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Biology of Terrestrial Snail Secretion and Application 1 . 40(2) 356 365 (2555) KKU Sci. J. 40(2) 356-365 (2012) Biology of Terrestrial Snail Secretion and Application 1 sulfate sugar carbohydrate chains, globular soluble proteins, uronic acid oligoelements 1 . 44150 E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +66-4375-4245 357 ABSTRACT The snail mucus is excreted from the cells in the epithelium of the skin, foot and body that call pedal mucus and viscous mucus, respectively. For the purpose of adhesive locomotion, mating, hunting, and maintain moisture in hibernation, especially a thin layer of pedal mucus is secreted for crawling. Whilst, the viscous mucus are a thick layer and high concentration excreted from body skin. The viscosity of mucus is highly depends on its bipolar ion content, which can vary between species and with the physiological condition of the animal. The rate of mucus excretion is controlled by neurohormone. Snail mucus consists of a liquid, and granules. The number of granules is directly proportional to the weight of the mucus. The major biochemical component of snail mucus is a complex glycoconjugates molecules contain sulfate sugar or carbohydrate chains, globular soluble proteins, uronic acid and oligoelements. The important role of antibiotic peptide such as mucin of the snail mucus exhibited positive antibacterial activity both for the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Moreover, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important to immune defense by acting not only as natural antibiotics but also stimulate many elements of the immune system, including barrier repair and inflammatory cell recruitment. Currently, there are many the applications of snail mucus in various industries, such as increased skin care products and glue proteins. : Keywords: Snail mucus, Biochemical component, Applications (carnivorous slug) (Richter, 1980) (snail secretion snail mucus) (terrestrial snail) (hibernate) (Denny, 1980) ( 1 2) (epithelium) 2 snail slime, snail goo trial mucus pedal mucus (viscous mucus) (Pinchuck and Hodgson, 2009) 358 KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2 Review 1 (A) Cryptozona siamensis (pedal mucus) (B) (trial mucus) (C) Amphidromus givenchyi 6 ( ) 2 Helix lucorum (wave) (mucus) (ciliated epithelium) ( : Pavlova, 2001) 359 (viscosity) (bipolar ion) ouabain, amiloride furosemide epithelial blocking agents (neurohormone) Derocerus reticulatum acetylcoline, prostaglandin E2, indomethacin, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine ; 5-HT), ergometrine (Ierusalimsky et al., 1997; Pavlova, 2001) channel Arion cell arginine vasotocin subfuscus (South, 1992) noradrenaline atropine (Luchtel et al., 1984; Martin et al., 1990) (epithelium) mucous granules mucous 2 mucous granules 1-2.7 cell (mucus) 6-7 granules channel cell haemolymph 1 mucous granules 6 Na+, Cl- ions 6x10 granules 3 K+, HCO3- ions (Deyrup-Olsen and Jindrova, 1996; microvillous Kapeleta et al., 1996) ( 4 A C) cells ciliated cell mucous granules channel cell 10-100 ( 4B) 500 ultrarapid freezing ( 3) (Barr, 1927; Yamaguchi et al., 2000) (Luchtel et al., 1991) 360 KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2 Review 3 Incilaria fruhstorferi 5 microvillous (Mi), ciliated (Ci), round mucous (rMu), tubular mucous (tMu) channel (Ch) (cell body) (CT) (basement membrane; BM) channel cell (CL) sensory hair (SH) ( : Yamaguchi et al., 2000) 4 mucous granules (A) mucous granule Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) (Agriolimacidae) (B) mucous granule (C) mucous granules Prophysaon foliolatum (Gould) (Arionidae) D. reticulatum mucous granules ( 350 ) ( : Luchtel and Deyrup-Olsen, 2001) sulfate sugar carbohydrate chains, globular soluble proteins, uronic acid complex glycoconjugates molecules 361 oligoelements (Werneke et al., 2007) (96.5%), electrolytes, glycoconjugates (3%) glycoproteins, proteoglycans ( core protein glycosaminoglycan chains covalent), lectins, mucin, sialic acid, hexosamine hemocyanin Arion glucosamine, L-iduronic acid, acetyl sulfate groups ( 5) (Adikwu and proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans Ikejiuba, 2005; Braff et al., 2005; Furuta et al., glycoproteins 2006; Adikwu and Alozie, 2007; Adikwu and glyconutrients, enzymes Nnamani, 2007) cell signals (mucin) (dry mucus) 25% (Antibacterial activity) uronic acid 72% Achatina fulica glycosaminoglycans 2 globular proteins strongly acidic (the water soluble glycosaminoglycans fraction; WSF) (mucin fraction; MF) (Schlichter, 1982; Cottrell et al., 1993; Cottrell Bacillus subtilis Styphy et al., 1994; Kuver et al., 1994; Davies and lococcus aureus Hawkins, 1998; Yuasa et al., 1998; Skingsley et Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa al., 2000; Braff et al., 2005; Furuta et al., 2006) (Iguchi et al., 1982) (cell membrane or plasma membrane) (Antimicrobial peptides; AMPs) ( , 2553) 362 KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2 Review (glue proteins) agar, interleukin-6, histamines lectin polygalacturonic acid (Pawlicki et al., 2004; Adikwu and Ikejiuba, 2005; Adikwu and Alozie, 2007) 5 Arion ( : http://www.biostretchmarkcream.com/clear-skin) . (2553). : . 38: 143-153. Adikwu, M. U. and Ikejiuba, C. C. (2005). Some physiochemical and wound healing properties of land snail mucin. 363 Buletino Chemico Farmceutico 144: Davies, M. S. and Hawkins, S. J. (1998). Mucus 1-8. from marine molluscs. Advance in Adikwu, M. U. and Alozie, B. U. (2007). Marine Biology 34: 2-7. Application of snail mucin dispersed Denny, M. (1980). The role of gastropod pedal in detarium gum gel in wound heal mucus in locomotion. Nature 285: ing. Scientific Research and Essay 2: 160 161. 195-198. Deyrup-Olsen, I. and Jindrova, H. (1996). Adikwu, M. U. and Nnamani, P. O. (2007). Product release by mucous granules Some physiochemical and toxico of land slugs Ariolimax columbianus logical properties of land snail mucin. as a model species. Journal of Bioresearch 5: 1-6. Experimental Zoology 276: 387-393. Barr RA. (1927). Some notes on the mucous Furuta E., Takagi T., Yamaguchi K. and and skin glands of Arion ater. Shimozawa A. (2006). Incilaria mucus Quarterly Journal of Microscopical agglutinated human erythrocytes. Science 71: 503-525. Journal of Experimental Zoology 271: Braff, M. H., Bardan, A., Nizet, V. and Gallo, R. 340-347. L. (2005). Cutaneous defense Ierusalimsky, V. N., Zakharov, I. S. and Balaban, mechanisms by antimicrobial pep- P. M. (1997). Comparison of serotonin tides. Journal of Investigative Dermato and dopamine neural systems in logy 125: 9 13. adult and juvenile terrestrial snails Cottrell, J. M., Henderson, I. F., Pickett, J. A. Helix and Eobania. Zhurnal Vysshei and Wright, D. J. (1993). Evidence for Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I.P. glycosaminoglycans as a major Pavlova 47: 563-576. component of trial mucus from the Iguchi, S. M. M., Aikawa, T. and Matsumoto, J. terrestrial slug Arion ater L. Compa J. (1982). Antibacterial activity of snail rative Biochemistry and Physiology mucus mucin. Comparative Biochemis 104: 455-468. try and Physiology 72 : 571-574. Cottrell, J. M., Henderson, I. F. and Wright, D. Kapeleta, M. V., Jeminez-Mallebrela, C., J. (1994). Studies of the glycosami Carnicer-Rodriguez, M. J., Cook, A. and noglycans component of trial mucus Shephard, K. L. (1996). Production of from the terrestrial slug Arion ater L. mucus granules by the terrestrial slug Comparative Biochemistry and Physio Arion ater L. Journal of Molluscan logy 107: 285-296. Studies 62: 251-256. 364 KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2 Review Kuver, R., Ramesh, N., Lau, S., Savard, C., Lee, Helixlucorum. Journal of Experimen- S. and Osborne, W. (1994). Consti tal Biology 204: 1625-1633. tutive mucin secretion linked to CFTR Pawlicki, J.M., Pease, L. B., Pierce, C. M., Startz, expression. Biochemical and Biophy T. P., Zhang, Y. and Smith, A. M. sical Research Communications 203: (2004). The effect of molluscan glue 1457 1462. proteins on gel mechanics. Journal of Luchtel, D. L., Martin, A. W. and Deyrup-Olsen, Experimental Biology 207: 1127-1135. I. (1984). 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