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Pesticide Pollution in Nepal

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Pesticide Pollution in Nepal Status of Pesticide pollution in Nepal Kanti Shrestha, Ph.D Chief Scientific officer Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur 20th June 2014 National Symposium on Pesticide Pollution GLOBAL CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF PESTICIDES S.N. Country Pesticide Use-a.i.(kg/ha) 1 India 0.38 2 China 2.0-2.5 3 Pakistan 1.3 4 Bangladesh 0.4 5 Bhutan 0.1 6 Republic of Korea 6.6 7 Japan 12 8 Indonesia 0.575 9 Thailand 1.1 10 Netherlands 9.4 11 Europe 1.9 12 USA 1.5 13 Germany 2.5 14 Norway 0.4 15 Africa 1.23 16 Nepal 0.142 Source: Pesticide use by country", World Resources Institute, livemint.com, 2007, Less pesticide on your food: Good news, 2012 and Trends in pesticide use and drivers for safer pest management, 2008 Pesticide trader • Private pesticide dealership started from 1995 when AIC stopped bulk purchasing of pesticides. • Network of private wholesalers & retailers in most of the districts Direct purchase • Some institution have been directly purchasing pesticides independently. • National Seed Company, Cotton Development Board, Nepal Food Corporation as well as the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division. List of Company involved in Pesticide formulation S. No. Name of Company Address /Farm 1 Kissan Agro Chemicals Birgunj, Parsa 2 Amit Pesticide Udhyog Birgunj, Parsa 3 Nepal Agro Industries Parsauni-2 Bara 4 Khoteja Agro Pvt. Ltd. Jagatpur, Chitwan 5 Nepal Krishi Rasayan Birgunj, Parsa Total registered pesticides 2068/6/31 S N Type of Pesticides Trade Name Common Name 1 Insecticides 500 40 2 Fungicides 229 33 3 Rodenticides 10 2 4 Weedicides 88 15 5 Bio-pesticides 19 7 6 Bactericides 6 2 7 Acaricides 7 3 Total 859 102 Classification Organochlorines (eg.DDT, BHC etc.) Organophosphates (eg.Malathion, Phorate, Quinalphos, Fenitrothion etc.) Carbamates (eg. Carbofuran, Aminocarb, Methiocarb etc.), Synthetic pyrethroids (eg. Allethrin, Cypermethrin. Permethrin etc.) Registered public health pesticides • Alphacypermethrin 5 % WP • Beta cyfluthrin 2.45 % SC, 5 % EC • Cyfluthrin 5 % EW • Deltamethrin 2.8 % WP • Lambdacyhalothrin 10 % WP • Bifenthrin 10 % EC, WP • Bifenthrin 10 % EC, WP Registered household use pesticides • Beta cyfluthrin 2.5 % SC • Cypermethrin 1 % chalk (Laxmanrekha, Barrier) • Imidachlorpid 2.15 % GEL (attractant to lure cockroach) • Propoxur 2 % chalk (Laxmanrekha) • Bifenthrin 2.5 % EC, WP • Propoxur 2 % Bait (Flyclean) SC- Suspension concentrate/Flowable concentrate, Who hazard category of pesticides S. WHO Class Hazards Pesticides N. 1. I A Extremely hazardous Parathion, Phorate 2. I B Highly hazardous Dichlorvos, quinalphos 3. II Moderately hazardous Endosulfan, carbofuran 4. III Slightly hazardous carbaryl, malathion 5. NH Unlikely to present Synthetic pyrethroids acute hazard in normal use Safety Marks Trend of insecticide (Agri+PH), fungicide and herbicides in a.i. 250000.00 200000.00 150000.00 100000.00 50000.00 0.00 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Others Pesticide formulation according to WHO Classification 600000.00 500000.00 400000.00 300000.00 200000.00 100000.00 0.00 AI Kg/L Formulation (Kg/L) Monitary value (000) IB II III NH NC Tren d of differnet insecticide in a.i. 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 kg 30000 20000 10000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Years Organochlorines Organophosphates Carbamates Synthetic pyrethoids Others/Mix Problems created due to use of pesticides Environmental pollution (Air, Water, Soil) Health Hazards (Acute, Chronic) Food Contamination due to undesirable residues Development of resistance by pests to pesticides, Resurgence of pests, outbreak of secondary pests What Happens after Application? • When pesticides are applied the goal is that they will remain in the target area long enough to control a specific pest and then degrade into harmless compounds without contaminating the environment. • Once applied, many pesticides are mobile in the environment (air, soil, water). • This movement can injure non-target plants and animals. Pathways of pesticide movement • Runoff • Chemical degradation • Volatilize (gas vapor) • Leaching and breakdown in soil • Leaching and degradation by microbes • Photo degradation (sun) Product Labels • The pesticide label is a binding, legal document. Compliance is required by the regulations. • Label directions must be carefully followed – from purchase to container disposal. • High risk pesticides may only be purchased and applied by certified persons. Table: The pesticides restricted and banned in Nepal. S.N Banned Pesticides Restricted pesticides 1. Methyl bromide** Bandiocarb ( Public health) 2. Chlordane* Cyfluthrin “ 3. DDT* Etofenprox “ 4. Dieldrin* Lambda cyhalothrin “ 5. Endrin* Permethrin “ 6. Aldrin* Dichlorvos (Recommendation) 7. Heptachlor* Mehtomyl “ 8. Toxafen* Methyl parathion “ 9. Mirex* Monocrotophos “ 10. BHC Oxydemeton methyl “ 11. Linden Phorate “ 12. Phosphamidon Triazophos “ 13. Organomercury fungicides Chlorpyriphos+Cypermethrin (Not in Mustard) 14. Methyl parathion 15. Monocrotophos * POP chemicals, ** ODS chemical. Source: DOPP, 2001 Legal instrument for the management of pesticide in Nepal Pesticide Act 1991 Pesticide Regulation 1993(1st amendment 2007) Other related laws •Interim constitution of Nepal •Environment Protection Act, 2053(1996) and Environment Protection Rules, 2054 (1997) •Plant Protection Act, 2064 and Rules, 2066 •Food Act 2023 (1966) and Food Rules 2027 (1970) • Aquatic Life Protection Act, 1961 and Rules • Seed Act, 2045 and Rules 2054 • Consumer Protection Act and Rules •Soil and Water Conservation Act, 1982 •Customs Act, 1962 and Rules, 1962 •Solid Waste Management Act,2011 •Water Resource Act, 1992 Table: signatory of different environment related International Conventions on distribution and use of hazardous chemicals S.N. International Starting Ratification Focal Date Date Points 1. Stockholm 22nd May 2001 5th Apr, 2002 MOEST* Convention 2 Basel Convention 22nd May, 1989 15th Aug, 1996 MOEST 3 Rotterdam 11th September 24th Feb, 2004 MOEST Convention 4 Chemical Weapons 12th Jan 1993 18th Nov, 1997 MOFA ** Convention 5 Montreal Protocol 2nd May, 1994 6th Jul, 1994 MOEST 6 SAICM 6th Feb 2006 MOEST * Ministry of Environment S and T , ** Ministry of Foreign Affairs What are POPs? • Organic chemical compound - natural / anthropogenic • Toxic and persistent •Ability to travel long distances (through air and water) • Bio-accumulate/biomagnify in food chains • Acute and chronic toxic effects on human & wildlife Convention on Hazardous Chemical • The Stockholm Convention o Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)-2004 • The Basel convention on the control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal (1989) • Rotterdam Convention on the prior Informed Consent Procedures for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade- 1998 Stockholm Convention Essential aims 1. Eliminating dangerous chemicals 2. Support the transition to safer alternatives 3. Target additional POPs for action 4. Clean up old stockpiles and equipment containing POPs The Twelve banned POPs • Aldrin • Mirex • Chlordane • Toxaphene • DDT • HCB • Dieldrin • PCBs • Dioxins • Endrin • Furans • Heptachlor New POPs added to List • Pentabromodiphenyl ether (PentaBDE) • Chlordecone • Hexabromobiphenyl • Lindane • Perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) • Octabromodiphenyl ether (OctaBDE) • Pentachlorobenzene • Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane • Beta hexachlorocyclohexane • Endosulphan 25 Basel Convention Main Aims are 1. Controls on trans boundary Movements of Hazardous wastes 2. Development of Criteria for the environmentally sound management of wastes 3. Minimization of Hazardous wastes generation Activities Final POPs Management Priorities Priority Pesticides 1 Safe packaging , safe storage, and disposal of obsolete pesticide Remediation and site stabilization PCBs 2 Manage stockpiles of PCBs and appropriate measures for handling and disposal of articles in use Identification of Stockpiles of PCB contaminated article in use and waste Ban on sell of PCB contaminated transformer oil POPs 2 Public awareness raising, information and education POPs Disposal • 75 tones of obsolete pesticide were stored in Amlekhgunj and other 23 stores in Nepal • Agreement with GIZ for the disposal in April 16,2010 • Sent back to Germany for their final disposal in December 2011 • 43 cylinders of MeBr, stored in Khumaltar and Kirtipur has been disposed in a environmentally sound manner. • MSP on “Environmentally Sound Management of PCBs” is approved and is in implementation (MoSTEnv, GoN/UNIDO/ GEF) Some important issues • Pesticide quality • Pesticide residue • Pesticide smuggling • Adulterated & substandard pesticide • Regulatory mechanism • Open border • Increased health consciousness among people • Issue of healthy environment • Issue of food safety & food security • Issue of public (traders, farmers & consumers) awareness • Issue of co-ordination & co-operation • Lack of complete & authentic lab. • Lack of alternative to chemical in hand MSP Project envisages • To create institutional capacity to improve legislation on POPs chemicals, eliminate PCBs and PCBs containing equipment and wastes; • To enhance the technical/analytical capacity to address the POPs problems in more comprehensive manner; • To update and complete the inventory of PCBs and PCBs containing equipment developed during NIP project Outcomes 1: Institutional capacity building, policy/legal framework and enforcement strategy for POPs pesticides and PCBs
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