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Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Camel Brucellosis in Southern Lowland of Ethiopia

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Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Camel Brucellosis in Southern Lowland of Ethiopia Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research Research Article *Corresponding author Wubishet Z, Ministry of Agriculture Diseases Prevention and Control Directorate, Addis Ababa university, Sero-Prevalence and Associated Ethiopia, Tel: 251-912194164; Email: wubevet1921@ gmail.com Submitted: 23 January 2020 Risk Factors of Camel Brucellosis Accepted: 07 February 2020 Published: 13 February 2020 ISSN: 2379-948X in Southern lowland of Ethiopia Copyright © 2020 Jara et al. 1 2 2 2 1 Jara R , Alemayehu M , Wubishet Z *, Mesfin T , and Araya M OPEN ACCESS 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal science, University of Gondar, Ethiopia Keywords 2Ministry of Agriculture, Diseases Prevention and Control Directorate, Ethiopia • Camel Brucellosis; Borena; i-ELISA; RBPT; Risk factors; Sero-prevalence Abstract Brucellosis is a highly infectious bacterial disease of global significance, which affects a wide variety of animals as well as humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Yabello and Gomole districts of Borena Zone, Oromia Region, and Southern Ethiopia, to determine the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis and associated risk factors in the selected pastoralist area. The two study districts were purposively selected based on their potential camel population and their accessibility due to a lack of sufficient logistics. Totally 368 of camels from selected districts were included in the study. All serum samples were tested and screened serologically using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed using Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA) test. As a result, 46 (12.5%) were the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) reactors in which 11(3%) were confirmed to be positive by using Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA) test. Associated risk factor analysis was also conducted using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. The statistical analysis indicated that body condition score (χ2=6.004; p=0.050 and OR=2.503; 95% CI=0.066-95.951),herd size (χ2=8.560; p=0.014 and OR=8.195; 95% CI=0.289-232.523), physiological status (χ2=19.273; p=0.001 and OR=0.130; 95% CI=0.003-6.686) and history of abortion (χ2=29.354; p=0.001 and OR=119.159; 95% CI=5.051-28.818) were statistically significant and the major risk factors for the presence and transmission of the disease between animals as the present study. But age, sex, parity, herd composition, and district (geographical location) were found statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Public awareness towards the diseases was interviewed with the structured questionnaire format and it was noted that most of the pastoralists had no knowledge about zoonotic disease transmission, consequences of consuming raw milk, meat and handling aborted animals without any protective material. In general, camel brucellosis is prevalent in this area of study and public awareness towards zoonotic importance is low. Therefore, fruitful and sustainable work is required from the government, animal health professionals, and other stakeholders in the prevention and control of the disease. INTRODUCTION makes them susceptible to many diseases and illnesses [5]. Scarce of the studies on the camel disease in the past led some scientists Camels play an important socio-economic role within the to consider camels, as resistant to many disease-causing factors pastoral and agricultural systems in dry and semi-dry zones of in many developing countries of Asia and Africa, camels are the Asia and Africa [1,2]. Camel the population is numerous in the most important source of income for the nomadic population [6]. arid areas of Africa, particularly in the arid lowlands of Eastern Africa namely, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti Farah et al [3]. Ethiopia is one of the largest camels populated the vast arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia, where other animals countries in the world with 1,102,119 numbers of camels that Camel production could be a profitable venture for utilizing rank third in Africa next to Somalia and Sudan, those are kept in conditions. Under such environmental conditions, camels thrive the arid and semi-arid lowlands of the Borena, Ogaden and Afar andsurvive form with a source difficulty, of milk especially and meat. due But, to the complete recurring exploration drought regions, which accommodate 50% of the pastoralists [4]. of camels for milk and meat production would only be possible when their reproductive performance is properly understood Camels are even-toed ungulates belonging to the genus and improved. Unfortunately, dromedaries are reported to have Camelus which distinguishes two species: the two-humped Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and the one-humped [7]. Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Camels are known to low reproductive efficiency compared to other domestic species have peculiar physiological features by which they regulate body Camels ensure food security in pastoral communities by temperature to changes in ambient temperatures, enabling them producing milk and meat. They are also sources of hides, which to survive and produce under harsh environmental conditions. are used as bedsheets; serve as means of transportation and The severity of the desert conditions particularly during the long draught power [8]. Long lactation and the ability to maintain milk dry season put the camels under severe stress conditions and production over long dry spells are important facets of camel Cite this article: Jara R, Alemayehu M, Wubishet Z, Mesfin T, Araya M (2020) Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Camel Brucellosis in Southern lowland of Ethiopia. J Vet Med Res 7(1): 1180. Jara et al. (2020) production. In spite of all these advantages, camel production rainfall ranging from 300 mm in the south to over 700 mm in and productivity are constrained by a number of factors including the north. The rain pattern is the bimodal type with the main infectious diseases, of which brucellosis is considered to play a rainy season locally “Ganna” (65%) extending from March to May major role [9]. and small rainy season “Haggaya” from mid-September to mid- November. Annual mean daily temperature varies from 19 to 24 Brucellosis is an infectious disease of domestic and wild with moderate seasonal variation. The other two seasons are the animals with serious zoonotic and economic implications in cool dry season “Adoleessa” extending from June to August and humans. The disease in dromedary camels can be caused by B. the warmer dry season “Bonna” from December to February. abortus, B. melitensis, B. Suis and B. Ovis [2]. The disease is an Seasons affect herding strategies due to its effect on forage and important public health problem in many parts of the world water resource availability [18]. Consequently, herd splitting [10]. Infection is acquired mostly through consumption of is practiced to cope up with a shortage of resources in case of raw camel milk, contact with aborted fetus or placenta, and cattle likewise, the camel herds are moving from areas with low other contaminated tissue samples [11]. High-risk groups are water and feed to the areas with relatively good water and feed veterinary personnel, butchers, camel herders and consumers of availability. raw milk [12]. The vegetation is dominated by savannah type containing a Brucellosis causes heavy economic losses in camels resulting mixture of perennial and woody plants. The savannah community from infertility, abortions, mastitis, and decreased milk varies from open grassland to bush encroached areas. There is production. Infertility is characterized by increased inter calving a shift in composition in response to heavy grazing, browsing, period and abortion results in loss of neonatal calves [13-15]. burning, and drought. Grazing shifts the community to more In addition to these, brucellosis hinders international trade trees whereas browsing and burning favors the grass. Several in live camels, their products and by-products [16], Moreover, plant species in the area are recognized as valuable livestock brucellosis is considered to be one of the major zoonotic diseases forage. Acacia is dominating bushes species in the area [19]. affecting man. Brucellosis in humans impairs public health [17] Surface water is a serious problem in the area. Traditional and hinders social and economic development. The disease can deep wells “ellas”, ponds, perennial springs, permanent rivers (Dawa and Genale), and seasonal sources (streams, ephemeral calving age, long calving interval time, low herd fertility and ponds, and shallow wells) are water sources for both human comparativelygenerally cause low significant milk production, loss of productivity as in cattle throughmay also late happen first and livestock. Deep wells and large ponds (machine excavated) in camels. The occurrence of Brucellosis in different animal are used in dry seasons while seasonal streams, ephemeral species in Ethiopia, traditional management system and custom ponds, and shallow wells are used in wet seasons [20]. Animal of consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk indicates the need to husbandry is characterized by an extensive pastoral production study Brucellosis and associated risk factors. In Ethiopia, various system and seasonal mobility. Cattle are the dominating animal surveys have been carried out on the prevalence of brucellosis species followed by goats, camels, and sheep. Camel and cattle on livestock in different regions of the country by various herd splitting into mobile “forra” and home-based “warra” is investigations. However, the
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