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CORRESPONDENCE Does Restrictive Ⅵ CORRESPONDENCE Anesthesiology 2006; 104:889 © 2006 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Does Restrictive Intraoperative Fluid Management Alter Outcome after Intraabdominal Surgery? To the Editor:—I read with great interest the recent article by Nisanev- confidence interval includes 1 and so would not be taken to indicate a ich et al.1 suggesting that restricted fluid therapy for intraabdominal statistical difference between the two therapies. surgery reduces postoperative morbidity. My comments focus on the The authors mention the use of the Newman-Keuls adjustment, but description of the statistical methods and their application to the data. that correction only applies if the group means are independent, The authors mention the use of both the chi-square test and Fisher which is clearly not the case here. Downloaded from http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/104/4/890/361043/0000542-200604000-00040.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 exact test for the analysis of categorical data. However, it seems that No advanced statistical methods are used to model the data and only the results for the chi-square test are reported: For the number of explain the impact of relevant covariates. In particular, logistic regres- patients with complications, the Fisher exact test gives a nonsignificant sion could be used to model the presence of a complication on the P value of 0.056. The authors should explain why they report the number of fluid boluses, the degree of hypotension, the duration of results of one test and not the other. surgery, or American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status. No follow-up is given for the four patients who were withdrawn Based on these outstanding statistical issues, I agree with the authors after randomization because their surgeries were not considered ex- that additional studies are needed. tensive. Assuming no complications with these patients, the P value Michael L. Beach, M.D., Ph.D., Dartmouth Medical School, would not be statistically significant by either the chi-square (P ϭ Lebanon, New Hampshire. [email protected] 0.057) or the Fisher exact test (P ϭ 0.086). The postrandomization exclusion of patients without any analysis is a serious error because the Reference reader can never be sure why these patients were excluded. The authors state that exact confidence intervals were calculated for 1. Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G, Weissman C, Einav S, Matot I: Effect the overall rate of complications, but I am unable to find these in the of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabdominal surgery. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 103:25–32 article. An exact 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio of an increase in complications with liberal fluid therapy is 0.95–5.14. This (Accepted for publication January 13, 2006.) Anesthesiology 2006; 104:889 © 2006 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. In Reply:—We take this opportunity to thank Dr. Beach for his the liberal group, no significant difference was observed in the overall comments and showing keen interest in our recent article.1 Fisher rate of complications (P ϭ 0.21, 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.37). exact test indeed returns exact one- and two-tailed P values for a given Dr. Beach also commented that advanced statistical methods may have frequency table, whereas the chi-square test of independence, which is been used to model the data and explain the impact of relevant also used in such situations, provides an approximation. However, it is covariates. We had, in fact, considered using logistic regression. The an accepted practice to use the chi-square test to analyze the data in decision to avoid complex modeling stemmed from the number of two-by-two contingency tables to test the null hypothesis when the patients included in the study, which would have limited the number sample size is sufficiently large and there is no imbalance in the size of of covariates to be included in the model. We thought that such the groups. Otherwise, the exact probability test devised by Fisher, analyses would be more appropriate in studies including a greater Irwin, and Yates is used.2 Because the groups were similar in size and number of patients. none of the cells had an expected frequency of less than 5, the Fisher Idit Matot, M.D.,* Sharon Einav, M.D. *Hadassah Hebrew exact test was not used to analyze the difference in outcomes between University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] the two groups and was accordingly not provided in the article. The Fisher exact test was used to calculate the difference between the groups in other categorical data. We retrieved the files of the four References patients who were excluded because surgery was not extensive to find 1. Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G, Weissman C, Einav S, Matot I: Effect out that one patient had a wound infection and another patient had a of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabdominal surgery. urinary tract infection, both of which were from the liberal group. As ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 103:25–32 correctly suggested by Dr. Beach, although the number of patients 2. Armitage P, Berry G: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994, pp 1234 with complications (which was defined as the primary end point of the study) was significantly lower in the restrictive group compared with (Accepted for publication January 13, 2006.) Anesthesiology, V 104, No 4, Apr 2006 889 890 CORRESPONDENCE Anesthesiology 2006; 104:890 © 2006 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Dexmedetomidine Facilitates Withdrawal of Ventilatory Support To the Editor:—Cases such as that of Kent et al.1 expose the flaws and In his 1999 Rovenstine Lecture “What We (Physicians) Can Do relevance of today’s widely used risk stratification systems and also versus What We Should Do for the Patient,”2 Dr. Hug noted that we show the fallacy of our and the surgical specialties’ exclusive focus on have eliminated the “anesthesia barrier” to operating on sick patients, perioperative morbidity and mortality. but that does not mean that everybody has to have an operation before The fact that this 97-yr-old patient’s predicted mortality was scored they die. We have and should act on influence and responsibilities at only greater than 65%, despite the absolute clinical predictability of equal to that of the surgeon in delineating risks and burdens of surgery, what happened, indicates that clinicians still need to use their intuition anesthesia, and postoperative recovery and critical illness. and good judgment to pick up where these scoring systems fail. More Downloaded from http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/104/4/890/361043/0000542-200604000-00040.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 Leo I. Stemp, M.D., F.A.C.C.P.,* George E. Karras, Jr., M.D., importantly, if the specialties are to consider a context of care that is F.C.C.M. *Mercy Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts. applicable to all patients, from the beginning to the end of life, our [email protected] interventions should be aimed at maximizing functional quality of life, not simply getting the patient through the immediate perioperative period. Therefore, as part of the preoperative evaluation and discus- sions with critically ill patients and their families, it must be commu- References nicated that surviving the operation is the easy part, and the postop- 1. Kent CD, Kaufman BS, Lowy J: Dexmedetomidine facilitates the withdrawal erative period is likely to be far more trying, even highly unpleasant, of ventilatory support in palliative care. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 103:439–41 for the patient and the family. As critical care physicians and anesthe- 2. Hug CC: Rovenstine Lecture. Patient values, Hippocrates, science, and siologists, we spend an inordinate amount of time discussing this technology: What we (physicians) can do versus what we should do for the patient. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2000; 93:556–64 frankly with family members, sometimes very graphically, in order to do whatever is necessary to get the message across. (Accepted for publication January 13, 2006.) Anesthesiology 2006; 104:890 © 2006 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. In Reply:—We appreciate Drs. Stemp and Karras’ close reading of experiential-based assessment of this patient’s risk of death from this our case report.1 We would like to clarify that our inclusion of the episode of illness. acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score in Christopher D. Kent, M.D.* Brian S. Kaufman, M.D., Joseph the case report was an attempt to provide a widely used risk stratifi- Lowy, M.D. *New York University Medical Center, New York, New cation score for the benefit of readers of the report, rather than an York. [email protected] explication of how we arrived at the decision to transition to palliative care. The decision to provide this patient with palliative care and how this was communicated to the patient’s family closely followed what Reference they described as their practice, with the goal of optimizing patient comfort and functional quality of life. The APACHE II score was 1. Kent CD, Kaufman BS, Lowy J: Dexmedetomidine facilitates the withdrawal of ventilatory support in palliative care. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 103:439–41 calculated post hoc at the time of writing the case report, and we agree with Drs. Stemp and Karras that it did not seem to correspond with our (Accepted for publication January 13, 2006.) Anesthesiology 2006; 104:890–1 © 2006 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Vaporizer-selection System Malfunction in the Dra¨ ger Narkomed 2C Machine To the Editor:—We would like to report an inadvertent vaporizer erwerk Vapor 19.1; Dra¨ger Medical) to deliver a 3% concentration.
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