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Bakalářská Práce JAMU 2013 JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra jazzové interpretace Studijní obor Jazzová interpretace Charles Mingus Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Ing. Radim Hanousek Vedoucí práce: MgA. Jan Dalecký Oponent práce: doc. Jaroslav Šťastný, Ph.D. Brno 2013 Charles Mingus HANOUSEK, Radim. Charles Mingus. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Fakulta hudební, Katedra jazzové interpretace, 2013, 33 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce MgA. Jan Dalecký. Anotace Diplomová práce „Charles Mingus“ pojednává o jazzovém kontrabasistovi a skladateli Charlesovi Mingusovi, jeho životě, díle a odkazu. Zvláštní kapitolou jsou Mingusovy kompoziční techniky. Podrobněji se zabývá alby Pithecanthropus Erectus (1956), The Clown (1957) a vydaným záznamem z koncertu v Town Hall v New Yorku – Town Hall Concert (1964). Annotation This Bachelor's Thesis titled "Charles Mingus" focuses on jazz contrabassist and composer Charles Mingus, his life, works, and his message. Mingus' composition techniques represent a special chapter of the Thesis. Detailed attention is paid to albums Pithecanthropus Erectus (1956), The Clown (1957), and the album with publicly released recording of his concert in the New York Town Hall – Town Hall Concert (1964). Klíčová slova Charles Mingus, jazz, Pithecanthropus Erectus, The Clown, Town Hall Concert, Atlantic, Epitaph Keywords Charles Mingus, jazz, Pithecanthropus Erectus, The Clown, Town Hall Concert, Atlantic, Epitaph Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. V Brně, dne 30. dubna 2013 Radim Hanousek Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval Janu Daleckému za inspiraci, spoustu užitečných informací a hudebních zdrojů. Obsah PŘEDMLUVA ...................................................................................................................................... 1 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................................... 3 1 ŽIVOT CHARLESE MINGUSE .............................................................................................. 4 1.1 SLOŽITÁ OSOBNOST CHARLESE MINGUSE ................................................................................ 4 1.2 RODINA, DĚTSTVÍ ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 PROFESIONÁLNÍ HUDEBNÍK ....................................................................................................... 7 2 KOMPOZIČNÍ TECHNIKY, VLIVY ...................................................................................... 9 3 HUDEBNÍ DRÁHA, PROJEKTY, SPOLUHRÁČI .............................................................. 11 3.1 ČTYŘICÁTÁ LÉTA .................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 PADESÁTÁ LÉTA ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.1 Atonální jazz ................................................................................................................. 12 3.2.2 Počátek Mingusova charakteristického rukopisu ......................................................... 12 3.3 OD ŠEDESÁTÝCH LET AŽ DO SMRTI ......................................................................................... 13 4 NAHRÁVKY U ATLANTIC ................................................................................................... 15 4.1 PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS ................................................................................................. 16 4.1.1 Pithecanthropus Erectus – analýza titulní skladby .................................................... 16 4.1.2 A Foggy Day ................................................................................................................. 18 4.1.3 Love Chant ................................................................................................................... 18 4.1.4 Profile Of Jackie ........................................................................................................... 18 4.2 THE CLOWN ............................................................................................................................ 18 4.2.1 The Clown – analýza titulní skladby........................................................................... 19 4.2.2 Passions Of A Woman Loved ....................................................................................... 20 4.2.3 Blue Cee ....................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.4 Tonight At Noon ........................................................................................................... 21 4.2.5 Reincarnation Of Lovebird ........................................................................................... 21 4.2.6 Haitian Fight Song ....................................................................................................... 22 5 TOWN HALL CONCERT ...................................................................................................... 24 5.1 SO LONG ERIC ........................................................................................................................ 24 5.2 PRAYING WITH ERIC .............................................................................................................. 26 ZÁVĚR ................................................................................................................................................ 29 POUŽITÉ INFORMAČNÍ ZDROJE ............................................................................................... 30 SEZNAM ILUSTRACÍ ..................................................................................................................... 32 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH ............................................................................................................................ 33 Předmluva S hudbou Charlese Minguse jsem se vážněji setkal při práci na školním projektu. Se spolužáky jsme nazkoušeli a koncertně provedli několik jeho skladeb. Uvědomil jsem si, jak překvapivě působí aranžmá vyvolávající dojem mnohem většího hudebního tělesa než ve skutečnosti je, jak se ve skladbách prolíná vtip, vztek a další emoce. Všichni zúčastnění hudebníci hráli intuitivně s obrovskou energií, hudba si o ni sama řekla. Neobvyklé tóniny, formy a harmonie znemožnily hrát klišé, kombinace čistých zvuků a chaosu udržela neustálé napětí. „Černá“ emotivní hudba plná překvapení, experimentů. Obklopil jsem se hudbou Charlese Minguse, začal studovat jeho život. Někdy jsem po delším poslouchání měl pocit, že mě ten trvalý tlak, neustálé vrstvení hudebních informací a expresívní sóla přivedou k šílenství, nicméně po krátké odmlce jsem se zase na další dávku těšil. Mingusovy projekty byly vždy sestaveny z výjimečných, osobitých hudebníků. Někteří začali hrát s Mingusem jako velice mladí hráči, teprve na počátku své kariéry. Spolupracovali s ním potom řadu let, někteří takřka pořád (Dannie Richmond). Stali se z nich velice originální a respektovaní hudebníci. Charles Mingus byl velmi aktivní autor, po celý svůj život vydával obrovské množství alb. Na každém předvedl svůj autorský talent, hráčskou virtuozitu, jasný nekompromisní názor. V jeho bohaté diskografii jsou pouze dvě pauzy. První odmlkou byla stávka hudebníků 1942–1944. Druhá odmlka přišla po smrti saxofonisty a klarinetisty Erica Dolphyho v roce 1964, jednoho z jeho nejoriginálnějších spoluhráčů. Byla částečně způsobená i finanční krizí a trvala až do roku 1972, kdy vydává album Let My Children Hear Music. Zabývat se komplexně tvorbou Charlese Minguse přesahuje formát této práce. Vybral jsem si dvě raná alba z období 1956–1957, ve kterém už byl usazen Mingusův originální aranžérský rukopis a okruh dlouhodobě spolupracujících hudebníků - Pithecanthropus Erectus a The Clown. Dále se podrobněji zabývám živou nahrávkou Town Hall Concert z roku 1964, kdy dosáhl podle mě Mingus svého tvůrčího vrcholu. Opíral jsem se o publikaci Passions of a Man, která obsahuje řadu článků od hudebních publicistů věnujících se Mingusovi i texty lidí z okruhu vydavatelství 1 Atlantic, kteří se na nahrávkách nějakým způsobem podíleli. Součástí jsou kompletní dochované nahrávky u firmy Atlantic, včetně dosud nevydaných tracků. Ty jsou řazeny chronologicky bez ohledu na pořadí na vydaných albech. Dále jsem pracoval s knihou Charles Mingus – More Then Fakebook, která obsahuje transkripce některých Mingusových skladeb včetně stručných analýz. 2 Úvod Práce se zabývá komplikovanou osobností Charlese Minguse. Pokouším se v ní popsat různé jevy, které ovlivnily Mingusovu tvorbu – rodinné zázemí, hudební vzory, sociální prostředí. Snažím se vybrat zlomové okamžiky v bouřlivém Mingusově hudebním životě. Vybrané nahrávky z vrcholných období analyzuji včetně notových příkladů. Tyto příklady jsem přepisoval z nahrávek. Zabývám se také výběrem spoluhráčů, výrazných sólistů. Zmiňuji se stručně i o obdivuhodné technické výbavě Minguse jako kontrabasisty. Ovšem největší prostor věnuji Mingusovi jako skladateli a aranžérovi. 3 1 Život Charlese Minguse 1.1 Složitá osobnost Charlese Minguse Gene Santoro začíná svou podrobnou knihu o legendárním vášnivém basistovi Myself When I Am Real často uváděným popisem – tlustý, štětinatý, světlý černoch, který zastavil koncert kvůli cinkotu pokladny nebo když spoluhráči či publikum dělali něco,
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