Research Newsletter of the Indian Institute of Science Issue 1, 2021

KERNELARTPARK: Editorial INNOVATION AT PLAY

Robotic avatars. Delivery drones. Remote learning labs. Read more about the futuristic challenges being pursued by a new technology innovation hub at IISc.

Stories in this issue of Kernel also describe new of vine across peninsular , Autonomous drone charging pad developed at ARTPARK/RBCCPS (Photo courtesy: RBCCPS) a greywater recycling NEW TECH HUB FOR AI AND ROBOTICS AT IISc AIMS TO ADDRESS SOCIALLY system installed in a remote AND ECONOMICALLY RELEVANT PROBLEMS Karnataka village, and “I hope patients will be comfortable in is being developed in collaboration the influence of unusual speaking with me, and would consider me with TCS and Hanson Robotics, as part midlatitude disturbances not just as a machine, but as a friend,” of a mission-mode project under the on the Indian summer announced Asha, a first-of-its-kind robotic new AI and Robotics Technology Park nurse in the country, making its debut at (ARTPARK) established recently at the monsoon. We also profile the Bengaluru Tech Summit in November Institute. the work of an earth 2020. scientist who seeks to Asha is not meant to replace a human Asha, who is learning to speak , nurse, but to be a “tool” that can be unravel the secrets of the Hindi and English, is the brainchild of used by the nurse to assist a patient ground beneath our feet. a team of IISc researchers. The robot who might be far away, explains

Continued on page 2 Asha with the research team (Photo: Samarth Hada)

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Bharadwaj Amrutur, Professor and Chair of ARTPARK will focus largely on mission-mode explains Amrutur. “This will involve the Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber-Physical projects that are relevant to society and multiple institutions, including the Ministry Systems (RBCCPS) at IISc, who leads this the economy as well as “technologically of Civil Aviation ... companies like Swiggy initiative. “The nurse could operate this audacious,” says Umakant Soni, the and Flipkart may also be interested.” robot assistant to deliver care without newly appointed CEO of ARTPARK and physically coming to the [patient’s] home.” co-founder of venture studio AIfoundry, All of these initiatives will require This can be especially helpful during IISc’s collaborator in this initiative. “AI and developing new technologies, including pandemics like COVID-19. robotics is going to lead to close to those related to 5G networks, autonomous 15.7 trillion dollars of new economic value. vehicles and manufacturing processes, Asha works via virtual reality. A headset and But India’s share might be a mere one for which testbeds will be set up at both a pair of gloves capture the human nurse’s trillion dollars, whereas ’s would be IISc and Challakere campuses. Other facial expressions and hand movements, eight trillion. If we need to reach 10 trillion technologies, such as speech-to-speech and relay them to the robot. As the nurse dollars as an economy ... we need to take translation for robotics and mechanisms for physically moves their hands around – these technology moonshots.” sharing confidential data securely, are also to open a pill bottle or take a patient’s planned. temperature – the robot performs the Another example of a socially-relevant same action. project that ARTPARK plans to pursue, In addition to cutting-edge research, titled “Project Eklavya,” is the setting up of a major focus of ARTPARK will be In the future, the interaction could be made remotely connected labs to help students “Technopreneurship” – spawning deep- more intuitive, through voice commands, in rural areas watch and perform science tech companies in the domains of AI and for example. “Five or 10 years from now, experiments in real time. “One of the big robotics, says Soni. “We are planning to we will have very good communication challenges is that in government schools in set up a venture studio in ARTPARK. Its networks. I could just speak through the rural areas, the labs will not be working or role will be to create ventures out of these smartphone, instructing the robot,” says the instruments will be broken,” says Soni. pathbreaking mission problems that we are Amrutur. “That’s a really challenging Instead of taking new equipment to these solving. We are also creating a $100 million research problem. No one in the world has areas which may be difficult and expensive venture fund to support these companies.” done it.” In theory, a nurse sitting in one to maintain in the long run, ARTPARK Student fellowships, courses and workshops state or country might be able to control will focus on setting up remote labs in for students and industry professionals are a robot next to a patient in another state urban areas where robots will operate the also on the horizon. or country. The team behind Asha is also apparatus or equipment, but students in working on developing technologies that rural schools can be given access to control What sets ARTPARK apart from other will allow the robot to display more human- the robots remotely so that they can perform technology innovation hubs around like emotions, and understand and speak in their experiments. the country is that it brings together multiple Indian languages. academic research, industry translation Yet another area of research that ARTPARK is and entrepreneurship under the same Assistive robots like Asha are one of several involved in is using drones to safely deliver roof, according to Soni. “In Silicon Valley, research challenges that ARTPARK has medicines, food or other items in urban research can travel all the way [from undertaken under the broad theme of AI areas. It plans to set up “Dronery” facilities academia] to the market in a structured and robotics. It has been set up as a non- to build these drones and also work with manner,” he says. He highlights the profit company with seed funding of Rs industry and government partners to map example of how Google was born out of 170 crore from the Department of Science out air routes or corridors for drones to research at Stanford University. “If we need and Technology’s National Mission on move smoothly across large distances. “We to come up with a company like Google Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems could set up these corridors somewhere in AI and robotics, we need to build that and Rs 60 crore from the Karnataka state from the north of the airport to the IISc research translation ecosystem in India, government. Its goal is to provide a platform Challakere campus, and have these drones and IISc has to be a pioneer in that.” to translate academic research to industry routinely deliver things to show that we and startups faster and more seamlessly. can do this kind of delivery in a safe way,” - Ranjini Raghunath

KERNEL | ISSUE 1, 2021 | Pg 2 farnsworthi and Ahaetulla sahyadrensis (Photos: Ashok Kumar Mallik, N S Achyuthan and Vivek Philip Cyriac)

DISENTANGLING VINES

A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL TEAM HAS DISCOVERED FIVE NEW SPECIES OF VINE SNAKES ACROSS PENINSULAR INDIA Vine snakes are among the most common Wall’s vine (Ahaetulla isabellina) be detected by genetic analysis,” says snakes in peninsular India, found even in in the alone. Mallik. “Our earlier discovery of another many peri-urban areas wherever there is These species were superficially similar in deeply divergent vine snake, Proahaetulla some greenery. This species was believed their morphology (what they look like) but antiqua, suggests that the entire lineage to be widespread throughout the drier parts separated by geographic (or ecological) of vine snakes (Ahaetulla) evolved of the peninsula as well as in the Western barriers. Another morphologically distinct around 26 million years ago during the Ghats. But new research shows that this and much larger species, the long-nosed mid-Oligocene from its sister group species actually comprises several vine snake (Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha), was Proahaetulla.” different species. distributed in the lowlands and drier parts of peninsular India. Kartik Shanker, Associate Professor at CES Based on extensive sampling across says, “The discovery helps us document peninsular India, a team of researchers “All the vine snakes were assigned names species diversity but also sheds light on from the Centre for Ecological Sciences related to the locality or based on a the evolutionary history of vine snakes (CES) has now described several new morphological character, but we named in South . is one species of vine snakes from the region. the species Ahaetulla farnsworthi after my of the first snake names that we learned Led by former student Ashok Mallik as part favourite mad scientist who inspired me as aspiring herpetologists. One almost of his doctoral research, the team carried to become one, Dr Hubert Farnsworth from feels sad that we had to assign it to out field visits across India to collect [the cartoon] Futurama. In fact, the snake the Sri Lankan population, but it is far morphological data, tissue samples and also looks a lot like him,” says Achyuthan more exciting that we have all these new specimens to understand the patterns of Srikanthan, a researcher at CES who was species in India.” distribution and diversification of vine part of the team. snakes. The study, published in the journal The researchers also delineated the Zootaxa, was carried out in collaboration Asian vine snakes, distributed throughout vine snake (Ahaetulla with researchers SR Ganesh from the the continent, belong to the travancorica), separated by morphology Chennai Snake Park, Saunak Pal from Ahaetulla and the recently described and a geographic barrier from the Gunther’s the Bombay Natural History Society, and Proahaetulla. Once the team started its vine snake (). In addition, Princia D’souza from IISc. research, they were surprised to discover they recognised distinctions between the that the common green vine snake vine snake in the Western Ghats and - Kartik Shanker’s lab (Ahaetulla nasuta) in India was a complex the one found in , and gave the of several species. They found four distinct Western Ghats form a new name (Ahaetulla small-bodied and short-nosed species: sahyadrensis). There are now six species of the Northern Western Ghats vine snake vine snakes endemic to the Western Ghats. (Ahaetulla borealis), Farnsworth’s vine snake (Ahaetulla farnsworthi), Malabar “Widely distributed species may comprise vine snake (Ahaetulla malabarica) and many cryptic species, which can only

KERNEL | ISSUE 1, 2021 | Pg 3 New toilets at Berambadi using recycled and treated greywater (Photo courtesy: Plasma lab, CST, IISc)

DECENTRALISED TREATMENT AND RECYCLING OF GREYWATER

A SYSTEM INSTALLED IN A REMOTE KARNATAKA VILLAGE SCHOOL HAS HELPED REUSE LARGE AMOUNTS OF GREYWATER

Researchers at the Centre for Sustainable The treatment system first passes the potable purposes such as toilet flushing Technologies (CST) have developed greywater from the hand wash sinks and gardening. an efficient decentralised wastewater through strainers that screen out large treatment and recycling system at a food particles from water. “Then, the “Here, plasma technology is used to primary school in the remote village of water goes through three anaerobic create a high throughput solar powered Berambadi in Karnataka. sand biofilters – tanks filled with locally ozonator for cleaning up the water available coarse gravel, medium gravel effectively,” says Rao. The ozonator A new study shows how the system has, and sand, where bacterial biofilms used in the system works with ambient over the past year, enabled the reuse of help in the breakdown of nutrients in air as the input gas – instead of oxygen wastewater and reduced dependence greywater to reduce nutrient levels of – to generate ozone. “This completely on freshwater resources. “We have water,” explains PS Ganesh Subramanian, eliminates the need for hazardous oxygen demonstrated for the first time that a former Project Assistant at CST and the cylinders, thus allowing the system to be decentralised wastewater treatment first author of the paper. easily operated and maintained by the systems can be economically put staff at the school,” he says. into practice in a rural setting,” says The greywater from the kitchen sinks, on Lakshminarayana Rao, Assistant Professor the other hand, is first passed through The authors suggest that a robust at CST and a senior author of the paper a grease trap to strip off the top layer wastewater management system like this published in the Journal of Water Process of oil and grease from water. After this, can be replicated in both rural and urban Engineering. water flows through an anaerobic sludge settings after taking into consideration bioreactor followed by a stratified factors such as space limitations, baseline The research team operated the greywater biofiltration chamber. Finally, the filtered greywater quality and daily flowrates. treatment system for a year and monitored water from both hand wash sinks and “The people from Berambadi village are different characteristics at the entry and kitchen sinks enters an aeration tank very happy with the system. Based on the exit points. The performance of every followed by an ozonation tank, where it is success of this sustainable wastewater treatment stage was quantified in terms treated with ozone for disinfection. management project, several other of removal efficiencies (REs) of turbidity, schools in Karnataka have approached us Total Suspended Solids, nitrate, total The ozone is generated using a cold to duplicate it in their schools,” says Rao. phosphorus, Biological Oxygen Demand, plasma ozonator designed specifically for Chemical Oxygen Demand and faecal disinfection of wastewater. “Ozonation The study was carried out in collaboration coliforms. Overall, the system showed removes odours and colours from water, with the Ashoka Trust for Research in high REs – more than 90% for most of the and eliminates faecal coliforms, thereby Ecology and the Environment, and the parameters. About 667 litres of greywater disinfecting the water while leaving no University of Glasgow and James Hutton was treated daily using the system, saving harmful by-products. [It also] enhances Institute in the UK. around 1,80,000 litres of water annually. the Dissolved Oxygen concentration of the water,” explains Subramanian. The treated At Berambadi Primary School, greywater water stored in an overhead tank is then - Shatarupa Sarkar is produced at the hand wash and kitchen readily available for reuse by the students wash mostly during the lunch hours. and staff of the school for domestic non-

KERNEL | ISSUE 1, 2021 | Pg 4 Image: Pritam Jyoti Borah

DECENTRALISED TREATMENT AND RECYCLING OF GREYWATER DROUGHTS IN INDIA INFLUENCED BY NORTH ATLANTIC AIR CURRENTS A SYSTEM INSTALLED IN A REMOTE KARNATAKA VILLAGE SCHOOL HAS HELPED REUSE LARGE AMOUNTS OF GREYWATER ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES FROM THE MIDLATITUDES APPEAR TO DERAIL THE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON

Nearly half of the droughts during But they have not collated and pooled India. We looked at the winds that were the Indian summer monsoon in the them together, and deduced that these prevalent in these non-El Niño drought past century may have been driven droughts may all have a different type of years.” by atmospheric disturbances from the evolution than El Niño droughts, as well as North Atlantic region, finds a new study a common cause, which is this midlatitude That was when they noticed an unusual published in Science. It was conducted by influence,” says V Venugopal, Associate midlatitude disturbance, which emerged researchers at the Centre for Atmospheric Professor at CAOS and a senior author. from winds in the upper atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences (CAOS). interacting with a deep cyclonic The research team looked closely at daily circulation above abnormally cold North More than a billion people in the Indian rainfall during both El Niño and non-El Atlantic waters. The resulting wave of air subcontinent depend on the annual Niño drought years, and noticed stark currents, called a Rossby wave, curved summer monsoon, which brings copious differences in the patterns between June down from the North Atlantic – squeezed rain to large swathes of the country and September. El Niño droughts follow in by the Tibetan plateau – and hit the between June and September. a standard pattern. The rainfall deficit Indian subcontinent around mid-August, When it fails, and most of the country is – departure from a long-term average suppressing rainfall and throwing off the plunged into drought, the usual suspect is – sets in around mid-June and becomes monsoon trying to recover from the June El Niño, a recurring climate event during progressively worse. By mid-August, the slump. The wave’s usual course is to go which abnormally warm equatorial Pacific deficit spreads across the country and a from west to east, but not towards the waters pull moisture-laden clouds away drought is inevitable. equator, explains Sukhatme. “This inward from the subcontinent. But 10 out of 23 curving was the peculiar thing that we droughts in India in the past century Surprisingly, the non-El Niño droughts, noticed during these particular years.” occurred during years when El Niño was when analysed together, also seemed to absent. What, then, could have caused follow a common pattern. First, there was The findings underscore the importance them? a moderate slump in June. Then, during of also considering influences on the mid-July to mid-August, the monsoon Indian monsoon from outside the tropics, The IISc study shows that these droughts showed signs of recovery and rainfall which current forecast models focus were a consequence of a sudden and steep increased. However, around the third heavily on. “The Indian Ocean and Pacific drop in rainfall in late August. This drop week of August, there was a sudden steep Ocean seem to be at the forefront of all was linked to an atmospheric disturbance decline in rainfall, resulting in drought discussions surrounding Indian monsoon in the midlatitude region over the North conditions. droughts,” says Venugopal. “It is perhaps Atlantic Ocean, creating a pattern of time to focus just as much on midlatitude atmospheric currents that swoop in “The question was: why does the break influences, which might aid in getting a over the subcontinent and “derail” the occur this late in August?” says Jai better handle on enhanced predictability monsoon. Sukhatme, Associate Professor at CAOS of monsoon variability.” and another author. “We tried to see if we “As early as the 1980s, people have could trace it back to a forcing agent or looked at these droughts individually. system that influences the behaviour over - Ranjini Raghunath

KERNEL | ISSUE 1, 2021 | Pg 5 Image: Sayantan Mondal

INSIGHTS INTO WATER LAYERS AT HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES

Water confined between parallel graphene liquid and sheets, with a substantially only for a short time in the layer. While sheets exhibits several interesting weakened dielectric permittivity, make these timescales are not substantially anomalies, one of which is a low static a disproportionately large contribution, different compared to those of water dielectric constant. A new study carried reducing the effective value of dielectric molecules at distant layers, the dipole out by researchers in the Solid State and constant of the entire system. moment fluctuations of the interfacial Structural Chemistry Unit has unraveled layer molecules are quenched. the origin of this anomaly using linear The team also studied the dynamics of response theory, a capacitor model and water molecules at a microscopic level. The study provides new insights into computer simulations. They found that the water molecules the dielectric anomaly of nanoconfined residing in these so-called “electrically water, a topic of great current interest. The researchers find that the water dead” layers align in the same orientation layers at the interfaces between the and yet remain dynamically active, residing

Image: Shikha Laloraya

COHESIN HELPS MAINTAIN CELL WALL IN BUDDING YEAST CELLS

Mutations in proteins needed to maintain of subtelomeric genes, even when they could be remedied by altering the structure of the yeast cell wall may are present away from sites known to be the osmotic stress. This hinted at weaken it, threatening the cell’s survival. silenced. the presence of cell wall defects. A study in Genetics by researchers at the A compensatory stress signalling Department of Biochemistry has explored In the new study, the researchers found pathway is activated in these mutants the role of a protein complex called that yeast cells with mutations in cohesin – important for their survival during cohesin. proteins had distinctive characteristics. elevated cell wall stress. Their cell walls were resistant to an Cohesins attach to various parts of the enzyme called zymolyase, and showed Cohesins, therefore, are vital cell’s chromosomes, and help organise large depositions of chitin, known to for regulating both chromosome and distribute genetic material during cell fortify cell walls. They were also more segregation during cell division and cell division. A previous study in PNAS by the sensitive to chemical inducers of cell wall maintenance, independently. team described a unique mechanism by wall stress and elevated temperature; which cohesin represses the expression interestingly temperature sensitivity - Anoushka Dasgupta

KERNEL | ISSUE 1, 2021 | Pg 6 Photo courtesy: Attreyee Ghosh

ROCKING THE WORLD OF SCIENCE

ATTREYEE GHOSH AND HER TEAM DIG DEEP TO UNRAVEL THE SECRETS OF THE GROUND BENEATH OUR FEET

When Carole King sang, “I feel the earth taking place inside Earth and how they causing the dip in the geoid surface,” she move under my feet,” she didn’t mean it affect what we see on the surface. Using explains. in a literal sense. But she was right: the satellite and field data, she and her team planet’s interior is dynamic. Yet, we seem build numerical models to understand Yet another surface phenomenon, one to know little about what is happening these processes. This area of research is that all of us are familiar with, are deep inside – even as we explore other known as computational geodynamics. earthquakes, which have also attracted faraway planets and stars – although we “I am very interested in how the deep the attention of Attreyee’s lab. About are occasionally reminded of its intense interior talks to the surface,” she says. nine out of 10 earthquakes occur at the activity whenever an earthquake or a boundaries of tectonic plates, the rigid tsunami strikes. One such surface feature that scientists blocks of the outermost part of Earth have observed is the uneven face of Earth. called the lithosphere. But sometimes, Attreyee Ghosh, Associate Professor at the The bumpiness results from the effects anomalous earthquakes happen in Centre for Earth Sciences (CEaS) at IISc, of gravity stemming from the unevenly the middle of the plate, far away from agrees. “We still know very little about the distributed mass deep within Earth’s plate boundaries. An example of such structure of Earth,” she says. Besides its interior. If there were no tides or currents, an intraplate earthquake was the inaccessibility, the reason why we are so all the water in the oceans would settle on devastating Gujarat earthquake of 2001. ignorant about the interior of our planet, this uneven surface giving Earth a peculiar Attreyee’s work has shown that stresses according to her, is that it is “freaking shape that geophysicists call the “geoid”. originating at plate boundaries can travel complicated.” It has multiple layers, both An example of such an irregularity is through the plate interior and trigger liquid and solid, and each layer consists seen just south of the subcontinent in the such quakes. of several different minerals and rocks. Indian Ocean where the ocean surface “Each [layer] has different properties,” drops by over 100 m. Using satellite Attreyee’s investigations, as well as she says, and each of them is subjected data, which record small fluctuations in those of others in her field, will help to multiple forces. It is therefore not the gravity field, Attreyee’s group has us better understand the structure of surprising that Earth Sciences encompass discovered the cause of this “geoid low”, Earth’s interior. Besides generating more not just geology but also physics, which has in the past been a subject of realistic 3D models of the ground beneath chemistry and biology. much speculation. “There is a lot of low- our feet, it will also aid seismologists in density hot material in the mantle [layer their quest for what she refers to as the Attreyee’s research interest lies in of rocks between the core and Earth’s “holy grail of geophysics”: prediction understanding the physical processes crust], and this low-density structure is of earthquakes. These models will

KERNEL | ISSUE 1, 2021 | Pg 7 Observed geoid anomaly on Earth showing the big “hole” in the northern Indian Ocean; scale in metres (Image courtesy: European Space Agency)

also be of tremendous help to design role in shaping her own career, reminisces challenging. “You cannot just think about policies related to how we manage Attreyee. “I got interested in the subject a single project, you have to think about disasters, including safety regulations for after reading the book. At that age, I found multiple students engaged in various construction and evacuating people. it really fascinating. I knew I wanted to do different projects. Along with this comes science, but I didn’t exactly know which administrative roles, and finding ways to Attreyee has come a long way in her career to choose. That book helped me fund your research,” she says. However, career as an earth scientist. But she to channel my interest in this field [Earth over the years, she has eased into the role may not have ventured into the world Sciences].” and looks forward to an exciting future of rocks had it not been for a gift she – one in which she wants to continue to received from her father when she Attreyee did her PhD in geophysics from explore the relationship between deep and was still in school. It was a book titled Stony Brook University in the USA and her shallow forces in the interior of Earth and Antarctica, written by Sudipta Sengupta, postdoctoral research from the University how they shape the surface. She is also a geologist and former professor at of Southern California and Stony Brook grateful for the support that she received at Jadavpur University, and one of the first University before she moved to CEaS as an early age to pursue this path, and hopes Indian women to go on a voyage to the Assistant Professor in 2012. The transition that she can find ways to inspire more icy continent. Reading about Sudipta’s from postdoctoral studies where she young girls to take up science. experiences in the South Pole and how focussed mainly on her own research she became a geologist played a crucial to running her own lab at IISc has been - Gouri Patil

Attreyee Ghosh’s students displaying exhibits at IISc’s Open Day (Photo: IISc Photography Club)

Office of Communications (OoC) EDITORIAL TEAM DESIGN Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Deepika S TheFool.in Karthik Ramaswamy Bengaluru - 560012 Ranjini Raghunath (Coordinator) [email protected] | [email protected] Samira Agnihotri Vaishalli Chandra

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