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Diversity and Seasonality of Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Uruguay 2 Martín Lucasab; Tiago K

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Diversity and Seasonality of Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Uruguay 2 Martín Lucasab; Tiago K bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/794479; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Diversity and seasonality of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Uruguay 2 Martín Lucasab; Tiago K. Krolowc; Franklin Riet-Correaa; Antonio Thadeu M. Barrosd; 3 Rodrigo F. Krügere; Anderson Saraviaa; Cecilia Miraballesa* 4 5 a Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Salud Animal, 6 Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Ruta 5 km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay, CP 7 45000. 8 b Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Alberto Lasplaces 1550, 9 Montevideo, Uruguay, CP 11600. 10 c Universidade Federal do Tocantins – UFT, Rua 03, Qd 17, S/N, Bairro Jardim dos 11 Ipês, Porto Nacional, TO, Brazil. 12 d Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. 13 eUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia 14 e Parasitologia, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/nº, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. 15 ⁎ Corresponding author at: Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), 16 Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Ruta 5 17 km 386, Tacuarembó, CP 45000, Uruguay. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. 18 Miraballes). 19 20 Abstract 21 Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are hematophagous insects that cause direct and 22 indirect losses in livestock production and are important vectors of pathogens. The aim 23 of this study was to determine the diversity and seasonality of horse fly species at an 24 experimental farm in Tacuarembó and the diversity of species in different departments 25 of Uruguay. For 20 months, systematic collections were performed using Nzi and 26 Malaise traps in two different environments at the experimental farm. Temperature, 27 humidity and rainfall were recorded using a local climatological station. In addition, 28 nonsystematic collections were made at farms located in the departments of Paysandú, 29 Tacuarembó and Colonia. A total of 3,666 horse flies were collected, allowing the 30 identification of 16 species. Three species were recorded for the first time in Uruguay: 31 Dasybasis ornatissima (Brèthes), Dasybasis missionum (Macquart), and Tabanus aff. 32 platensis Brèthes. A species that had not been previously taxonomically described was 33 identified (Tabanus sp.1). In the systematic captures, the most abundant species were bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/794479; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 34 Tabanus campestris Brèthes, T. aff. platensis and D. missionum, representing 77.6% of 35 the collected specimens. The environment was an important factor related to the 36 abundance of horse flies, as well as the mean temperature. The horse fly season in 37 Tacuarembó started in September and ended in May, with three evident peaks, the most 38 important one during summer. No horse flies were caught during winter. Variations in 39 the prevalence of species in the different departments were observed, indicating the 40 need to carry out new sampling efforts in different areas. 41 Keywords: Horse fly; Uruguay; Systematic collections; NZI traps 42 Introduction 43 Horse flies (Tabanidae) are hematophagous dipterans that cause direct losses to 44 livestock production due to irritation, stress, and blood loss in animals, mainly in cattle 45 and horses (Baldacchino et al. 2014). A decrease in weight gains of 0.1 kg up to one 46 kilogram per day in cattle has been described due to the direct effect of horse flies (Foil 47 and Hogsette 1994; Baldacchino et al. 2014). Economic losses are directly related to the 48 number of horse flies present in the environment (Perich et al. 1986). In addition to the 49 losses caused by the direct effects of horse flies, they cause indirect losses due to their 50 role as a mechanical vector of numerous pathogens, including those causing bovine 51 leukosis, vesicular stomatitis, equine infectious anemia, swine fever, anthrax, tularemia, 52 various species of trypanosomes and Anaplasma marginale (Krinsky 1976; Foil 1989). 53 These indirect losses may be even more important than the direct losses, but not all 54 members of the Tabanidae family have the same potential for transmitting disease 55 agents because their hematophagous behavior and anatomical characteristics, which 56 determine the amount of blood they can transport, varies (Magnarelli and Anderson 57 1980; Foil 1989; Scoles et al. 2008). 58 Uruguay has a subtropical climate according to the Köppen classification, 59 presenting four marked seasons with a mean annual temperature of 17.29 °C and a mean 60 humidity of 76.03% (INIA 2019). It is included in the Pampa biome, along with the 61 state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). 62 The emergence of the first generation of horse flies during the year depends on 63 the latitude and the season (Chvála et al. 1972; Kruger and Krolow 2015). Horse flies 64 are active mostly in warm seasons, when both the relative humidity and temperature are 65 high. Only females are hematophagous, and adult longevity varies from two to three 66 weeks (Baldacchino et al. 2014). Although the females need a blood meal every three or bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/794479; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 67 four days, their hematophagous habits are painful, and animals try to remove them, 68 which may cause the interruption of feeding. This interruption causes females to seek 69 other animals to complete a meal (Hornok et al. 2008); they are able to fly several 70 kilometers, reaching speeds of five m/s, which highlights their potential as a mechanical 71 vector (Hornok et al. 2008). 72 To study the diversity and abundance of horse fly species in different 73 environments, a wide variety of traps have been used (Thorsteinson et al. 1965; 74 Thompson 1969). However, the Nzi trap was designed specifically to catch biting flies 75 (Mihok 2002), such as horse flies and stable flies (Stomoxyinae). This trap has been 76 shown to capture a greater number of horse flies and species than other traps (Van 77 Hennekeler et al. 2008), but some genera of horse flies tend to be captured in higher 78 numbers by other traps (Baldacchino et al. 2014). 79 Approximately 4300 species belonging to 137 genera of horse flies have been 80 described worldwide (Coscarón and Papavero 2009; Coscarón and Martínez 2019). The 81 Tabanidae family is subdivided into four subfamilies: Chrysopsinae, Pangoniinae, 82 Scepsidinae and Tabaninae. The subfamilies Chrysopsinae and Tabaninae are 83 considered the most relevant in the mechanical transmission of pathogens (Hawkins et 84 al. 1982; Scoles et al. 2008). In the Neotropical region, 71 genera and 1205 species have 85 been described (Coscarón and Papavero 2009; Henriques et al. 2012; Coscarón and 86 Martínez 2019). Regionally, 350 species of Tabanidae have been described in Argentina 87 (Coscarón 1998) and 480 in Brazil (Taxonomic Catalog of Fauna of Brazil 2019). 88 In Uruguay, 43 species belonging to 14 genera have been reported (Coscarón 89 and Martínez 2019); however, most of these captures were performed in the XIX and 90 XX centuries, so it is unknown whether this diversity of horse flies still exists in the 91 country. Additionally, there have been no studies in the country regarding the 92 abundance, ecology and seasonality of the Tabanidae family. 93 The objectives of this study were to evaluate the seasonality of the horse fly 94 species present at an experimental farm in Tacuarembó and the diversity of species in 95 different departments of Uruguay. 96 97 Materials and Methods 98 For 20 months, between October 2017 and June 2019, systematic collections 99 were performed using four Nzi traps and two Malaise traps at the Experimental Farm of 100 INIA La Magnolia (EFILM) in the department of Tacuarembó (31°42'29.0" S, 55° bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/794479; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 101 48'09.1" W). Two Nzi traps and one Malaise trap were placed in a "lowland” habitat 102 with native forest and creeks, while the other two Nzi traps and one Malaise trap were 103 placed in "highland" habitat, which were clearer environments, near a cultivated 104 eucalyptus forest. All these traps remained active during the 20 months of the study. 105 According to a conventional climatological station located at the EFILM, the following 106 experimental parameters were recorded on a monthly basis: average maximum, average 107 minimum and average mean temperatures; average mean relative humidity and 108 accumulative rainfall. 109 In addition, nonsystematic collections were performed on farms located at the 110 departments of Paysandú, Tacuarembó and Colonia using traps and/or manually. These 111 captures were carried out with the aim of expanding the diversity of horse fly species 112 collected.
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