Physiology H Digestive
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E Pleura and Lungs
Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · EssentialChapter Clinical4 Anatomy e pleura and lungs • The pleura ............................................................................63 • MCQs .....................................................................................75 • The lungs .............................................................................64 • USMLE MCQs ....................................................................77 • Lymphatic drainage of the thorax ..............................70 • EMQs ......................................................................................77 • Autonomic nervous system ...........................................71 • Applied questions .............................................................78 THE PLEURA reections pass laterally behind the costal margin to reach the 8th rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the The pleura is a broelastic serous membrane lined by squa- midaxillary line, and along the 12th rib and the paravertebral mous epithelium forming a sac on each side of the chest. Each line (lying over the tips of the transverse processes, about 3 pleural sac is a closed cavity invaginated by a lung. Parietal cm from the midline). pleura lines the chest wall, and visceral (pulmonary) pleura Visceral pleura has no pain bres, but the parietal pleura covers -
Study 1: Effect of Saliva on B2T
Stability of b2-transferrin and b-trace protein Lyn Boscato Chemical Pathology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia. [email protected]; Introduction and Aim Study 1: Effect of saliva on B2T b2-transferrin (B2T) and b-trace protein (BTP) are useful markers for SUSPECTED SAMPLE PROBLEM the diagnosis of CSF leakage. A sample received for routine investigation of a suspected CSF Specimens received for analysis are often heavily contaminated with leak was negative for BTP but the transferrin isoform pattern other substances (eg blood, serous fluid, saliva, bacteria, mucus) and suggested CSF presence. Sample was an oral fluid collection so stored under non-ideal conditions (not frozen, large container, very small sample volume, on swabs). sialidase presence was suspected as the oral cavity can have a high bacterial load The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of B2T and BTP in 1 2 3 4 5 the presence of potential contaminants. 1 - CSF 4 - serum+ saliva STUDY 2 - CSF + saliva 5 - serum To determine if saliva contains sialidase 3 - saliva • • Saliva collected by passive drooling and microfuged to remove Figure 1. Transferrin isoforms detected following particulates. Methods IEF- western blotting for CSF and serum incubated • Equal volumes of saliva and serum or CSF were incubated with and without saliva. overnight at RT • Transferrin isoforms detected STUDIES Investigation of the stability of B2T and BTP incubated in the presence of a. saliva as a source of sialidase (enzyme which removes sialic acid from glycoproteins. Normally arises from bacterial or viral Study 2: Stability of B2T and BTP sources). -
Current Models of Ovarian Cancer
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Creative Components Dissertations Fall 2018 Current Models of Ovarian Cancer Ruth Hines Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents Part of the Investigative Techniques Commons, Obstetrics and Gynecology Commons, Oncology Commons, and the Women's Health Commons Recommended Citation Hines, Ruth, "Current Models of Ovarian Cancer" (2018). Creative Components. 65. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents/65 This Creative Component is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Creative Components by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ruth Hines Creative Component Dr. Gunnar Mair Current Models of Ovarian Cancer ABSTRACT Ovarian cancer has proved to be one of the most difficult cancers to treat. It is often diagnosed in the late stages. When it is detected early, the 5-year survival rate is 93%. However, it is only detected early 15% of the time. For this reason, there is an emphasis on finding better tumor markers that can identify cancerous cells early. Ovarian cancers come from 3 different cell types. There are a variety of cancer subtypes from each type of cell. A one- size fits all treatment method isn’t feasible with so much variation. Models of ovarian cancer help understand the pathway of cancer development, find tumor markers for early detection, improve imagining techniques, and test drug therapies. Current models include transgenic mice, xenograft mice, chick chorioallantoic membrane, the laying hen, and 3-D human tissue cultures. -
Biomedical Terminology
Biomedical Terminology Respiratory System Terminology Respiratory Structure • Nose • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli The Pharynx (pharyng/o) • The pharynx is a common passageway for air and food The Larynx (laryng/o) • The larynx is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx • It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords • Consists of the vocal cords and the epiglottis (epiglott/o) – During normal breathing, the vocal cords are relaxed and the glottis is a triangular slit. – During swallowing, the false vocal cords and epiglottis close off the glottis The Trachea (trache/o) • The trachea extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left bronchi • The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles • The tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings The Bronchial Tree • The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes leading from the trachea to the alveoli – The bronchial tree begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to a lung – The branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea are right and left primary bronchi; these further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts which terminate in alveoli – It is through the thin epithelial cells of the alveoli that gas exchange between the blood and air occurs – Combining forms • Alveolus – alveol/o • Bronchus – bronch/o, -
Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology David Shier Jackie Butler Ricki Lewis Created by Dr. Melissa Eisenhauer Head Athletic Trainer/Assistant Professor Trevecca Nazarene University Amended by John Crocker Chapter 15 1 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 15 Digestion and Nutrition 2 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction A. Digestion refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that nutrients can be absorbed by cells. B. The digestive system carries out the process of digestion. C. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal, leading from mouth to anus, and several accessory organs whose secretions aid the processes of digestion. 3 4 General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal A. The alimentary canal is a muscular tube about 9 meters long that passes through the body’s ventral cavity. 5 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Structure of the Wall 1. The wall of the alimentary canal consists of the same four layers throughout its length, with only slight variations according to the functions of specific sections of the canal. a. The inner layer is the mucosa, which is lined with epithelium attached to connective tissue; it protects tissues of the canal and carries on secretion and absorption. 6 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. The next layer is the submucosa, which is made up of loose connective tissue housing blood and lymph vessels and nerves; it nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal. -
Sialocele/Ranula
VETERINARY PROFESSIONAL SERIES SPIT RELOCATED: When a salivary duct is ruptured and pockets of saliva start growing. Synopsis The salivary system includes a gland, a duct and an orifice in the mouth. Saliva is generated in the gland, travels down the duct and exits nicely in the mouth in response to stimuli. When a gland or duct is injured, either by trauma, inflammation, obstruction or tumor, saliva will leak into the surrounding tissues where it is a foreign substance. The body will respond with inflammation (red and white blood cells, etc.) The proteinaceous nature of saliva makes it very slow to be removed, but the fluid nature will be resorbed over time. The result is a very inspissated, thick, red/cloudy viscous fluid hanging out in an odd location. The most common presentations are: 1) mandibular salivary gland/duct injury with resultant saliva accumulation in the ventolateral neck region (sialocele); 2) sublingual salivary gland/duct injury with resultant saliva accumulation laterally under the tongue (ranula). Or a combo platter of both. (I use this terminology to help distinguish things during communications about this condition.) Treatment is not an emergency; the condition is rarely troublesome to the pet. It is disturbing to owners though. Draining the pocket of salivary fluid may resolve the issue ONLY if the original duct/gland leak has stopped. Worth trying; nothing is lost except time. It is very uncommon for a sialocele or ranula to be truly infected; sialadenitis and migrating foreign bodies in salivary ducts look very different—pain, inflammation, pus. Treatment for any presentation involving a cervical component is to remove the mandibular/sublingual gland and duct and drain the extravasated saliva. -
2021 Update on Diagnostic Markers and Translocation in Salivary Gland Tumors
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review 2021 Update on Diagnostic Markers and Translocation in Salivary Gland Tumors Malin Tordis Meyer 1, Christoph Watermann 1, Thomas Dreyer 2, Süleyman Ergün 3 and Srikanth Karnati 3,* 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Ebene -1, 35392 Giessen, Germany; [email protected] (M.T.M.); [email protected] (C.W.) 2 Institute for Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Langhansstrasse 10, 35392 Gießen, Germany; [email protected] 3 Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-931-3181522 Abstract: Salivary gland tumors are a rare tumor entity within malignant tumors of all tissues. The most common are malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most recurrent form of benign salivary gland tumor. Due to their low incidence rates and complex histological patterns, they are difficult to diagnose accurately. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands are challenging in terms of differentiation because of their variability in histochemistry and translocations. Therefore, the primary goal of the study was to review the current literature to identify the recent developments in histochemical diagnostics and translocations for differentiating salivary gland tumors. Keywords: salivary gland tumors; epithelial salivary gland; adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC); Citation: Meyer, M.T.; pleomorphic adenoma; mucoepidermoid carcinoma; diagnostic markers Watermann, C.; Dreyer, T.; Ergün, S.; Karnati, S. 2021 Update on Diagnostic Markers and Translocation in Salivary Gland Tumors. Int. -
Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy
Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy Founded by Heinz Feneis Bearbeitet von Wolfgang Dauber Neuausgabe 2006. Taschenbuch. 568 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 13 511205 3 Format (B x L): 12,5 x 19 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Vorklinische Medizin: Grundlagenfächer > Anatomie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 148 Alimentary System Stomach and Small Intestine 149 1 Serosa; Serous coat. Peritoneal covering con- 21 Circular layer; Short pitch helicoidal layer. sisting of simple squamous epithelium. B Inner circular muscle layer. Its cells are coiled 2 Subserosa; Subserous layer. Connective tissue tightly in a helicoidal form. F underlying the serosa. B 22 Circular folds. (Kerckring’s valves). Up to 8 mm 12 3 Muscular layer; Muscular coat. Muscular coat high permanent folds containing submucosa 13 of stomach composed of muscle fibers running that extend transversely to the intestinal axis, 3 encircling around two-thirds of the intestinal in three directions. A B 7 14 lumen. E F 4 Longitudinal layer. External layer of longitu- 23 Submucosa. Sliding layer between the muscu- dinal muscle fibers mainly at the lesser and 9 greater curvatures of stomach. A B laris mucosae and the muscular coat consisting mainly of collagenous connective tissue and 5 15 5 Circular layer. Middle layer consisting of containing vessels and nerves. -
The Digestive, Reproductive, and Urinary Systems
The Digestive, Reproductive, and Urinary Systems THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Your body is constantly using energy, even when you’re at rest. Your cells use energy to carry out the normal functions of protein synthesis, cell maintenance and repair, and their own particular functions. On a larger scale, processes such as breathing, pumping of the heart, maintenance of normal levels of substances within the body, and digestion and absorption of foods are vital to life. All these processes continue while you’re sleeping. Because your body can’t man- ufacture energy, it must obtain that energy from elsewhere. In all animals, energy comes from food. Food also provides the body with fresh raw materials for growth, maintenance, and repair of body structures. The digestive system deals with the intake, physical breakdown, chemical digestion, and absorption of food, along with the elimination of waste products created by this process. The digestive system also eliminates certain toxic substances and secretes hormones it uses to regulate itself. The Oral Cavity The mouth, or oral cavity, consists of the lips, teeth and gums, tongue, oropharynx, and the associated salivary glands. The lips are a zone of transition from the skin of the face to the mucous membrane (a general term denoting the surface of an organ lubricated by moisture) lining the gums and the inside of your cheeks. Several layers of muscle help the lips grab and retain food and water within the mouth. 1 Different animals have different degrees of lip muscle devel- opment. Grazing animals like cattle, sheep, and horses have muscular lips that are prehensile (i.e., adapted to grasp plant material). -
Bio 104 Chapter 21: Respiratory System 123
Bio 104 Chapter 21: Respiratory System 123 21.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Classified anatomically into upper and lower tracts: § _______– passageways from nasal cavity to larynx § Lower – passageways from trachea alveoli o Alveoli – tiny air sacs, site of gas exchange o _______– » Each is a collection of millions of alveoli and their blood vessels embedded in elastic connective tissue BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Classified functionally into conducting and respiratory zones: § ___________________- pathway air travels o Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened o Includes structures from nose and nasal cavity to bronchioles § ___________________– where gas exchange occurs; alveoli Bio 104 Chapter 21: Respiratory System 124 • Respiration – process that provides body cells with • Other functions – serve to maintain homeostasis: oxygen and removes waste product carbon dioxide: § Speech and sound production 1. Pulmonary ventilation – movement of air in and out of lungs § § Assist with defecation, urination, and childbirth by 2. Pulmonary gas exchange – movement of gases increasing pressure in thoracic cavity between lungs and blood § Assist with flow of venous blood and lymph 3. _______________– movement of gases through blood § Maintaining acid-base balance § 4. Tissue gas exchange – THE NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY • Nose and nasal cavity are entryway into respiratory system; serve following functions: § 21.2 ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM § Filter debris from inhaled air and secrete antibacterial substances § § Resonates -
Serous 'Effusions an ATTEMPT at a CLINICAL·PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION
27 April 1974 S.-A. MEDIESE TVDSKRIF 865 Serous 'Effusions AN ATTEMPT AT A CLINICAL·PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION K. P. MOKHOBO SUMMARY of treatment had been given; and the collection of a sizeable quantity of fluid. All ward analyses and biopsy One hundred and three serous fluid examinations were procedures were done by one person. analysed to try to discover a simple formula whereby a pathological and/or aetiological diagnosis may be made without recourse to multiple, invasive, sophisticated QC Definitions and Terminology (Tables I- V) expensive procedures. It was hoped also to find features which would identify effusions arising from similar Naked-eye appearances of serous fluid are described as mechanisms. These hopes were not fulfilled. Instead, yellow or straw-coloured, bloody, or heavily bloody. the study prompts a re-examination of traditional concepts An exudate is implied when the specific gravity exceeds on the question of transudates and exudates, as occurs in 1,016 and the protein level is above 3 g/ WO m!. our group of patients belonging to the Swazi nation. The Transudate describes the specific gravity and the protein literature, with relevant points on the issue in general, is level as lower than 1,016 and 3 g/100 ml, respectively. examined. The fluid is indeterminate where the specific gravity and the protein level are discordant. S. Air. Med. l .. 48, 865 (1974). A probable diagnosis is based on strong collateral evidence, a definite diagnosis on pathological proof. Single or multiple serous effusions are commonly en countered in a Black hospital practice. The causes of such fluid collections are many, wme clinically obvious, RESULTS others requiring ,pecial diagnostic procedures. -
Digestive System
BIO104 11 Chapter 22: Digestive System Digestive System ChApter 22 Digestive System = Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or plus accessory organs Module 22.1: Overview of the Digestive System INTRODUCTION Digestive system – breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by bloodstream and delivered to body cells in useable form = GI tract or alimentary canal and • Alimentary canal – continuous tube consisting of (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomAch, smAll intestine, and • Accessory organs – located around alimentary canal and assist in digestion in some way - include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, BASIC DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS AND PROCESSES Functions: 1. , break it down into its component nutrients to be used by body cells 2. , and acid-base homeostasis 3. Ingest vitamins and minerals, produce hormones, excrete wastes • Main processes include: 1. Ingestion – bring food and water into month 2. Secretion –mucus, enzymes, acid, and hormones 3. – via peristalsis 4. Digestion – mechanical and chemical 5. – through wall of alimentary canal into blood or lymph BIO104 12 Chapter 22: Digestive System 6. DefecAtion – eliminate waste products REGULATION OF MOTILITY BY NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS Motility - key process in every region of alimentary canal • Oral cavity, pharynx, superior esophagus, and last portion of L.I. - • Remainder of alimentary canal - Types: mixing & churning, propulsion RegulAtion: 1. Nervous ANS: SNS inhibits PSN stimulates 2. Endocrine hormones – stimulate or inhibit HISTOLOGY OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL • = concentric layers of tissue surround a space • 4 main layers: 1. - epithelium 2. SubmucosA – CT 3. MusculAris externA - smooth muscle 4. SerosA (or ) - CT & epithelium • MucosA: a. epithelium – or stratified squamous goblet cells à mucus b. lamina propria - CT c.