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Wood Tornado Shelter - Construction Guide November 2018

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Wood Tornado Shelter - Construction Guide November 2018 The Wood Tornado Shelter - Construction Guide November 2018 The Wood Tornado Shelter Prepared by Home Innovation Research Labs for the Forest Products Laboratory Table of Contents Introduction Introduction This 8 foot by 8 foot tornado shelter was developed Design Information by engineers at the US Department of Agriculture’s Siting Forest Products Laboratory to provide a design that Lumber Requirements is adaptable for existing construction and that is Safety easily constructed. Sequence of Construction Materials and Tools Design Information Section 1: Cutting the Lumber The tornado shelter presented here was laboratory Section 2: Constructing the Beams tested to meet impact and wind pressure Section 3: Building the Walls requirements. The following information may be Section 4: Constructing the Ceiling required with construction documents. Section 5: Attaching the Sheathing Section 6: Building and Hanging the Door • Type of shelter: Residential tornado Section 7: Providing Ventilation • The design meets the impact and wind Section 8: Anchoring the Shelter pressure requirements of ICC 500-2014: Standards for the Design and Construction of Storm Shelters. • Design Wind Speed: 250 mph Note to Reader • Wind Exposure Category: C Before ordering materials or starting construction: • Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi: +-0.55 • Read all instructions as construction • Topographic factor, Kzt: 1.0 options can affect quantity and size of • Directionality factor, Kd: 1.0 materials needed. Many steps are not • A statement must be provided that the reversible, so having a complete floor of the shelter has been constructed understanding of the construction process above the highest recorded flood elevation prior to starting will minimize costly if a flood hazard study has been conducted mistakes. for the area or the minimum elevation • Obtain approval of the plans and required by authority having jurisdiction. construction guide from your local • Extensive laboratory testing was performed building official to assure that this design to assure that this 8’x8’ tornado shelter is suitable for your jurisdiction. meets the impact and wind pressure requirements of Chapters 3 and 8 of ICC Page 1 The Wood Tornado Shelter - Construction Guide November 2018 500-2014: Standards for the Design and OR No. 4 bars, at a maximum • Concrete Foundation. If the foundation does Construction of Storm Shelters. Design spacing of 18 in. on center in two not meet the requirements stated earlier, FEMA assumptions and test results can be found perpendicular directions. P-320 provides foundation construction details: in the following two documents: d. Minimum 5’ slab extension on https://www.fema.gov/media-library- www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr2 each side of shelter to prevent data/1418837502817- 53.pdf foundation sliding and overturning. 920f09bb8187ee15436712a3e82ce709/FEMA_P www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr2 -320_2014-ConstructionPlans_508.pdf 54.pdf Design Limitations • Detachment from Host Building. Do not attach Other shelter sizes have not been tested. This shelter design meets the missile impact and any portion of the shelter to an adjoining wall or wind load requirements of national standards for to the floor or roof framing of the enclosing Wind speed/wind pressure calculations tornado shelters. As part of your planning process it structure (or vice versa). is important to contact your local building can be found in the following department to determine if there are other Costs document: requirements for tornado shelters in your area. For The designers of this tornado shelter estimate a https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/f example, some jurisdictions have requirements on material cost of between $3500 - $4000 (2016 pl_rp688.pdf door swing direction, which may affect the suitability dollars). See the Appendix of the following of this design to your location. document for a material list and costs: • The door shown in this construction guide Because the door design presented here is self-built, www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr253.pdf was laboratory tested for debris impact for it may not meet the door labeling requirements a 3’-0” width. (Section 108.2) of the ICC-500 standard. However, • Location of the tornado shelter within a extensive laboratory testing confirms that the door Lumber and Plywood Requirements host building and a drawing of the entire meets the impact and wind pressure requirements • #2 grade stamped softwood lumber with building. of the standard: engineering properties at least equivalent to the • A shelter section or elevation indicating the https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp686 Spruce Pine Fir (SPF) species group. height of the shelter relative to the finished .pdf • 22/32 softwood plywood sheathing. grade, finished floor and the host building, where applicable. Siting • Hold down design capacity: 4000 lb Before beginning construction of the shelter, ensure • Assumed friction coefficient for concrete that the installation site meets the following cast on soil, f: 0.50 requirements: • Occupant Load: 9 people • Proximity. If not located in the home, the • Usable floor area: 49 sf shelter must be located a maximum distance of • Venting area: 18.8 in2 150 ft. from the home. • Concrete foundation minimum • Protection from Rain and Snow. This shelter is requirements: not designed to be water-resistant and must be a. 4” thick concrete slab built inside the home, in a garage, or other b. 4000 psi minimum strength structure that protects the shelter from the c. 6x6 – W1.4xW1.4 welded wire elements. reinforcement over the entire area Page 2 The Wood Tornado Shelter - Construction Guide November 2018 General Safety Circular Saw Safety Follow these general safety instructions: • Never look away from your work • Keep a first aid kit nearby • Keep hands away from the cutting area • The work area should be clean and behind the blade organized • Stand to the side of the blade when cutting • Ensure the construction area is well • Do not use a dull saw blade ventilated • Secure metal materials with clamps before • Never leave an active power tool sawing unattended • Make sure the cutting material is not • Do not use a power tool with a frayed or touching the blade before starting the saw damaged power cord • Wear protective eyewear to protect against → Follow all tool manufacturer safety airborne particles instructions. → Additional guidance available from the • Ladders should be set on level surfaces, and locked in the open position Occupational Safety and Health Administration. DISCLAIMER • Tools used in damp conditions should be connected to a ground fault circuit The attached design and construction interrupter (GFCI) information is provided ”as is”, without • Nail gun: never aim a nail gun towards warranty of any kind, express or implied, anyone; do not press the trigger unless the including but not limited to the warranties of nose is pressed firmly against the nailing merchantability, fitness for a particular surface; do not use a nail gun that is not purpose, noninfringement, and any warranty functioning as specified by manufacturer; that this information is free from defects. In no remove air supply before clearing jams event shall USDA be liable for any claim, loss, • Power drill: change drill bit only after damages or other liability, whether in an action disconnecting power supply; tighten chuck of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out securely and remove chuck key before of or in connection with this information. The starting the drill; apply proper pressure to design has been tested according to industry drill specific standards as described in this • Hammer drill: never operate with one hand, document. USDA does not support and has no firmly grasp the trigger handle and auxiliary connection to any results obtained by using this handle for maximum control; wear design outside of the specific conditions cushioned gloves to reduce vibration described in this document. Page 3 The Wood Tornado Shelter - Construction Guide November 2018 Sequence of Construction 5. Attaching the sheathing. The 23/32 plywood The construction of this shelter design can be broken sheathing is cut to size and attached with nails down into the following 8 phases: and construction adhesive to the interior and 1. Cutting the lumber. The lumber is cut to exterior faces of all four walls and the interior length. Some pieces will also be rip cut to the of the ceiling (as well as the top of the ceiling correct width. The installer must keep careful if it is accessible). track of which pieces have been cut to which 6. Building and hanging the door. The door is length. made up of three sheets of 22/32 plywood 2. Constructing the beams. The triple beams sandwiched between two sheets of 18 gauge that make up the walls and ceiling of the cold-rolled steel, a material that must be shelter are made from three same-length sourced locally. The door is hung on bolt 2x8s. The middle 2x8 is offset by 1-1/2” to hooks installed on the exterior of the shelter give each beam a tongue-and-groove cross wall, and has latches on its interior surface for section. The 2x8s are joined with construction locking the shelter when occupied. Sheet adhesive and nails to form a laminated beam. metal angles are used to reinforce the door 3. Building the walls. The walls are constructed opening. These need custom fabrication and by laying one course of horizontal beams at a are sourced locally. Most cities have a steel time for the entire perimeter of the shelter. fabricator that can supply, cut, punch, and The next course’s tongue will fit into the bend sheet metal to custom sizes. lower course’s groove and is joined using 7. Ventilation. Ventilation holes are drilled construction adhesive. The beams are laid up through the wall at specified locations to such that the walls lock together in a log cabin provide fresh air to the interior of the shelter.
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