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Measuring Snow Properties Relevant to Snowsports & Outdoor Measuring snow properties relevant to Mittuniversitetet snowsports & outdoor 10.06.2019 Development of measuring method to ana- lyze snow properties Measuring snow properties relevant to snowsports & outdoor Development of measuring method to analyze snow properties Sebastian Klein Självständigt arbete Huvudområde: Mechanical Engineering MA,Thesis Högskolepoäng: 30 hp Termin/år: ST 2019 Handledare: Mikael Bäckström Examinator: Andrey Koptyug Kurskod/registreringsnummer: H4X94 Utbildningsprogram: Sportteknologi Based on the Mid Sweden University template for technical reports, written by Magnus Eriksson, Kenneth Berg and Mårten Sjöstr öm. i Measuring snow properties relevant to Mittuniversitetet snowsports & outdoor 10.06.2019 Development of measuring method to ana- lyze snow properties Abstract Snow is a common surface on which a lot of sports competitions take place. We know a lot about our equipment, but there has been done very little research on the snow itself regarding the use in sports. The aim of this project is to create a measurement device to investigate the properties of different snow types. The snow compound on the ski slopes nowadays does not only exist of natural snow, a big part of it is machine-made snow and the most common one is produced with snow guns. There are differ- ent theories why skis glide on snow and that is why a lot of research has been done on the snow behavior. But the main goal in the ski industry is to improve the equipment. The measurement tool should be compact, so it is possible to carry it around on the ski slope, waterproof and should give electronic data, not like previous devices where you have to measure by hand. Additionally, it was decided to measure the surrounding data because it also has an influence on the snow state. First, a 3D-model has been created on the PC to have an idea of how the device should work and look like. The model consists of a tube, rails, a top part, and a falling weight. This device was very detailed, so it was decided to build a simpler prototype first to set up the sensors and check if everything is working. An Arduino has been set up to measure the sinkage depth with an ultra- sonic sensor and an IMU to measure the inclination of the slope. Another Arduino has been programmed to measure the surrounding data like the air and snow temperature, humidity as well as the altitude. Inside the falling weight an accelerometer is placed to measure the acceleration dur- ing the impact and the deceleration due to the snow. A load cell is mounted on the bottom of the falling weight to measure the force during the impact and deceleration. All the data gets later evaluated in a MATLAB-application. A GUI was created for easier handling of the data. A database got created, so it is possible to save evaluated data and com- pare it later on. Keywords: snow, hardness, ski, compaction, ski-snow interaction Based on the Mid Sweden University template for technical reports, written by Magnus Eriksson, Kenneth Berg and Mårten Sjöstr öm. ii Measuring snow properties relevant to Mittuniversitetet snowsports & outdoor 10.06.2019 Development of measuring method to ana- lyze snow properties Zusammenfassung Auf Schnee werden sehr viele unterschiedliche Sportarten mit unter- schiedlichem Equipment ausgeführt. Es wird sehr viel getan diese Aus- rüstung zu verbessern, jedoch wurde bisher sehr wenig Forschung betrie- ben im Bereich des Schnees, welcher für diese Sportarten essenziell als Untergrund ist. Dieses Projekt beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung eines neuen Messgerätes, mit dem es möglich ist, die Schnee Eigenschaften zu messen. Heutzutage besteht der Schnee, auf dem wir uns fortbewegen, nicht nur aus Naturschnee. Ein großer Anteil des Schnees wird mit Schneekanonen erzeugt. Dieser Schnee unterscheidet sich von seinen Ei- genschaften, wenn ein Schi darüber gleitet. Es gibt unterschiedliche The- orien warum ein Schi auf Schnee gleitet und die Wissenschaft beschäftigt sich mit diesem Thema schon seit langer Zeit. Die Industrie betrachtet hierbei jedoch nur ihre Produkte und nicht den Schnee. Das entwickelte Mesosystem sollte kompakt sein, da es möglich sein sollte es auf der Ski- piste zu transportieren. Ebenfalls sollte es wasserdicht sein und elektro- nische Daten liefern, im Gegensatz zu älteren Systemen, bei denen mit der Hand gemessen wurde. Zusätzlich sollten Umwelteinflüsse gemes- sen werden da sie das Ergebnis verändern können. Am Anfang wurde ein CAD 3D-Model erstellt, um eine Vorstellung zu erhalten, wie das Ge- rät aussehen sollte. Es besteht aus einer Röhre, Schienen, einem Fallge- wicht und einem Deckel. Dieses System war sehr detailliert und es wurde entschieden ein simplerer Prototyp zu entwickeln, um die Sensorik zu testen. Es wurde ein Arduino programmiert, um die Eintauchtiefe mittels Ultraschallsensor und mittels IMU die Neigung zu messen. Ein zweiter Arduino wurde verwendet, um die Umwelteinflüsse, wie Schnee- und Lufttemperaturen, Luftfeuchtigkeit so wie die Höhenlage zu messen. Im Inneren des Fallgewichts wurde ein Beschleunigungssensor angebracht, der die Beschleunigung und anschließende Abbremsung durch den Schnee misst. Am Boden des Fall Gewichts wurde eine Kraftmesszelle in- stalliert um die Kraft während dem Auftreffen und Abbremsen zu mes- sen. Die so erhaltenen Daten werden mittels einer MATLAB-Applikation ausgewertet. Für eine leichtere Bedienung wurde eine GUI erstellt. Eben- falls wurde eine Datenbank kreiert, um die ausgewerteten Daten zu sam- meln und gegebenenfalls zu vergleichen. Schlüsselwörter: Schnee, Härte, Schi, Schi-Schnee Interaktion Based on the Mid Sweden University template for technical reports, written by Magnus Eriksson, Kenneth Berg and Mårten Sjöstr öm. iii Measuring snow properties relevant to Mittuniversitetet snowsports & outdoor 10.06.2019 Development of measuring method to ana- lyze snow properties Acknowledgments I want to thank all the people from the Mid Sweden University that sup- ported me in this project, especially Mikael Bäckström and Andrey Kop- tyug. I want to thank the staff from the UAS Technikum Wien to make this Double-Degree possible. But I am most thankful to my parents and the rest of my family as well as my friends, who supported me all these years and helped me to finish my studies. Based on the Mid Sweden University template for technical reports, written by Magnus Eriksson, Kenneth Berg and Mårten Sjöstr öm. iv Measuring snow properties relevant to Mittuniversitetet snowsports & outdoor 10.06.2019 Development of measuring method to ana- lyze snow properties Index Abstract ............................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... iv Index ...................................................................................................................v Abbreviation ..................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction............................................................................................. 2 1.1 Background .......................................................................................... 2 1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Aim ........................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Problems ............................................................................................... 4 2 Basics and state of the art...................................................................... 5 2.1 Impact on the environment ............................................................... 5 2.2 Snow types ........................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Natural snow 5 2.2.2 Artificial snow 11 2.2.3 Dry and wet snow 14 2.2.4 Snow storage 14 2.3 Ski equipment .................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Ski base 15 2.3.2 Wax 17 2.3.3 Velocity 18 2.4 Ski-snow interaction ......................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Gliding on snow 19 2.4.2 Compaction and plowing 22 2.5 Snow mechanics ................................................................................ 23 2.5.1 Water content 24 2.5.2 Compaction of snow 25 2.5.3 Temperature 31 2.5.4 Acoustics 31 2.6 Ski slope preparation ........................................................................ 33 2.6.1 Common preparation 34 2.6.2 Additional preparation for races 37 2.6.3 Other usage of snow preparation 39 2.7 State of the art – measurement devices.......................................... 40 2.7.1 Kinosita-type hardness gauge 40 2.7.2 Gauges for testing sand in or for golf course sand bunkers 41 2.7.3 Soccer turf measurement 43 Based on the Mid Sweden University template for technical reports, written by Magnus Eriksson, Kenneth Berg and Mårten Sjöstr öm. v Measuring snow properties relevant to Mittuniversitetet snowsports & outdoor 10.06.2019 Development of measuring method to ana- lyze snow properties 2.7.4 SnowMicroPen® 44 3 Methods ................................................................................................. 46 3.1 Profile of requirements..................................................................... 46 3.2 Setup and evaluation ........................................................................ 46
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