. volunteer farmers started to dependant conservation structures by join them and the number of the members identify ing the erosion risk (prone i areas of the increased to more than 200 They assess the watershed The introduced SWC technologies progress in a monthly meeting. They set up a need to be evaluated not only for their weekly market place in their v icinity, play as a technical efficacy but also for the probability model development leadership role in the of their sustainable adoption and utilization by community. From the research, they are the land users provided with improved seeds of potato, tef. wheat maize and postharvest handling 4.4.6 W atershed studies technology for potato (DLS) and technical advice based on their demand. Ihe approach followed to bring attitudinal change and win Participatory Integrated sub-watershed credibility by farmers, and the experience of development and management (Genet the farmers can be taken as a good lesson for \\ atershed) similar undertakings in the area. The criteria used for site selection were proximity, accessibility level cl degradation and need for critical intervention and level of

Field day Cheek-dam

Fig. 4.3 Area closure and plantation activity, check-dam construction effort and a field day ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

4.4.7 Wetlands Economic and environmental functions of wetlands of the Lake Tana Basin (LTB) and Inventory and characterization of potentials requirements for sustainable land and current management of wetlands in m anagem ent Amhara region W'etlands are substantial in the region. Most of Economic and ecological relevance of them are communal and are not well managed wetlands in Ethiopia have not been well by farmers. They are commonly used for recognized.Traditionally, riparian lands in cultivation and animal grazing. The common Ethiopia have been considered as problematic threats observed on wetlands because of the lands such as swap lands as a harbor to current land use and management is: frequent malaria; rivers as harboring crop pests such as occurrence of animal disease, erosion and birds and wild beasts. However, with the ever siltation increasing human population and the intensified demand for food grain, more problems. Wetlands are diminishing in area riparian lands (particularly wetlands) are put from day to day because of desiccation, under intensive agricultural use, As a result, siltation and expansion of farmlands, which the natural habitat of lakeshores, wetlands and forced some flora and fauna to disappear. riverine ecosystems have been seriously Farmers are aware of thevalue of wetlands, but damaged and their land uses permanently they have no plan for its future use. converted. Thus, it was concluded that the Interference is required for proper management sustainable management of wetlands in the and usage of the wetlands. We recommend basin was a complex combination of detailed research be conducted on the available ecological, economic and social objectives wetlands and their management options in the determined by the participation of multiple region. stakeholders in a trans-disciplinary research approach. ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

5. Forestry and Agro-forestry

5.1 Agro-forestry Researc/; [CEC (P<0.05), Mg** (PO.OOl) and Ca*‘ (PO.Ol). Differences in Corg (P< 0.001) and Screening of trees and shrubs for K+ (P<0.001)] contents were significant on Agroforestry purposes The objective was to screen adaptable, topsoil. A decreasing trend was found for multipurpose and environmentally friendly tree mean values of all soil parameters except and shrub species and establish an arboretum nitrogen with increasing distance from the tree for Gojam and Gondar areas. At all sites, base. The decline in topsoil chemical during the first six months (establishment properties was evident up to 300 cm away phase), except Leucaena leucocephala and from the tree base, indicating the potential Caliandra ealthyrsus at Injibara, of the 20 influence area of the tree. The living biomass species tested, tree lucerne (Chamaecytisus of the system (i.e., the tree) acts as a buffer or palmensis), Sesbania aculeata, Grevillea a major storage for essential nutrients and robusta, L.pallida and Cordia africana releases them slowly to increase the nutrient performed best in terms of the growth and efficiency of the system. survival rate. Tree species such as Sesbania sesban. Grevillea robusta, sesbania sesban Contribution of Croton macrostachyus to (15021) and Flemingia macrophylia are found soil fertility in maize-based agriculture of suitable for Adet area, in their order of Bure area importance. For Woreta area, Sesbania sesban, The contribution of Croton macrostachys to Sesbania sesban (15021), Sesbania aculeata, soil fertility was studied in the traditional Acacia saligna and Cajcmus cajan were the agroforestry system of the Bure area in best species. G.sepium at Adet and northwestern Ethiopia. Soil organic carbon Chamaecytisus palmensis at Wereta showed (Cor8) and total nitrogen (Nt01) concentrations the least survival rate (less than 30%). were low at the site. Available phosphorus Calliandra callothyrsus and Leucaena (Pav), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and leucocephala showed 28.5% survival rate at exchangeable cations (Mg, Ca, K, Na), Cors Injibara test site. The rest species showed and N[0t were significantly higher under the better survival rate in all sites. Some of the canopy relative to the control among distances. trees failed at Woreta trial site as time went on. Depths also significantly varied in C0fj!! Pav, This was because of the shrinking and .and exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg, Na). A expanding nature of vertisols. decreasing trend was observed for all parameters except N with increasing distance Changes in some soil chemical properties from the tree base at both soil depths. The under scattered Croton macrostachyus trees decline was evident up to 300 cm from the tree in the traditional Agroforestry system in base, indicating the potential area of influence north-western Ethiopia of the tree. The objective of this study was to generate information on soil chemical properties under The effect of different tree leaf mulch scattered Croton macrostachyus trees in the application on the yield of wheat, barley and traditional agroforestry system. Mean soil Corg maize and soil physico-chemical properties content was low at both sites. The contents of The objective of this study was to determine measured parameters were significantly the effect of different tree leaf mulches on the influenced by distance at both soil depths yield of wheat, barley and maize and soil

83 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT physico-chemical properties. Trees for test pruned tree condition there was an increase in were Croton macrostachyus, Sesbania sesban the average grain yield of finger millet with and Chamaecytisus palmensis. Treatments increasing distance from the tree base. In the were one ton, 1.5 ton, 2 ton, recommended case of tef, increasing trend in yield with fertilizer rate, one ton + half recommended increasing distance was observed only under fertilizer, 1.5 ton + half recommended fertilizer the pruned trees. Under both management and 2 ton + half recommended fertilizer rate. conditions, barley yield did not show clear and The result showed that there was no significant consistent increasing of decreasing trends as effect of tree, mulch rates and interaction of distance increases from the tree base towards tree and mulch rate on the grain yield of all the open area. Further study is recommended crops. All crops have highest yield as the sole to understand the trend or pattern of yield mulch increase, except Sesbania sesban on under this species. maize and Chamaecytisus palmensis on barley. Lowest rates of mulch on barley and maize provide better grain yield than highest rates. 5.2 Forestry Research C.macrostchyus and S.sesban mulch rates had significantly affected grain yield of wheat. The Evaluation of Different Perennial Grass recommended fertilizer rate provide better species for Guliy Stabilization and its yield than the other treatments. As the rate of adaptability mulch combined with half recommended Three promising perennial grass species were fertilizer gave better yield. tested in 1996/97 on free grazed gullies. Results showed that Vetveria zizaniodes Maize: The effect of tree leaves and twigs as established well in the gully, i.e., 60.1% and mulches on growth and grain yield of maize Phalaris aroundinaceae 57.3%. V. zizanoides was evaluated in 1998-2000 cropping season. is the most important gully stabilizing grass. Pruning from Croton macrostachyus. Sesbania Once established, the seedlings have good sesban Chamaecytus palmensis gained 1 t/ha rooting ability and the leaves are strong when applied as mulches with half enough to overcome damage by stray (free recommended fertilizer. grazing) animals. Farmers also reported that this plant keeps rats away because the leaves Wheat: the yield showed plus 1 ton/ha of possess sharp edges. In the open grazed gully either of the tree leaves (Croton, Sesbania or Pennisetum purpureum and Phalaries tree lucerne,) mulched and incorporated with aroundunace showed poor survival rate, that half of recommended NP nutrients. All the the reason was that the two grass species are trees were similar in their quality. highly palatable to animals and they are repeatedly topped. However, in protected Barley: mulching by Sesbania leaves gullies. Pennisetum purpureum is performing significantly increased the growth and straw better than other grasses that were included in yield of barley. Mulching the minimum rate of the study. Sesbania leaves, i.e., 1 ton/ha+50/37.5 kg N/P2O5 gave significantly higher yields than Evaluation of Different Multipurpose tree the other rates. specks (MPTS) for gully stabilization Six multi-purpose tree species were evaluated Evaluation of barley, finger millet and tef for gully stabilization and biomass yield yields under scattered Croton marcostachys production at Adet. From the tested MPTS, tree shade in the traditional agroforerty Sesbania sesban performed best in all the system parameters. The survival rate was 99%, and Differences in the grain yields of barley and tef grew a plant height of 78.67 cm per year. A. between the two tree management conditions abyssimca was the second with the survival (pruned and not pruned) and amongst distance rate of 98%. However, the growth was poor as were not significant. Under pruned and un­ compared to others. Cajanus cajan stood

84 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT second in plant height with very good growth Investigation of rates of closed area habit, established at a rate of 63%. In regeneration with and without water conclusion, S. sesban is the best multi-purpose harvesting techniques in drought prone tree species for gully rehabilitation. area of the Amhara region in Simada W oreda Evaluation of different small water The objectives were to determine the rate of harvesting techniques in improving the regeneration of tree, shrub and grass species in survival rate of tree seedlings in Simada different area closure systems. Treatments W oreda were closure without water harvesting and The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of enrichment (control) (Tl), closure with water different water harvesting techniques to harvesting but without enrichment (T2), increase the survival rates of tree seedlings in closure without water harvesting but with Simada Woreda. The treatments were half­ enrichment (T3), closure with water harvesting moon (micro-basin), eyebrow basin, water and enrichment (T4), closure immediately after collection trenches, and control. The species burning without water harvesting and under test were Acacia saligna, Cordia enrichment (T5). The result showed that africana and Croton macrostachyus. closure immediately after burning without Maximum survival rate was achieved by A. water harvesting and enrichment has a better saligna on the eyebrow, which is 90.7%. The potential to encourage the regeneration of survival rate of this species in different water tree/shrub or grass/herb species. This may be harvesting was 90.7%, 77.7%, 62% and 28.3% due to the breakdown of dormancy of seeds of on eyebrow, micro-basin, trench and control, the species by heat. Closure with water respectively. C. macrostachyus resulted in a harvesting but without enrichment and closure survival rate of 48.3%, 43.7% and nil on without water harvesting but with enrichment micro-basin, eyebrow and control, showed a comparative economic advantage in respectively. C. africana has a survival rate of biomass production. Closure immediately after 10.7%, 2.3%, 1.7% and nil on trench, micro­ burning gives better result in biomass basin, eyebrow and control, respectively. production 2000 kg/ha in the first year. Therefore, A. saligna performed well in its According to the result of the trial Tinjut, survival with the help of eyebrow. Embacho and Kitkita are the most pioneer tree/shrub species in area closure. Gaja, Serdo The structures collected runoff and soil and Senbelet also among the grass species sediment at the end of each rainy season. A. invade the area prior to other species in all saligna has a better survival rate on the treatments. According to studies of Tesfaye eyebrow, but the two indigenous species, C. Bekele (1999) and Mengistu Tefera (2001) africana and C. macrostachyus have benefited Kitkita (Dodonea angustifolia) is known to be from trenches as compared to the structures famous pioneer species, which was the used in the trail. The overall result showed that •dominant species in area closures. Kitkita all species performed low on the control {Dodonea angustifolia) proved to be the (without water harvesting structures) in all the pioneer species in such highly degraded areas. parameters. Using water harvesting structures It is concluded that for marginal and at planting time improves the survival rate by unproductive land, enclosure is the rapid and three-fold and growth performance of cost effective method to rehabilitate the area. seedlings 1.5-2 fold. The area was rehabilitated The integration of water harvesting techniques and new species emerged. (trenches) reduce soil erosion and the structures trap soil and collect runoff and can be used in highly degraded lands. Area closure increases the biodiversity mainly area closure measurement. Burning without water harvesting and without enrichment can be used

85 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT for grasses to regenerate and are practical to shade purpose, in-situ conservation is apply in steep slopes. suggested as short term solution to save economically, socially and ecologically Study On Ethnobotany of The Natural important species. Adiarkay is potentially rich Forest of Adiarkay Woreda (District): in wild edible plants, which can gaurantee food Three Selected Kebeles (Ber Mariam, security in drought prone areas. Therefore, Mekana Zetegn Chika and Ziwa) potential edible plants have to be identified The objective was to study on ethnobotany of and domesticated to contribute to human the natural forest of selected kebeles of nutrition. Adiarekay district. Three kebeles were selected for the study namely: Ber Mariam, Mekana Collection, Establishment and Maintenance Zetegn Chika and Ziwa. Biodiversity at of Trees and Shrubs in the Arboretum for Adiarekay is threatened by slash and bum Western Amhara Region agriculture. The result showed that different The Arboretum was established in 2003 at wild plants are used for medicine, fruits, and Avehu, Awi zone. Some 18 indigenous trees forage spccies. Most were were indigenous and shrubs, and 22 exotic trees and shrubs and woody growth habit. Farmers also were established. The remaining four are indicated that there are environmental herbaceous species. The species were: indicator species (tree, shrub, and herbaceous) Hagenia abyssinica, Juniperous procera. that are specifically associated with a Grevillea robusta. Casuarina equestifolia. particular area such as underground water, Acacia saligna. Do\yalis caffra, Jacarcmda degraded land, rivers, and fertile land. Ahuma- mimosifolia, Teclea nobilis, Cupressus indicated degraded land, atat -highly degraded lusitanica, Crotolaria mildraedii, Hypericum land, azamir-fznik land for crop production, revolutum. Olea species, Maesa lanceolata, banbuledie- water land or rivers, dokima - Croton macrostachyus. Acacia lahai, Apodytes water or small streams, gava- indicator of dimtdata, Acacia abyssinica, Pittospurum unproductive area, /nmse-degraded land, vindiflora, Dobyalis abyssinica, Aechynomene kachena-fertile land for crop production, abyssinica, Argyrolobium schimeriana, ///jaw-indicated river or water, metelem Papaya carica, Chamaesytisus palmensis, showed the land is out of production, serkin- Acacia melanoxlon, Rubus steudineri, showed the existence of water, s/io/a-water, Erythrina species, Millettia ferruginea, Albizia fertile land, j/iurene-fertile land for crop lebbek. Carisa edulis, Ekebergia capensis, production, wanza- indicated fertile land, - Cordia africana, Schinus molle, Acacia war/rtf-water, fertile land, yeset kesil- infertile .decurrens, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus land which is unable to grow annual crops. citordora, Spathodia nilotica, Meia azadrach, Psidlum gujava, Populus species, Acacia Major needs of women from forest products saligna, Mangifera indica, Calliandra were fuelwood, flavouring (local beer and milk calothyrsus, Sesbania sesban, Eucalyptus storage), and occasionally edible fruits. Men camaldulensis and etc. need farm implements, construction materials, walking stick and sometimes selling wood as The highest performing species, Grevillea an income source. Children needed edible robusta, grows 719 cm over four and half fruits during herding cattle and walking sticks. years. The average growth rate was 159.8 cm The edible fruits locally known as gava and year'. Among the survived species serkin are the most appreciated species, Chamaecytisus palmensis ed performed however, humer, enkoy, agam, dokma, wanza, poorly, i.e., 435 cm in four and half years (96.7 sholla and kumel possess edible fruits. Ficus cm yr-1). However, overall Dovyalis caffra, vasia, Ficus thonningi, Ficus sur and Cordia Teclea nobilis, and Acacia melanoxlon did not africana are important species for cultural survive. Primus africana, Annona meetings specially for religious purposes, for senegalensis, Ficus sur and other species were appointments of some agreements and for introduced after a year of establishment. The

86 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT arboretum is still maintained at Ayehu trial and not economical to produce silk per small site. It can be used as seed source, reference unit of land. The shortcoming of the project is for plant taxonomy and secure individual lack of pure parental line of silkworm to species. Further expansion of the arboretum compile and analyze with their food and care is recommended to save species from requirement. Further attempt has to be carried danger and to use as seed orchard for future out to get pure line of silkworm to provide full forest development. package of technology.

Adaptation trial of mulberry to sericulture Effects of land-use changes on the technology properties of a Nitisoi and hydrological and This study takes place at two different sites biogeochemical processes in different forests (Adet and Bezawit) with the objectives of After 26 years of cultivation, the study resulted adapting mulberry species for Entomoforestry, in deteriorated surface (20 cm depth) soil Sericulture. At Adet, the only tested Kenyan structure and total soil organic carbon (SOC) provenance provide the average total fresh leaf and N contents both in bulk soil and water biomass production of 495 gram per plant. A stable aggregates significantly reduced. On total of biomass harvested was 1237.6 kg ha" eucalyptus plantations younger than 21 years, in the first year. However, after two years changes in the above mentioned parameters management the total biomass produced was were not significant. However, significant 5151 kg ha'1. Again after four years of reductions were observed in SOC, N and S establishment (in 2007), the production concentrations associated with the sand and silt declined to 3450 kg ha'1. In 2008, the separates. There were also significant plantation provided 3670 kg ha' 1 of fresh leaf reductions both in quality and quantity of biomass. Overall, within the same varieties the particulate organic matter (POM) due to biomass production of mulberry at Bezawit is cultivation and only in quality of POM after 21 significantly higher than at Adet (P<0.05). At years of eucalyptus plantation. The organic Bezawit (Bahir Dar) four provenances namely layer mass under 21 years old Pinus patula, 21 two from Kenya, one from India (S54) and years old Eucalyptus globulus and third from Wonji were tested for their adaptability. rotation Eucalyptus globulus (established 42 yr The survival rate of Wonji, Kenya 1, Kenya 2 ago) decreased by 43%, 57% and 15%, and India provenances were 78.1%, 59.9%, respectively, relative to the natural forest. 93.8% and 90.5%. Generally, the species, There were also significant reductions in the Monts alba, is adaptable in both sites. The organic layer C and N stocks (9 to 60% and 25 biomass production is three times a year. It can to 68%, respectively), being highest under be propagated both vegetatively and wby Pinus and lowest under third rotation seeds. eucalyptus. In the mineral soil, to 1 m depth, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction (16 Introduction and Adaptation of exotic silk to 20%) in SOC stock after conversion of worm natural forest into forest plantations. The N Bezawit trial site is established for mulberry' stocks under the 21 years old Pinus and third plantation and silkworm rearing at Bahir Dar. rotation Eucalyptus plantations were Hybrid/inbreed silk worm species were significantly reduced amounting 27 and 20%, introduced from India. The silkworm varieties respectively, whereas 21 years old Eucalyptus were hybrid (CSR2 X CSR4) and cross breed had nearly an equivalent amount of N as that (Bivoltine X Mysore) from India Center of of the natural forest, probably due to a dense Sericulture Research Board. The silkworm forest floor vegetation, fixing N. The changes rearing research showed a promise for in the organic layer and mineral soil S stocks adaptability, but it was unable to estimate the after plantation establishment were not feed requirement of the silkworm. The reason significant. is the problem of the rearing and segregation of the hybrid worms and they are high feeders,

87 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Total annual nutrients (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, and remote sensing (RS). The objective of the NH4-N, N03-N, P04-P, S04-S ) deposition study was to generate spatially and temporally by rainfall was 12 kg/ha/yr. Throughfall K, quantified information on land cover Mg, Ca and Cl fluxes were enriched relative to dynamics, providing the basis for rainfall, whereas Na, N03-N, NH4-N, P04-P policy/decision makers and resource managers and S04-S were depleted. Total annual to facilitate biodiversity conservation, throughfall nutrient inputs (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, including wild animals. The results showed an NH4-N, N03-N, P04-P, S04-S) were 14 increase in the areas of pure forest (Erica kg/ha/yr under Cupressus, 21 kg/ha/yr under species dominated) and shrubland but a the natural forest and 24 kg/ha/yr under decrease in the area o f agricultural land over Eucalyptus. Potassium was greater under the 20 years. The overall accuracy and the Eucalyptus than the natural forest and Kappa value of classification results were 88 Cupressus. Except for NH4-N in the natural and 85%, respectively. The spatial setting of forest, forest floor leachate nutrient ihe LC classes was heterogeneous and resulted concentrations were enriched in all forest types from the biophysical nature of SMNP and in relation to throughfall. Most nutrient fluxes anthropogenic activities. Further studies are to the mineral soil decreased in relation to suggested to evaluate the existing LC and LCC throughfall fluxes, whereas N03-N fluxes in connection with wildlife habitat, increased by over 50% in all forest types. At conservation and management of SMNP. all soil depths, the concentrations of most nutrients in the mineral soil solution decreased Relationship among Environmental relative to the concentrations in the forest floor Variables and Land Cover in the Simien leachate, but Mg, Na and N 03-N at all depths Mountains National Park in Cupressus plantation and S04-S and Na at The objectives was to indicate the specific some soil depths in the natural forest and location and quantity of each land cover Eucalyptus plantation had increased. The category in relation to environmental variables vertical trends in soil solution nutrient with the help of GIS and remote sensing in the concentrations showed a decreasing trend with SMNP, in the northwestern Ethiopia. Six land depth increments, but the concentrations of Cl cover types, namely; Agriculture, grassland, and Na in all forest types and Ca, Mg and forest, shrubland, mixed natural forest and N 03-N in Cupressus increased with shadow (unclassified) were identified. The increasing soil depth. At 1 m soil depth, the altitudinal ranges are categorized into five concentrations of Ca, Mg and N03-N in classes with an interval of 500 m. The Cupressus, respectively, were 8, 7 and 23 categories were below 2000 m, 2000-2500 m, times higher than in the natural forest and 3, 4 2500-3000 m, 3000-3500 m, 3500-4000 m and and 81 times higher than in Eucalyptus 400-4500 m and the extent of each category indicating losses by leaching. Generally, the was of 225 ha, 2043 ha, 3449.34 ha, 4543.56 results of this study emphasize the importance ha, 3590.10 ha and 56.34 ha, respectively. of forest type, species composition and About 98% of the study area lies between 2000 management in affecting carbon and nutrient and 4000 m. Only 2% are classified as lowland storage, water and nutrient fluxes and areas in the SMNP. The elevation category dynamics. 3000-3500 m is dominant (32.67%). and, 40.56% of the area is under crop cultivation. Spatial and Temporal Land Cover Changes At this elevation 47% of the pure forest in the Simien Mountains National Park dominated by Ericaceous species is found. The trend of land cover (LC) and land cover However, the 55.92% of the grassland is change (LCC), both in time and space, was concentrated between 4000-4500 m. investigated at the Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), a World Heritage Site located in Aspect regions are classified into eight groups northern Ethiopia, between 1984 and 2003 namely: north (337.5°-22.5°), northeast using Geographical Information System (GIS) (22.5°-67.5°), east (67.5°-l 12.5°), southeast

88 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

(112.5°-! 57.5°), south (157.5°-202.5°), historical background and wildlife southwest (202.5°-247.5c), west (247,5°- conservation in the SMNP. » 292.5°) and northwest (292.5°-337.5°). The difference between neighbouring categories is Vegetation Ecology 45°.The slope was categorized into five Eventhough the original vegetation cover is classes 0-5°, 6-10°, 11-20°, 21-30°, 31-45° and already reduced and threatened, the fioristic ( >45°the steepest were dominated 46-87° by composition of the SMNP is hardly known. forest and the gentle slope was dominated by The park preserves and is a representative part agriculture and grassland. The spatial analysis of the Ethiopian tropical seasonal highland of LC in relation to environmental variables biome and contains floristically rich vegetation indicates the overall situation of the park. This that grows in four belts. The area condition is used as a planning tool to optimize encompasses, from forest to shrubland, protection of the target species, and are montane type forest, and the grassland, mixed indicators of the overall environmental quality. with giant lobelias (Lobelia rhynchopetala). Hence, management activities can be designed Below 3000 m, the park comprises Syzygium using the information of the location of guineense, Juniperus procera and Olea altitude, aspect and slope in the SMNP. african. Gorge sides and ridge tops are composed of coarse grassland with thickets of Assessment, Identification, Spatial Rumex nervosus, scattered Otostegia minucci, Distribution and Effects of Mistletoes on Thymus spp., Trifolium spp., Geranium Forest Species arabicum, Clematis simensis and Galium The assessment resulted in to identify two spurium. Areas between 3000 m to 3800 m types of mistletoes namely “Teqetila” and were once covered by Erica arborea - “Tegedira”. The two have conspicuous flowers Hypericum revolutum. The area from 3800 m and fruits/seeds/ attractive to pollinators. The to the alpine zone is dominated by giant lobelia host exotic tree/shrub species were Grevillea {Lobelia rhynchopetalum) with tree heather robusta, Casuarina spp, Jacaranda Erica arborea, Solanum spp., Rosa abyss in tea, mimosifolia, Eucalyptus spp, Melia azadrach, Primula verticillata, Helichrysum spp., and citrus spp, Psydium guajava, and Alchemilla spp. and Urtica spp. and Usnea Mangi/era indica. They hosted also indigenous spp. Lobelia rhynchopetalum, Hagenia tree species Ficus spp., Cordia africana, abyssinica, Hypericum revolutum, Erica Croton macrostachyus, Albizia spp. and arborea, Echinops giganteum and Kniphofia Mellitia ferrugenia. Trees were parasitized on foliosa are said to be “flagship” plant species the most upper crown part. The infected trees because of their conservation and tourism showed stunted growth, dead tissues and gall value. formation in different parts of the tree. Plant parts above the point of invasion are Fauna dominated by the parasitic flowering plant The park hosts primates, ungulates, carnivores dying gradually. The leaves wilt and turn and birds. A total of 21 large animals and 13 brown but remain hanging on the tree. The small mammals have been recorded. (The foliage dropped and the branches remain most typical endemic animals are Walia ibex, without leaf. The parasitic flowering plants Ethiopian Wolf and Gelada baboon. The Walia start to deform the tree branches, stems and ibex (Capra walie), endemic to the Simien finally kill the host tree. Mountains, inhabits the cliffs of the park. The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis simensis) is Historical background and wildlife endemic to Ethiopia and the rarest canid in the conservation in the Simien Mountains world. Gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) National Park (SMNP), Ethiopia feeding habit is based on foraging plants and The objective of this study was to review, dwelling in the cliffs. Other mammals such as analyze and provide information on the Hamadryas baboon, Anubis baboon, Black and White vervet, Colobus monkey, Serval,

89 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Leopard, Caracal, Wild cat, Spotted hyena, In conclusion, the park is important for Golden jackal, and other large herbivores biological diversity in the northern Ethiopia including Bushbuck, Bush duiker, and contributing to the wellbeing of wildlife Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreolragus) inhabit especially the endemic species. the area. Analysis and Optimization of Normalized Small mammals such as Crocidura baileyi, Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Values Arvicanthis abyssincus, Lophurmys for Mapping Land Cover Types Using flavopunctatu), Stenocephalemys griseicauda, Remote Sensing Otomys typu and Tachyoryctes splendens are This study took place with the objectives of found. The park is also inhabited by more than optimizing the applicability of NDVI values 180 bird species, including seven that are derived from Landsat scenes to map different endemic to Ethiopia. Some are wattled ibis land cover types using Landsat ETM+ (.Bostrychia carunculatd), spot-billed plover 2005/06. From the analysis it is estimated that {Hoplopterus melanocephalus), white-Collared cropland/agriculture accounts 34.2%, water pigeon (Columba albitorques), black-winged accounts for 18.5%, grassland covers 26.2%, lovebird {Agopomis taranta), black-headed forest covers 14.5%, barenland accounts 6.2%, forest oriole (Oriolus menarche), white­ and unclassified part accounts 0 .02%, from winged cliff-chat (Myrmicocichla melaena), the total area. The NDVI value showed that Ruppell's chat (Myrmicocichla semirufa), the extent of vegetation/forest cover is lower black-headed siskin (Serinus nigiceps), as compared to other land cover types. Further Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri), study is needed to accurately attain the Abyssinian longclaw (Macronyx flavicollis), reflectance at very fine scale, or crop specific white-billed starling (Onychognalhus analysis. The current findings may serve as a albirostris) and thick-billed raven (Cornus springboard to estimate the amount of carbon crassirostris). Some 25 species of raptors, and sequestered by the forest/vegetation and leads four other vultures inhabit in the area. to carbon trading.

90 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

6. Animal feeds and Nutrition

The animal feeds research at Adet aims at adaptable to any other alfalfa varieties in the improving livestock production through proper area. The varieties can give more than four feeding of high and good quality feeds. To this harvests per cropping season under rainfed effcct, numerous species of pasture and fodder condition of Adet. Thus, once alfalfa is crops were tested at Adet and different established, because of its fast re-growth locations representing mid to highland areas of ability it can support animals year round if the region. The research had been focused on additional (irrigation) water is supplied during three main categories: forage crops breeding the dry seasons. They are therefore and agronomy, integration of forage and food recommended for the development or crops and natural pasture management for the improvement of alfalfa based feeding packages last fifteen years (1987 to 2002). After 2002, for smallholder farmers in northwestern of the division was transferred to Andasa Ethiopia. Livestock Research Center. Other annual and perennial forage legumes Among the forage legumes evaluated at Adet 6.1 Forage crops breeding (selection) from 1990-1992 cropping season : Lotus corniculatus, Hedysarium coronariurn, 6.1.1 Forage legumes Cornoilla varia, Desmodium unicinatum and Desmodium intortum provided higher dry Forage vetch (vicia species) matter forage yield of 2.9, 2.0 1.7, 1.6 and 1.5 t Forage vetch selection studies made for three ha'! respectively. At Woreta, Trifolium years (1987-1989) at Adet showed that Vicia quartinianum, Trifolium ruepplianum, Vicia villosa and Vicia dasycarpa ‘lana’ give a villosa and Desmodium intortum were found to higher DiM yield of 10.7 and 7 t ha'1, produce 6 .8, 5.5, 5.2, 3.1 t ha' 1 DM yield, respectively, followed by Vicia atrpourpurea respectively. Most of the forage vetch, with 6.5 t ha'1. In 1995 and 1996 cropping Desmodium and Trifolium species had good seasons, Vicia villosa, Vicia dasycarpa and performance under Woreta vertisoi conditions, Vicia atrpourpurea recorded 8.9, 6.8 and 5.9 t while most alfalfa varieties were poor in ha'! DM at Injibrara and Vicia dasycarpa cv performance and adaptability. In general, most namoi, Vicia dasycarpa cv lana, Vicia villosa , Desmodium species were adaptable, persistent Vicia saliva and Vicia atrpourpurea gave 8.5, and high yielding at various locations of 5.0, 5,6, 3.3 and 3.0 t ha" DM, in that order at northwestern Ethiopia. Lai Gaint. These species can therefore be recommended for the development or 6.1.2 Cultivated forage grasses improvement of vetch based feeding package for smallholder farmers in northwestern Among the grass species tested, Phalaris Ethiopia. aquatic, Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum are bestly adapted species in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) varieties northwestern Ethiopia. Among the alfalfa varieties tested at Adet from 1991 - 1993/ Medicagoe sativa cv unico, cuf- Perennial grasses mainly propagated by 101 and WL-514 varieties gave the highest seeds DM forage yield of 12.2, 11.4 and 11.3 t ha'1, Among the perennial grasses evaluated at Adet respectively. They were persistent and nitosols from 1990-1992 cropping seasons, ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Chiloris gayana, Panicum, Phalaris aquatica respectively. The tallest forage oat varieties cv. sircocco and sirosa gave higher dry matter were CI-8235, Lampton and Cl-8251 with forage yield of 4.2, 4.1, 2.6 and 2.3 t ha"', height of 128, 120 and 117 cm respectively. respectively. Similarly, the same perennial Grey algers was late maturing forage oat grass species performed and established very variety (105 days) compared to other varieties. well under Woreta vertisol condition during The oat varieties, Cl-8251, CI-8235 and CI- the 1996 and 1997 crop seasons. In a similar 8237 with 5.83, 5.84, and 6.31 t ha'1, study at Adet from 1993-96, Chloris gayana. respectively were high yielding varieties Panicum coloratum and Phalaris aquatica across the different locations (Woreta, lnjibara, were the most adapted, high yielding and Tsi-abay and Debre Tabor) of Gonder and persistent species with a DM yield of 11.5, 9.8 Gojam from productive in dry matter yield in and 4.5 t ha'1, respectively. Generally it most of the locations above 1970 m a.s. 1. They appeared that the performance and dry matter are therefore promising for the development or forage yield of Chloris gayana, Panicum improvement of oat based feeding packages coloratum and Phalaris aquatic in different for smallholder farmers. locations of Gonder and Gojam increased from the establishment year to the end of the experimental periods due to their perennial 6.1.3 M ultipurpose trees nature. The dry matter forage yield of multipurpose Napier grass varieties tree species was tested under vertisol condition Four mid and high altitudes adapted Napier of Woreta. Most of the leucena species, pigeon grass varieties were evaluated from 1993 to pea and tree lucene failed to establish because 1996 on red and black soils of Adet. The dry of water logging. However, the Sesbania matter forage production grass was higher on species were more adaptable and productive as red soil (13.6 1) than black soil (5.91). compared to other species. Sesbania sesban and Sesbania aculeate gave higher leaf and Among the Napier grass accessions evaluated edible branch that can be consumed by for three consecutive years (1997-1999): 1LCA different classes of animals in the area. Cajans No. 14983, 16791 and 16798 at Adet; ILCA had poor adaptation and produced low dry No. 15743, 14983 and 14984 at Motta; ILCA matter forage yield under vertisol conditions. NO. 16791, X-variety (local) and 16834 at Woreta; ILCA No. 16791, X variety and 14984 at lnjibara gave higher dry matter 6.2 Agronomic studies of forage crops forage yield. Napier grass accessions ILCA No. 16791, 14983, 14984 and ILCA No. Harvesting management and fertilization of 16798 appeared to be best dry matter forage Napier grass yielders in all the four locations with overall mean dry matter forage yield of 13.6, 9.5, 7.0 Fertilizer application and height of cutting and 4 .2 1 ha’1, respectively. on morphology and yield of Napier grass Plant growth and dry matter yield of Napier Forage oat varieties was studied at Adet. Height of harvesting Selection of different fodder oat varieties for showed a significant (P<0.05) effect on their dry matter (DM) yield and other number of leaves per tiller, total leaves per agronomic performance and their adaptation plant, leaf length and leaf: stem ratio. potential was done in different locations of Intemode number per tiller, in ternode length Gonder and Gojam. Among twelve forage oat per tiller, number of tiller per plant and basal varieties evaluated at Adet for three years circumference per plant were affected (p<0.05) (1987-1989), Grey algers, Cl-8237 and CI- by both height of harvesting and fertilizer 8235 were high yielders with a dry matter application. There was a significant (p<0.05) yield of 10.6, 9.8, 8.8 and 8.7 t ha'1. effect on DMY by height of cutting and

92 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

fertilizer application. A higher total DMY was Row and plant spacing on the yield of obtained as height of cutting increased from Sesbania aculeta 0.5 m (0.98 t) to 1.5 m (4.81 t). There was no significant (P>005) effect on dry matter forage yield by row spacing and plant Cutting frequency on the yield of Napier spacing as well as by their interaction. grays However, the dry matter forage yield of The dry matter yield of Napier grass Sesbania aculeata was reduced from 16.2 to accessions increased proportionally as 13,8 t h a 1 in leaf dry matter, and 22.6 to 19.1 t harvesting frequency increased from 30 (6.3 t) ha' 1 in edible branch dry matter when the to 150 days (23.6 t) when the grass reached spacing between plants increased from 30 to one meter height after establishment. The yield 60 cm. of Napier grass accessions: ILCA No. 14984 increased from 6.5 to 29.6, ILCA No. 14983 Rhodes grass from 5.1 to 27.8 and X-variety from 4.2-18 t Study on Rhodes grass as affected by sowing ha' when harvesting frequency increased from dates and different seed rates in 1998 at Adet 30 to 150 days. Although the dry matter yield and 1999 at Woreta showed that there wass no increased as harvesting interval increased, the significant (P>0.05) dry matter yield difference quality of the Napier grass will be reduced, both by sowing dates and seed rates at both Therefore, quality of samples of each locations. But, relatively higher dry matter harvesting frequency (interval) should be yield was obtained at a seed rate 20 kg ha'! at analyzed to give recommendation based on the Adet (9,1 t) and Woreta (3.7 t). Seed rate on compromised frequency (interval). dry matter yield of perennial grasses will probably have effect in the year of its Harvesting management of multipurpose establishment. On successive years of trees perennial grasses, producing more number of tillers in the low seed rate plots will Cutting frequency on the yield of tree compensate the dry matter yield. Planting of lucerne perennial grasses particularly Rhodes should Cutting of tree lucerne six times per year be done as early as possible at the on-set of provided the highest leaf and branch dry rainfall, otherwise soil temperature becomes matter fractions of tree lucerne with 9.6 and cool and will not allow good germination and 5.1 t ha'1, respectively. The total leaf and establishment as well as growth. edible branch fraction of tree lucerne increased from the establishment year (1998) towards the Guinea grass end of the experimental period (1999). During A study on dry matter yield of guinea grass the 1999 cropping seasons, the leaf and edible (Panicum coloratum) as affected by different branch fraction of tree lucerne was 15,6 and sowing dates and seed rates at Woreta vertisol 8.0 t h a1, respectively. The dry matter yield of •and Adet red soil conditions revealed that dry the leaf and edible branch fraction of tree matter forage yield of guinea grass was lucerne was similar for all cutting frequencies significantly (P<0.05) affected by different except harvesting six times per year. seed rates. However, the interaction of seed Increasing the cutting frequencies of tree rates with sowing dates and sowing dates alone lucerne increased both leaf and edible branch did not significantly (P>0.05) affect dry matter fractions. Therefore, by adjusting the forage yield of guinea grass. A higher dry appropriate cutting frequencies of matter forage yield of guinea grass was multipurpose trees, it is possible to achieve harvested at a seed rate of 15 (2.9 t) and 20 ke; optimum dry matter yield with good quality ha' 1 (27.5) followed by 10 kg ha 1 (2,4 t ha'' forage for livestock feeding under smallholder DM). Planting of guinea grass on June 28 at a farmer conditions. seed rate of 15 kg ha' 1 had the highest DM yield followed by planting on the same date at a rate of 10 kg ha' 1 at Woreta vertisol ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25- YEAR RESEARCH ALHievemu., condition. At Adet 15 and 20 kg ha 1 seed rates affecting wheat grain and straw yield, when gave almost the same dry matter forage yield under sown in wheat at the booting stage (40- of 1.5 and 1.48 t ha'1, respectively. Though no 45 days after planting of wheat). The mean significant difference was observed among the grain and straw yield of wheat with the sowing dates, planting on the first week of July association of forage legumes ranged from 37- gave higher dry matter yield at Adet. 39 and 32-35 q ha'!, respectively. However, the grain and straw yield of the check plot was Oat/vetch mixtures 36 and 43 q ha", respectively. Trifolium Forage productive of oat/vetch (Gery-algeris ruppelicmum gave the highest DM forage yield and Vicia dasycarpa) misxture sown at of 3.8 q t ha'1 followed by Trifolium different planting date and seed rate was quariinianum with 3.3 q ha'1. evaluated at Adet during the 1996 and 1997 crop seasons. Five seed rates (70/15, 75/20, Establishment of forage crops under faba 85/30 and 90/35 kg ha" oat/vetchi and five bean sowing dates (early May, mid May, early June, 1'hree forage crop species were intercropped mid June and early July) were used as main with faba bean at Adet during the 1993 and and subplot treatments, respectively. The result 1994 cropping seasons. The forage species revealed that there was no dry matter forage {Chloris gayana cv 'masaba' , Phalaris yield difference (P>0.05) due to seed rates. aquatica cv 'sirosa' and Panaicum cooratum ) However, significant (P< 0.01) yield were successfully established when difference was recorded among the sowing intercropped after first weeding of faba bean dates. For optimum forage yield oats and vetch (i.e 20-27 days after planting faba bean) mixtures should be sown during early to mid without affecting faba bean grain and strew May at a rate of 70/15 kg ha' 1 around Adet, yield and gave substantial herbage yield. In addition the system significantly increased Harvesting time on yield and quality of total fodder (straw plus forage) yield by 30.3% perennial grass seed compared with faba bean grown in a pure Different harvesting stages, grass and their stand. The highest grain and straw yield of interaction showed a significant (P<0.05) faba bean were 15 and 21 q ha'1, respectively effect on seed yield during the 1998 and 1999 for the two cropping seasons. crop seasons under Woreta vertisol condition. Rhodes grass gave the highest seed of 0.63 q Establishment of forage legumes under ha' 1 while guinea grass produced half Rhodes maize grass (0.33 q ha'1). Harvesting of both grasses Three forage vetch species were intercropped two and three weeks and three weeks after full with maize during the 1996 and 1997 cropping heading provided higher seed of 0.65 and 0.6 q seasons at Adet. The forage vetch species ha'1, respectively. {Vicia dasycarpa, Vicia villosa and Vicia atropurea) were successfully established when intercropped after first weeding of maize or at 6.3 Integrating forage and food crops about the knee height stage of growth without (cropping system studies) affecting maize grain and stover yield and gave substantial herbage yield. The system Establishment of annual forage legumes significantly increased total fodder (stover plus under wheat forage ) yield by 2.9% compared with maize Annual forage legumes were under sown with grown in a pure stand. The overall mean grain wheat to assess their effect on the yield of and stover yield of maize were 10,2 and 20.71 cereal grain and straw. The trifoium species ha'1, respectively and a DM forage yield of namely Trifolium quartinicmum, Trifolium 0.75 t/ha for the two cropping seasons. rupplianum, T. Studinari and Medicago trancatula were successfully established, which gave substantial herbage yield without ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 25-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Effect of rate of leaf defoliation at various found more compatible with barely in both growth stages on maize grain, stover and forage sowing dates. under sown forage crops High grain yield of maize was obtained when Evaluation of perennial grass/ legume 25% of the maize leaf defoliated at milking mixture stage. Maize leaf defoliation at silking and Different mixtures of three grasses (Chloris milking growth stages gave a grain yield of 6.7 gaysna cv 'masaba', Panicum cloralum, and 7.2 t ha'1, respectively, while leaf Phalaris aquatica cv 'sirosa ’ and two legumes defoliation at tasseling stage resulted in low Desmodium unicinatum cv silver leaf and grain yield of the maize. Grain and stover yield Medicago saliva cv Hunter river were components of maize reduced while dry matter evaluated for their DM yield performance and forage yield of the under sown yield of compatibility on red soils at Adet from 1993 to legumes increased as the rate of maize leaf 1995 cropping seasons. Rhodes and panicum defoliation increased from 0 to 100%. Rate of associated well with desmodium and alfalafa maize leaf defoliation up to 25% did not show and contributed to the increased DM yield and any significant difference (P>0.05). The safe reasonable grass legume proportion. The mean rate of maize leaf defoliation for grain and DM yields of the mixtures raged from 4.5 to stover yield components as well as dry matter 12.1 t ha' 1 and the overall mean yield was 9.1 t forage yield of the under sown forage crops ha'1. The yield of grass legume mixtures and was below 25%. Therefore, farmers can legumes increased as the pasture period defoliate maize leaf and use without reducing increases while the yield of pure grasses the grain and other stover yield components of reduced. maize under small holder conditions. Double cropping of forage and food legumes Establishment of forage legumes under Forage oat verities planted at Woreta vertisol barley condition during the 1996 and 1997 cropping Annual forage legumes were under sown with seasons gave a dry matter yield of 2.3 to 3.1 t barley at Yilmana Densa, west Gojam on ha"1, which could be used by livestock during farmer’s fiels during the 1996 and 1997. Three the wet season when most vertisol areas Trifolium spp. (Trifolium quartininum, become waterlogged. A forage oat variety, CI- Trifolium ruepplianum and Trifolium 8237 gave the highest dry matter yield of 3.1 t stadinari) were successfully established when ha'1. Therefore growing of forage oats during undersown simultaneously with barely and at the rainy season and planting of food legumes first weeding (farmers practice) without as residual moisture crop at verisol condition is affecting grain and straw yield of barley and suggested. The grain yield of chickpea variety. gave substantial herbage yield. Undersown Marye planted after harvesting forage oats forage legumes and forage sowing dates had ranged from 32.3-37.9 q ha'1. no significant effect on grain and straw yield of barley grain yield. Forge legumes grown in Alley cropping of multipurpose trees in association w'ith barley did not reduce the wheat barley grain yield. Furthermore, the system Alley cropping of multipurpose trees significantly increased total fodder yield (Sesbania, Tree lucerne, leucaena and pigeon compared to sole barely. The highest mean pea) in wheat at Adet from 1993-1995 showed grain and straw yield of 17.9 and 23.7 q ha'1 that Sesbania was superior in terms of ease of were obtained using 41/46 kg ha'' N/P2OJ in establishment and total fodder yield followed * association with T. ruepplianum in both by pigeon pea without affecting the grain and sowing dates for two years. T. ruepplianum straw yield of wheat. gave high dry matter yield of 7.3 and 12.5 q/ha using 41/46 and 0/0 kg ha' 1 N/P2O5, \ respectively. Therefore, T. ruepplianum was

95 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

Forage seed production 30.4 q ha" . respectively. The low seed yield was obtained from Grey algers and CI-8251 Forage vetch ( Vicia spp.) with 10.1 and 12 q ha'1, respectively. Evaluation of different forage vetch species for both seed and straw yield were conducted Seed yield of perennial grasses during the 1998 and 1999 crop seasons at Adet A seed yielding potential of most promising red soil condition. Among the forage vetch perennial grasses investigated at Adet showed species tested; Vicia villosa FLCA No. 6792, that Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum Vicia athropurea code No. 1487 (Holetta), produce a seed yield of 5 and 4 q ha1, Vicia sativa ILCA No. 5235 and Vicia respectively. dasycarpa ILCA No. 6213 gave higher seed yield of 0.9, 0.8. 1.2 and 1.4 t ha' , respectively. Forage vetch species: Vicia 6.4 Natural pasture villosa ILCA No. 6792 and Vicia dasycarpa ILCA No. 6213 gave 11.3 and 8.5 t ha'1 dry Surveying and identification of natural matter straw yield, respectively. The taller pasture forage vetch species in the study period were In a natural pasture survey conducted in Vicia villoas, Vicia athropurpurea and Vicia different locations of north western Ethiopia in dasycarpa with 157.3, 156.3 and 150.3 cm 1995 and 1996 cropping seasons, more than height, respectively. The overall mean seed thirty species and /or varieties of perennial and straw yield and height at harvest of the grasses, annual and perennial legumes (which forage vetch species were 0.9 and 7 t ha'1 and are herbaceous) have been collected and 116.9 cm respectively. During the 1987 to identified for future research and management 1989 cropping seasons Vicia villosa, purpose. Athroprpurea and Vicia dasycarpa forage vetch species were the top forage yielders at Natural pasture management Adet and other locations of the region. Monthly harvesting of natural pasture at Adet (1986-1988 cropping seasons) to determine its Seed yields of forage oats productivity revealed that the higher DM yield The seed yield potential of different forage oat is obtained on harvesting in June, May and varieties tested at Adet in 1996 crop season November with 154.8, 15.2, and 16.4 t ha‘!, ranged from 10-33 q ha'1. The high seed respectively. November clipping gave the yielding varieties were 7122/SRCPX 80 AB highest yield, which coincides with the farmers 2267, SRCPX AB 2252 and CPX/SRCPZ 80 harvesting period when the pasture attains high AB 2291 with a seed yield of 32.7, 32.1 and DM yield and nutritional values at same time.

96 ADET AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER 2S-YEAR RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENT

7. Publication Index

7.1 Farming System Diagnostic Surveys Akalu Teshome, Ruerd Ruben and Koos Gardebroek. 2009. Tenure Security and Soil Conservation and Case Studies Investment Decisions: Empirical evidence from East Gojam, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Economic Akalu T., Aklilu A., Tesfaye A., Tesema Z., Setie A., Association first Annual Conference on Amhara Gelelbelu G., Bitew G., Ashene B. 2002. Farming regional state. August 2009. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia system of Bclcsa district in North Gonder Zone: Akalu Teshome,Aklilu Agdie and Kinfe Michale constraints and possible research and development Wassie. 2010. Adoption of improved food barley interventions varieties by small scale farmers in selected districts Akalu T., Habtamu A., Minale L„ Settle A., Melaku o f west Amhara sub region. In Ermias abate W . and Yigzaw D. 2002. Farming system (ed).20l0. proceedings of the 3"1 annual regional diagnostic survey report of Shebel Bercnta conference on completed crop research activities, Woreda. 1-4 September 2008. Amhara Region Agricultural Akalu Teshome and Enyew Adgo. 2008. Anjenie Soil Research Institute. Bahir Dar Ethiopia. and Water Conservation Watersheds. Ethiopia. Aklilu Agedie, Teshome and Kinfe Mikale W'assie. Farmer Initiatives in Managing Water for 2010. Adoptation o f improved bread wheat Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa. A technologies and their impact on the livelihood of booklet of farmer innovation in agricultural water farmers in east Gojjam zone o f Amhara region. In management prepared as background material for Ermias abate (ed). proceedings of the 3'° annual the: the 3!d Regional Conference on Agricultural regional conference on completed crop research Water Management in Eastern and Southern Africa activities 1-4 September 2008. Amhara region 15-19,k'September 2008 Agricultural research institute, bahir dar Ethiopia. Akalu Teshome and Enyew Adigo. 2006. Research Aleligne Kefyalew and Regassa Ensermu. 1987. Initial extension farmer linkage in Amhara region: results of informal survey Mixed farming Zone: challenge and opportunity. Proceedings of a Bahir Dar Zuria Mecha, and Achefer Wcrcdas regional workshop on strengthening agricultural Gojam Region. Working paper No.5/87 extension system in Amhara region organized by Aleligne Kefyalew and Regassa Ensermu. 1992. Bahir BoARD and SWHISA. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Dar Mixed Farming System Zone Diagnostic Akalu Teshome and Tesfaye Melaku. 2007. Socio- Survey Research Report No. 18 Economics and alternative livelihood Assessment Aleligne Kefyalew and Steven Franzel. 1987. Initial in Lake Tana Waterched. GEF working paper I. results of informal survey Adet Mixed Farming Akalu Teshome, Abera T., Getachew A. and Work T., System Zone Gojam Region. Working paper No and Tadesse Dessalegn. 2006. Scaling-up of 2/87. improved bread wheat technologies and their Aleligne Kefyalew, Tilahun geleto and Regassa impact on the livelihood o f farmers in Amhara Ensermu. 1992. Initial results of informal survey Region: the case o f East Gojam. In Tsedeke o f the Debre Tabor Mixed Farming Zone . Abate (ed.) Book of Successes with value chain. Working paper No. 12. V EIAR.2006. Aleligne Kefyalew. 1988. Adet Mixed Farming System Akalu Teshome. Adgo Enyew and Mati Bancy. 2009. Zone. Research Report No.4/88. 1988 Does Soil and Water Conservation Investment Alemavehu Assefa, Abebeeh Abera, Yoseph Pay? The Case of Terrace Technology in Anjenie Tewodros, Dagninet Amare, Yalfal Temesgcn, Watershed, Ethiopia. July 2009. Nairobi, Kenya. Biazin Ayele, Serk Alem Nibrete, Mekoya Akalu Teshome, Aklilu A., Yigzaw D„ Blrhan A., Mekonen and Beza Alcmu. 2007. Participatory Halima H„ Sewagegn T„ Tilahun T„ Yihenew Rural Appraisal Report of Debre Mawi G.Selassie. 2000. Farming system of Lai Gaint Experimental Watershed PRA Draft Report. Woreda: constraints and possible research and Amhara Region. SWHISA Document IRG-09. development interventions, Alemayehu Assefa, Dagninet Amare, Daniel Tilahun, Akalu Teshome, Andualm \V., Anteneh A., Dagninet Dereje Andargie, Dereje Belay, Fikremariam A., Fentahun M., Kerealem E„ Melaku W„ Asarigew, Melaku Ayalew, Melaku Wale, Mihiret E,, Minale L., Mulugeta A., Tatek D., Mitiku Asfaw , Shimelis Altaye, Tadele Amare Wolelaw E. and Yirga A. 2009. Agricultural and Wondwosen Nigatie, 2009. Finger millet potentials, constraints and opportunities in Megech production in the Amhara rcion o f Ethiopia. and Ribb rivers irrigation project areas in Lake Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute. Tana basin of Ethiopia ARARI, Bahir Dar.

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Collaborative Crop Research Program. The Tesfaye Abebe Desta (ed), proceeding of the 1B M c k n i g h t f o u n d a t io n . Amhara Region Regional Workshop on potato Alemu Hailye, Alemaychu Assefa, Alamnie Atanaw, research and development achievements and Halima Hassen and Tadele Aroare. 1998. transfer experiences and ftjlure directions. 20-21 i Farming Systems in Awobel and Machakel December 2007 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. woredas: Constraints and possible intervention Fcntahun Mengistu and Semagne Asredie. 2010. through reseach and extension. Amhara National Techniques o f cool season vegetable crops seed Regional State/SidB co-operation in rural production. A guide for seed producers and development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia development practitioners. Amhara regional f Alemu Hailye, Alemaychu Assefa, Birlian agricultural research institute. Bahir Dar. Ethiopia. Assayehegn, Melkamu Ayalew, Tesema Zewdu Melkamu Ayalew, Bekele Hunde and Messelc Alemu. and Ylgzaw Dessalegn.1996. Farming system 1996. The status o f wheat diseases in Northw estern diagnostic survey report o f Bichena area. Ethiopia. In the Ninth Regional Wheat Workshop Asmarc Valew, Alemu Hailye, Alemayehu Assefa, for Eastern, central and Southern Africa, Oct2-6 Melkamu Ayalew, Tesema Zewdu, Birhanc 1995. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tanner. D.G., Paynet Assayehgne and Halima Hassen. 1998. Barley Abdalla, O.S. (eds). Addis Ababa. Ethiopia: production practices in Gojam and Gonder. In CIMMYT. Chilot Yirga, Fekadu Alemayehu and Woldcycsus Yalfal Temsgen, Tesfaye Abebe, Daniel Tilahun, Sinebo (eds.) Barley-based farming system in the Shimeles Altaye, Bayc Berihun, Gedif Mulugeta highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Agricultural and Alemu W orku. 2007. Potato technology Research organization, transfer experiences and future recommendation Berhanu Bekele, Safaa G. Kumarl.Kemal All, for sustainable o f the commodity in points at Abdulrazak Yusuf,Khaled M. Makkouk, western Amhara Region. In Tesfaye Abebe Desta Mandefro Aslake, Melkamu Ayalew, Gelelbelu (ed), proceeding o f the 1* Amhara Region Girma and Dcrcge Hailu. 2005. Survey of viruses Regional Workshop on potato research and Affecting Crops in the Amhara and Oromla development achievements and transfer Regions of Ethiopia. Phytopathol. Mediterr (2005) experiences and ftiture directions. 20-21 December 44,235-246 2007. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Birhanc Assayehgne, Getaw Tadesse, Halima Hassen, Yazle Chanic, Akalu Teshome,Yalfal Temcsgen and Minale Liben, Seleshi Gesese and Yeshanew Baye Berihun. 2009. Characterization of potato Ashagrie. 1999. Improving soil productivity for production, marketing and utilization in north increased and sustainable crop production in the western Amhara region. W orking Document mid- altitude areas of Yilmana-Denssa woreda, November 2009(2002 E C) Bahir Dar Ethiopia. west Gojam, Ethiopia. Working Document Series Yazie Chanie. 2011. 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joop Van Leur (eds) Barley research in Ethiopia Northwestern Ethiopia. Ermias Abate(ed). Past work and future prospects. Proceedings of Proceedings o f the 3rd Annual Regional the first barley research review and strategy Conference on Completed Crop Research workshop. 16-19 Oct 1993. Addis Ababa, Activities, 1-4 September 2008. Amhara Regional Ethiopia. Agricultural Research Institute. Bahir Dar. Akalu Teshome, Abera T., Getachew A., W ork T. and Ethiopia. Tadesse Dessalegn. 2006. Scaling-up o f Alemayehu Assefa, Minale Liben, Tilahun Tadesse improved bread wheat technologies and their and Abrham Mariye. 2007. Determination of impact on the livelihood of farmers in Amhara optimum rates o f Nitrogen & Phosphorus region: the ease o f East Gojam In Tscdeke Abate fertilization for tef {Eragroslis tef) production in (ed.). Book of successes with value chain.'S) different agro ecological areas of northwestern E1AR,2006. Ethiopia. In Ermiase A., Akalu T . 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1993.Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. Crop protection Melaku Wale, Fritz Schulthess, Eunice W. Kairu, society of Ethiopia,Addis Ababa. Charles O.Omwega. 2006. Cereal yield loss Chirmdo A., Abera D., Shemelis D., Fekadu B., caused by lepidopterous stemborers at different Nigusse E., Akalu Teshome and Maikel nitrogen fertilizer rates in Ethiopia. Journal of Tesfaye. 2001. Research center based maize Applied entomology l30(4):220-229. technology transfer: efforts and achievements M elaku W ale. 1999, Population dynamics of stem borers pp 144-152. In Mandefro Nigussie, D.G. Tanner Chilo partllus (Sw in’noe), Busseola fusca (Fuller) and S.Twumasi- Afriyie (eds.). Proceeding of the and Sesamia calamistis attacking sorghum in second national maize workshop of Ethiopia, sentral Ethiopia. Insect Science and ils Addis Ababa. Application 19(2/3): 149-156. Dessalegn,T.,M.T. Labuschagne and C.S. van Melkamu Ayalew, Bekele Hunde and Messele Alemu. Deventer. 2005. Bread making quality evaluation 1995. 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grain yield of wheat and tef at YilmanB-Denssa Agricultural Research Institute. Bahir Dar. and Gozamen woredas of western Amhara. In: Ethiopia. Ermiase A.. Akalu T.. Alemayehu A.G.. Melaku Minale Liben, Alemayehu Assefa, Tilahun Tadesse ^ W.. Tilahun T and Wondimu B. (eds.). Proceedings and Belstie Yeihealem. 2007. The Influence of of the 2nd Annual Regional Conference on seed rale on the grain yield and yield components Completed Crop Research Activities, 17-20 of Triticale fTritlcosecale Wiumack). In: Ermiase September 2007 Amhara Regional Agricultural A . Akalu T., Alemayehu A.G., Melaku W„ Research Institute. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Tadesse D., and Tilahun T. (eds.). Proceedings of Minnie Liben, Alemayehu Assefa and Yeshanew the 1“ Annual Regional Conference on A sh a g rle . 1996. Effect o f sowing date on the Completed Crop Research Activities, 14- 17 grain yield of food barley at Adet. In: Woldeyesus August 2006. 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7.3 Soil and W ater Management impacts of livestock trampling on runoff. Soil loss R esearch and crop yield under traditional teff cultivation system. InYihcncw G.Silassie, Enyew Adigo, Zewdu Ayalew, Abrham Abiyu and Belay Birru Yitaferu Heluf Gebrekidan and V.P. Tseganeh (eds) 2006. Proceedings o f the 1“ Gupta.2003. Phosphorus sorption characteristics annual conference on completed research on of some soils of the north-western highlands of natural resources management 14-17 August Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Natural Resources 2006. Amhara Region Agricultural Research (EJNR). 1-16. Institute (A R A R I), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Birru Yitaferu. Soil and water management Research Tadele Amare, Tesfaye Feyisa, and Yihenew Results of Northwestern Ethiopia in:Beyene G.Selassie, 2008. Response of maize, malt barley Scboka and Abera Deressa.(eds) Agericultural and tomato to potassium. In Birru Yitaferu, Research and Technology Transfer Attempts and Teshome Tesema, Zewdu Ayalew (eds). Achievements in Northern Ethiopia(EARO) Proceedings of the 3rd annual conferencc on Ethiopia 1998 completed research activities, 1-4 September Bitew Genet and Tadele Amare.2005. Estimation of 2008. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. crop water requirement of major crops for Tesfaye Feyisa, Tadele Amare, and Yihenew western Amhara. !n Amhara Region Agricultural G.Selssie,2008. Effect of Bradyrhizobium Research Institute and S W H ISA project, 2006. japonicum (TAL 379) on nodulation and given Irrigation water management. Proceedings o f the yield of soyabean. In Birru Yitaferu, Teshome workshop on achievements and priorities in Tesema, Zewdu Ayalew (eds). Proceedings o f the Ethiopia with particular reference to Amhara 3'i annual conference on completed research Region.5-7 December 2005. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. activities, 1-4 September 2008. Bahir Dar, Melisew Miskir, Hanibal Lemma,and Abebech Abera, Ethiopia. 2008. Analytical documentation of successful Tesfaye Feyisa, Tadele Amare, and Yihenew traditional practices and farmers innovations in G.Selssie,2008. EtTcct o f green and dry Azolla on agricultural water management in Amhara region. wheal yield and yield components. In Birru In Birru Yitaferu, Teshome Tesema, Zewdu Yitaferu, Teshome Tesema, Zewdu Ayalew (eds). Ayalew (eds). Proceedings o f the 3,(! annual Proceedings o f the 3 rii annual conference on conference on completed research activities, 1-4 completed research activities. 1-4 September September 2008. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. 2008. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Menelik Getaneh, Mekonen Ayana, Appa Raw,2007. Tesfaye Feyisa, Tadele Amare, Yihenew G.SIassie and Evaluation o f the effects o f alternate farrow Enyew Adgo,2006. Soil fertility management irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of adaptability of introduced green manuring plant potato. In Tesfaye Abebe Desta (ed), proceeding species for soil fertility replenishment. In of the 1 “ Amhara Region Regional Workshop on Yihenew G.Silassie, Enyew Adigo, Zewdu potato research and development achievements Ayalew, Abrham Abiyu and Belay Tseganeh and transfer experiences and future directions. 20- (eds) 2006. Proceedings o f the I" annual 21 December 2007 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. conference on completed research on natural Menelik Getaneh, Mekonen Ayana, Appa Raw,2008. resources management 14-17 August 2006. Evaluation o f the effects o f alternate farrow Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of (ARARI), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. potato. In Birru Yitaferu, Teshome Tesema. Tesfaye Feysa, Tadele Amare, Enyew Adigo,and zewdu Ayalew (eds). Proceedings of the 3'° Yihenew G.Silassie,2007. Soil fertility annua! conference on completed research management symbiotic Blue Green Aigae/Azola/a activities, 1-4 September 2008. Bahir Dar. potential bio fertilizer for low land rice Ethiopia natural resources management 14-17 production at Fogera plain. In Yihenew G.SIassie August 2006. Amhara Region Agricultural (PhD) (ed), proceedings of the 2ni1 annual regional Research Institute (ARARI), Bahir Dar. Ethiopia. conference on completed natural resources Tadele Amare, Yihenew G.Silassie, Enyew Adigo. and management research activities 18-19 September Tesfaye Feyisa, 2006. Green manure an option 2007. Amhara Region Agricultural Rcsaerch for replenishing soil fertility and its compatibility Institute (A R A R I). Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. with the farming system o f Gojam. In Yihenew Yihenew G.Selassie and M.N. Kuleshov. 1998. The G.Silassie, Enyew Adigo, Zewdu Ayalew, Effect o f Gypsum, Ammonium Sulfate and Single Abrham Abiyu and Belay Tseganeh (eds) 2006. Super Phosphate on Soil Prosperities and Biomass Proceedings of the I11 annual conference on Yield of Maize, pp. 45-51. In Tadelle G/Selassie completed research on natural resources and Sahlemedihin Sertsu (eds.). Proceedings of management 14-17 August 2006. Amhara Region the 4th conference of the Ethiopian Soil Science Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), Bahir Society, 26-27 February, 1998, Addis Ababa. Dar, Ethiopia. Ethiopia. Tadele Amare, Gete Zeleke, Tesfaye Feyesa, Menelik Yihenew G.Selassie and M.N. Kuleshov. 2000. Getaneh, Bitew Genet and Yihenew G.Selassie, Chlorophyll Content and Biomass Yield as 2006. Soil and water conservation quantifying the

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influenced by Gypsum Application and its proceedings of the 2nd annual regional conference Interaction with Ammonium Sulfate and Single on completed natural resources management Super Phosphate, pp. 63-68. In Wondimagen research activities 18-19 September 2007. Chekol and Engida Mersha (eds.). Proceedings of Amhara Region Agricultural Resaerch Institute the 5th conference o f the Ethiopian Soil Scicncc (A R A R I). Bahir Dar. Ethiopia. Society, 30-31 March. 2000, Addis Ababa, Yihenew G.Silassie, 2007. Soil K status and K Ethiopia. requirement o f potato growing on different soils Yihenew G.Selassle, Tadele Amare and Tesfaye at western Amhara In Tesfaye Abebe Desta (ed). Faylsa. 2006. Soil Test Based N and P Fertilizer proceeding of the I* Amhara Region Regional rate Recommendations o f Maize for West Workshop on potato research and development Amhara. In Yihenew G.Selassie, Enyew Adgo, achievements and transfer experiences and future Zewdu Ayalew, Abraham Abiyu and Beialy directions. 20-21 December 2007 Bahir Dar. Tseganeh (eds.) Proceedings o f the 1st Annual Ethiopia. Regional Conference on Completed Research on Natural Resource Management. 14-17 August, 2006. ARARI, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. ".4 Forestry and Agro- forestry Enyew Adgo, Yihenew G.Selassie and Tadele Amare. 2007. Effect of Fertilizers on Grain Yield of Research Finger M illet (Eleusine coracana L. Cieartin) in Western Amhara. In Teklu Erkossa and Michael Menale Wondie, Werner Schneider, Assefa M.Melesse and Demcl Teketay, 2011. Spatial and Temporal M enkir (eds.) Paper presented at the 8th conference of the Ethiopian Society of Soil Land Cover Changes in the Simen Mountains National Park, a World Heritage Site in Science, 27-28 April, 2006, Addis Ababa Northwestern Ethiopia. Remote Sensing, ISSN Ethiopia. Yihenew G.Selassie. 2007. Natural Resources 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/joumal/remotesensing; Limitations and Potentials in Amhara Regtonal State: The Case o f Lay Gayint Woreda . In doi:l0.3390/rs3040752 Menale Wondie, Werner Schneider, and Demel Yihenew G.Selassie (ed.). Proceedings o f the 2nd Teketay, 2010. Relationship among Annual Regional Conference on Completed Research Activities on Natural Resources environmental parameters (physiognomic factors) and land cover in the semen mountain national Management. 18-19 September 2007, ARARJ, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. park. Ethiopia. In Birru Yitaferu, Teshome Tesema, Zewdu Ayalew (eds). Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on completed research Yihenew G.Selassie, Amnat Suwanarit, Chairerk activities. 1-4 September 2008. Bahir Dar, Suwannarat and Ed Sarobol.2003. Equations for estimating Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements Ethiopia. Menale Wondie, yoseph Tewdros, Ahunim Gedif, from soil analysis for maize (Zea mays L.) Grown Tadele Amare, Gcte Zelekc and Enyew Adigo. on Alfisols of Northwestern Ethiopia. Kasetsart 2007. Evaluation of different water harvesting Journal 37: 157-167. techniques in improving the survival rate o f tree Yihenew G.Selassie, Amnat Suwanarit, Chairerk Suwannarat and Ed Sarobol.2003. Equations seedlings in simada wareda. In Yihenew G.Silassie, Enyew Adigo, Zewdu Ayalew, for estimating phosphorus fertilizer requirements Abrham Abiyu and Belay Tseganeh (eds). from soil analysis for maize (Zea mays L.) Grown on alfisols of northwestern Ethiopia. Kasetsrat Proceedings o f the 1“ annual conference on completed research on natural resources Journal 37:284-295. management 14-17 August 2006. Amhara Region Yihenew G.Selassie, Tadele Amare, and Tesfaye Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI). Bahir Feyissa, 2008. Decomposition dynamics and Dar, Ethiopia. inorganic fertilizer equivalency values at compost Yeshanew Ashagrie, Mats Olson, and Tekalign prepared from different plant residues. In Bimi Mamo, 1999. Indigenous agroforestry: an Yitaferu, Teshome Tesema, Zewdu Ayalew (eds). alternative soil fertility management system in the Proceedings of the 3'd annual conference on cereal-based subsistence agriculture o f north­ completed research activities. 1-4 September western Ethiopia. CIMMYT. 1999. Proceedings 2008. Bahir Dar. Ethiopia. o f the tenth regional wheat workshop for central, Yihenew G.Selassie. 2002. Selected chemical

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Yeshanew Ashagrie, Wolfgang Zech, Georg Yoseph Tewodros, Menale Wondie, and Gete Zeleke, Guggenberger and Dcmel Teketay. 2003. 2011. Evaluation of Different Water Harvesting Changes in soi! organic carbon, nitrogen and Techniques in Improving the Survival Rate of sulphur stocks due to the conversion of natural Tree Seedlings in Drought Areas. "Development forest into tree plantations (Pinus patula and in the Margin" Tropentag, Bonn. Eucalyptus globulus) in the highlands of Ethiopia. World Resource Review 15, 462-482. Yeshanew Ashagrie, Wolfgang Zech and Georg Guggenberger. 2005. Transformation of a 7.5 Animal feeds and Nutrition Podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into Research a monoculture Eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munesa, Ethiopia: Soil organic C, N and S Tessema Zewdu and Halima Hassen. Forage and dynamics in primary particle and aggrcgate-size pasture crops Research Achievements in fractions. Agriculture.Ecosvstems & Environment Northwestern Ethiopia in:Beyene Seboka and 106, 89-98. Abera Dcressa.(eds) Agericultural Research and Yeshanew Ashagrie, W. Zech, G. Guggenberger, T, Technology Transfer Attempts and Achievements M am o. 2007. Soil aggregation, and total and in Northern Ethiopia(EARO) Ethiopia 1998. particulate organic matter following conversion of native forests to continuous cultivation in Ethiopia. Soil & Tillage research 94, 101 - 108. Yeshanew Ashagrie and W . Zech, 2010. Water and nutrient inputs in rainfall into natural and managed forest ecosystems in south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia. Ecohydrology& Hydrobiology 10, 169-182. Yeshanew Ashagrie and W. Zcch. 2010. Dynamics of dissolved nutrients in forest floor leachates: Comparison of a natural forest ccosystcm with monoculture tree species plantations in south-east Ethiopia Ecohdrology & hydrobiology 10, 183- 190. Errata

1. Page VI List of Figures: Fie. 1.1 Map of the center must have been added 2. Page 2, paragraph 1, line 5.... (Figure 2) Should read fie 2.1 3. Page 3, section 2.1, paragraph 1, line 3.... (Fig 2.1) must be deleted. 4. Page 4, Figures 2.1 must have been positioned on page 2. 5. Page 41, Table 3.6, row 4. Leady should read lady