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Investigating the Utility of Local Knowledge for Natural Resource Management in the Western Amazon

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Investigating the Utility of Local Knowledge for Natural Resource Management in the Western Amazon GEOGRAPHY IN THE JUNGLE: INVESTIGATING THE UTILITY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE WESTERN AMAZON By DAVID SEWARD SALISBURY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 Copyright 2002 by David Seward Salisbury ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I thank my parents and siblings. I have been lucky to accompany them on many adventures and they have always been supportive of my own. Second, I thank Marianne Schmink, who has been a great advisor. She is hortatory, demanding and patient in equal measure, and I am grateful for the bumpy truck ride in Acre that brought us together, and me on the road to Gainesville, many summers ago. Third, I want to thank my uncle, Foster Brown; my tia, Vera Passos; and Valerio Gomes and the rest of the Florida/Acre mafia, who have made Rio Branco a most welcoming place. Fourth, I am indebted to my friends at Florida. I must especially recognize Valerio, Skee and Rich, who have been great friends in times good and bad. The Florida Ultimate team also deserves special recognition for providing a special experience away from the books. Fifth, I thank the people at INCRA, EMBRAPA and especially PESACRE who provided me with this great research opportunity and supported me throughout. Special thanks go to Cazuza Borges, who introduced me to Seringal São Salvador. Sixth, I thank my geography committee members, Drs. Binford and Smith, whose excellent teaching and sound advice translated to success in the field and whose criticism greatly strengthened the final product. I am also indebted to them for turning me on to the fascinating subject of geography. Last, but most important, I thank the amazing residents of the community of São Pedro. These wonderful people welcomed me into their homes and allowed me to share their food, swim their creek, walk their paths, paddle their canoes and hold their hands. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTERS 1 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.................1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem................................................................................................ 8 Thesis Organization ........................................................................................................ 9 2 DRIVING FORCES IN ACRE’S SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .........................................................................................................11 Introduction................................................................................................................... 11 The Emergence and Impact of Amazonian Settlement Initiatives................................ 13 The State of Acre .......................................................................................................... 18 Acre’s Geographical Dichotomy: The Juruá and the Purus Valleys ............................ 21 The Evolution of Contemporary Rural Land-Use in Acre............................................ 22 Acre’s Forest Government: New Policies Growing from Rubber Tapper Roots ......... 29 The Model Rural Sustainable Settlement Project of the Western Amazon.................. 34 3 COMBINING PARTICIPATORY METHODS AND GEOMATICS IN THE REMOTE RAINFOREST OF THE JURUÁ VALLEY ...............................................38 Introduction................................................................................................................... 38 Seringal São Salvador: Transforming Tradition........................................................... 39 Research Methods......................................................................................................... 49 Stages of the Fieldwork.......................................................................................... 49 Institutional interviews and archival work.......................................................49 Preliminary field visit and site selection..........................................................50 Primary fieldwork ............................................................................................52 Exit interviews .................................................................................................52 Sampling ................................................................................................................ 53 iv Format of Household Fieldwork ............................................................................ 54 Household Mapping............................................................................................... 55 Matrices of Resources............................................................................................ 57 Historical Timelines............................................................................................... 59 Participant Observation.......................................................................................... 60 Interview Guide...................................................................................................... 60 Land-Use Walks..................................................................................................... 60 Mapping of the Watercourse.................................................................................. 61 Mapping of Community Limits ............................................................................. 62 Community Meeting to Discuss Limits ................................................................. 65 Use of the Global Positioning System ................................................................... 66 Remote Sensing Imagery ....................................................................................... 68 Geographical Information System ......................................................................... 69 4 A COMPARISON OF LOCAL AND OFFICIAL INTERPRETATIONS OF SETTING AND BOUNDARY.....................................................................................71 Introduction................................................................................................................... 71 Map Power.................................................................................................................... 73 Shifting Names and Phantom Creeks ........................................................................... 76 Mystery Boundaries...................................................................................................... 92 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 112 5 MODELING LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE IN THE SÃO PEDRO COMMUNITY............................................................................................................116 Introduction................................................................................................................. 116 1990 Results-Tapping Rubber and Raising Pigs in the Forest ................................... 118 2000 Results-Small Animal Husbandry and Annual Cropping.................................. 126 Results of Data Focused on 2010-A Future in Cattle Ranching................................. 136 Discussion................................................................................................................... 144 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 154 6 IMPROVING NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WITH LOCAL PARTICIPATION AND GEOMATICS TECHNOLOGY ........................................156 Summary..................................................................................................................... 156 Future Endeavors in the Amazon and Beyond ........................................................... 159 APPENDICES A EXIT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS POSED TO OFFICIALS OF INCRA, EMBRAPA AND PESACRE..........................................................................................................163 B HOUSEHOLD MAPPING REFERENCE QUESTIONNAIRES ..............................164 C TABLES FOR RECORDING MATRICES OF RESOURCES RESULTS...............176 v D TIMELINE QUESTIONS...........................................................................................180 E INTERVIEW GUIDE .................................................................................................182 F LIST OF ACRONYMS ...............................................................................................192 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................193 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................203 vi LIST OF TABLES Table page 5-1 A comparison of 1990 household income sources from São Pedro and 1991
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