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Snow Mold Diseases of Winter Wheat in Washington

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Snow Mold Diseases of Winter Wheat in Washington EB1880 SNOW MOLD DISEASES OF WINTER WHEAT IN WASHINGTON Timothy Murray1, Stephen Jones2, and Ed Adams1 Department of Plant Pathology1 and Crop and Soil Sciences2 Washington State University Snow mold diseases of wheat over a much wider area of the growers increased substantially are some of the most dramatic and state in 1997 due to snow cover during the 1940s. Research into devastating diseases of plants. In that lasted for 150 days in some control began in Washington state the Pacific Northwest (PNW), the areas. This bulletin describes when Drs. Charles S. Holton, with snow molds are important in areas occurrence of the snow mold the U.S. Department of Agricul- where snow falls on unfrozen or diseases in the PNW, their symp- ture, and Roderick Sprague, with lightly frozen soil and persists for toms, and methods of control. Washington State College, (now 100 days or more. Snow mold was Washington State University), prevalent in Washington from the Snow mold was first recog- began to search for a control. 1940s through the 1970s, but nized as a disease problem in the occurred infrequently during the PNW in 1923 from wheat grown Four different snow mold 1980s. In 1995, we converted a in Fremont and Teton counties of diseases, all caused by soil-borne disease observation nursery on southern Idaho. Prior to this time, fungi, occur in Washington: pink the farm of Adelbert Jacobsen near the disease was thought to be a snow mold (Microdochium Mansfield, to yield trials so we form of winterkill. In 1924 and [Fusarium] nivale), speckled snow would have a more accurate way 1929, respectively, snow molds mold (Typhula idahoensis, T. of evaluating varieties and breed- were observed on wheat grown ishikariensis, and T. incarnata), ing lines for resistance to snow near Chelan, Washington, and in snow scald (Myriosclerotinia mold. Significant losses due to Gallatin County, Montana. Al- borealis), and snow rot (Pythium snow mold occurred in parts of though work describing the iwayami and P. okanoganense). In Douglas and Okanogan counties pathogens and diseases they addition to speckled snow mold, T. in both 1995 and 1996. Snow cause was conducted during the incarnata is often found causing a mold was a significant problem 1920s and 1930s, the perceived root and crown rot of wheat and importance of snow molds by barley in the absence of snow COOPERATIVE EXTENSION cover. Pink snow mold is the most usually cause significant losses of visible over the surface of infected widespread of these diseases, wheat. Snow scald and snow rot plants (Fig. 2). Sclerotia of T. occurring on wild grasses, lawns, are limited in distribution and their idahoensis and T. ishikariensis are and winter wheat throughout the overall impact on winter wheat more or less round and dark PNW. On wheat, however, pink production is minimal. This brown to black, whereas those of snow mold is less destructive than bulletin will focus on speckled T. incarnata are irregularly shaped, speckled snow mold (primarily T. snow mold and pink snow mold. reddish brown, and more abun- idahoensis and T. ishikariensis), dant on roots and between which is restricted to higher sheaths in the crown than T. elevation areas in Washington Symptoms idahoensis and T. ishikariensis. (Douglas, Okanogan, Lincoln, Chelan, Grant, and Spokane Snow mold diseases destroy Immediately following snow- counties), Idaho (Teton, Fremont, the leaves and crowns of host melt, plants with pink snow mold Bonneville, and Caribou counties), grasses under snow. Following have a whitish fungal growth and Montana (Gallatin County). snowmelt, the leaves of plants covering the leaves. The fungal In addition to the PNW, both with speckled snow mold are growth soon turns a characteristic speckled and pink snow molds matted to the soil and covered salmon color, resulting in the occur in Alaska, Canada, Japan, with a whitish gray fungal growth name “pink” snow mold (Fig. 3). Scandinavia, Central and Eastern (Fig. 1). Leaves and leaf sheaths with pink Europe, and parts of the former snow mold remain intact and turn U.S.S.R. The fungal growth disappears a light to dark brown color, as after a few days of dry, sunny opposed to the disintegration that Speckled snow mold on turf weather, and numerous dark- occurs with speckled snow mold. and crown, and root rot of wheat colored bodies the size of radish Disease severity ranges from and barley (both caused by T. seeds known as sclerotia become relatively small lesions on leaves incarnata) are widespread through- to complete destruction of the out much of the PNW, but do not foliage and dead plants. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Damage to winter wheat by speckled Sclerotia of the snow mold pathogens Symptoms of pink snow mold snow mold is apparent following are visible on infected plants soon following snowmelt. snowmelt. after snowmelt. 2 Disease Development Development of snow mold is Statewide, it is estimated that favored by rain during the autumn about 200,000 acres are chroni- The fungi causing speckled and snow falling on unfrozen or cally affected by the snow molds. snow mold survive between crops lightly frozen soil that persists for Although precise estimates for as sclerotia in soil and infested approximately 100 days or more. dollar loss do not exist, in 1953, host debris. Although sclerotia Deep snow cover insulates plants Sprague estimated annual losses can germinate in the fall and and soil, maintaining temperatures due to speckled snow mold at produce airborne spores, most close to 32° F with relative humid- about $300,000 and for pink snow infections are the result of fungal ity near saturation, both of which mold, up to $1 million (1953 strands (hyphae) growing from are favorable to growth of these dollars). In 1953, Dr. Hugh C. sclerotia in soil under the snow. fungi. Deep snow also ensures McKay and John M. Raeder esti- Germination of sclerotia and contact between leaves and soil, mated annual losses due to infection of plants begin within thus allowing an entry point for speckled snow mold in southern one month after snowfall and the fungi, while at the same time Idaho from $50,000 to $800,000. continue as long as snow cover preventing photosynthesis, which persists. Invasion of crowns and is thought to make plants more death of plants occur after about susceptible to infection due to a Control three months of snow cover; depletion of carbohydrates in the consequently, damage from crown. Frozen soil, intermittent Early research focused on speckled snow mold increases snow cover, or less persistent cultural practices including seed- with longer snow cover. snow cover reduce the severity ing date, crop rotation, fertilizer of snow mold. application, residue management, The fungus causing pink snow fall fungicide application, and the mold survives between crops application of blackeners to snow primarily in residue from previ- Economic Importance to hasten snowmelt. Later, dis- ously infected plants. Infection of ease resistance was sought as a leaves occurs during cool, wet Occurrence of snow molds is control. weather in the fall before and after sporadic. In years when disease is snowfall. Fungal filaments grow- severe, entire fields may be killed ing from infested residue near the and require reseeding, whereas in Cultural practices. soil surface penetrate leaves and other years the diseases do not An association between early continue to grow in infected plants occur or are insignificant. In seeding and improved spring as long as the snow persists. The Douglas County from 1947 to recovery of snow mold infected pink snow mold fungus also 1966 (19 crop years), speckled plants was made soon after the produces airborne spores, but snow mold was severe in four disease was recognized. Two most of these spores are released years, moderate in eight years, schools of thought emerged on during spring or summer and are, light in three years, and not how best to manage seeding therefore, not important for present in four years. In other dates. Early seeding (early to late development of snow mold. These words, snow mold caused signifi- August) results in large, well- spores can be important, however, cant losses more than half of this tillered plants that tolerate the for the development of head scab time period. disease and recover in the spring in areas with warm and moist better than late seeded plants. environmental conditions during In contrast, late seeding (October flowering. 1-15) results in small plants that 3 may escape the disease entirely. ing mercury effectively controlled Dry coal dust applied at 150 to Late seeding has not been recom- snow mold when applied in the 200 lbs per acre is adequate to mended in Washington because fall before snowfall; however, the cover snow and hasten melting. yield potential is less than with unpredictability of snow mold Coal milled larger than 200-mesh early seeding, especially in non- occurrence coupled with the high flowed well from hoppers and snow mold years, and although cost of $5 to $7 per acre (1950s’ settled well on the snow; however, small plants may escape disease, dollars) prevented them from finer materials present drifting most die when infected. being widely adopted by growers. problems. Slurries of blackeners Only growers in areas where snow work well, but the weight of the Planting method, that is, deep- mold was severe nearly every year water may increase the cost of furrow or double disc had no and who could not grow spring application. Low sun angles on effect on disease as long as plants wheat used fungicides. The steep north slopes prevent dusting emerged and became established economics of wheat production in from greatly accelerating snow- soon after seeding. Likewise, the chronic snow mold area have melt and the temptation should be clean tillage and stubble mulch not changed and there are no avoided.
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