DOCSLIB.ORG

Discussion on Development of Silk Weaving Trademark Process in Shang Dynasty of China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Discussion on Development of Silk Weaving Trademark Process in Shang Dynasty of China Research of Materials Science September 2013, Volume 2, Issue 3, PP.41-49 Discussion on Development of Silk Weaving Trademark Process in Shang Dynasty of China Xingmei Guo1, 2, Yiping Qiu 1† College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P.R.China †Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In the period of Shang dynasty, agriculture achieved great development; accompanied by a certain scale of mulberry silkworm industry as silk production had a relatively high technological level and complicated loom and weaving skills emerged. The governor of the Shang dynasty attached great importance to the economic status of mulberry silkworm. Though with a limited quantity of silk fabrics in Shang dynasty found in archaeology, figured silk has emerged, indicating that the weaving technology at that time has reached a certain level. Therefore, under the background at that time, people had no sense on cultivation and development of branded goods. At the earliest, only the emperor could use silk fabrics. However, the rapid development of silk industry made silk culture constantly integrate into the Chinese culture in terms of geography and society; moreover, the flourish and use of silk allowed it to shine in clothing, economy, art and culture and became an indispensable high-end article of Chinese merchants in foreign trade. Meanwhile, in the period of Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Silk Road has formed and external exchange has been enhanced. All this has laid a foundation for the prosperity of silk industry in the period of Han and Tang dynasties. Keywords: Shang Dynasty; Silk Weaving; Trademark; Process; Development 1 INTRODUCTION Silk weaving refers to the technical process of making silk fabrics with silk or chemical fiber filament as warp and weft. Silk fabrics, also called “silk” and “satin”, refer to natural silk fabrics traditionally. SYMBOLIC SILK OF ANCIENT CHINESE CULTURE In ancient times, silk referred to textiles weaved with natural silk (mainly mulberry silk, also including a small number of tussah silk and cassava silk). In the modern times, due to the expansion of raw materials of textiles, textiles with warp using artificial or natural filament fiber can be called as silk in the broad sense. Silk weaved with pure mulberry silk is especially called as “real silk”. - 41 - http://www.ivypub.org/rms/ Chinese silk is time-honored. So far, archaeological discovery has found that silk fabrics is derived from Qianshanyang, Huzhou, Zhejiang and Qingtai Village, Xingyang, Henan at the earliest, holding a history of over 5000 years. In the period of Shang dynasty, agriculture achieved great development accompanied by a certain scale of mulberry silkworm industry. The governor of the Shang dynasty attached great importance to the economic status of mulberry silkworm. Though with a limited quantity of silk fabrics in Shang dynasty found in archaeology, figured silk has emerged, indicating that the weaving technology at that time has reached a certain level. Meanwhile, in the period of Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Silk Road has formed and external exchange has been enhanced. All this has laid a foundation for the prosperity of silk industry in the period of Han and Tang dynasties. 2 DEVELOPMENT OF SHANG DYNASTY 2.1 Initial origin Shang dynasty, also called Yin and Yinshang[1-3], is the second dynasty in the Chinese history as well as the first dynasty having direct contemporaneous literary inscription in China. Shang Tang, the chief of Shang Tribe of vassal state of Xia dynasty, established Shang dynasty in Bo (Shangqiu today) after leading vassal state in Mingtiao War and destroying Xia. Then, the capital of Shang dynasty frequently changed. After its descendant Pan Geng moved it to Yin (Anyang today), it became stable. The capital in Yin lasted for 273 years. Therefore, Shang dynasty is also called as “Yin” or “Yinshang”. It experienced three major stages from BC 1600 to BC 1046. The first stage was “prior Shang”; the second stage was “early Shang” and the third stage was “late Shang”. It has been handed down for 17 generations and 13 emperors and lasted for 600 years. The last king Shang Zhou was defeated by King Wu of Zhou in Muye Battle. The excavation of ruins in Yin has proved the existence of Chinese Shang dynasty. Shang dynasty was in the golden age of slavery. Slave owner noble was the ruling class and a large number of bureaucracy and army were formed. The record of oracle and Chinese bronze inscriptions was the earliest systematic letter symbol of China found currently. In the period of Shang dynasty, developed non-central plain civilization also existed in Yangtze River basin. Shang dynasty (about 17th Centry BC - 11th Century BC[4]). As Qi got manor in Shang, his descendant Shang Tang named the dynasty established by him in Bo (Shangqiu, Henan today) as “Shang”. Then, the capital of Shang dynasty frequently changed. In the period of Pan Geng, the capital moved to Yin (Anyang, Henan). At that time, the capital became stable and lasted for 273 years here. Therefore, Shang dynasty is also called as “Yin” or “Yinshang”. It was the first dynasty following Xia dynasty in the Chinese history. Compared to Xia dynasty, it has more abundant archaeological discoveries. TERRITORY OF SHANG DYNASTY - 42 - http://www.ivypub.org/rms/ [5] TERRITORY OF SHANG DYNASTY There is no consensus on genealogy time of Shang dynasty. According to Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, Shang dynasty took over Xia dynasty in about BC 1556 and was destroyed by King Wu of Zhou on January 20, BC 1046 which lasted for 510 years in total. This time has been accepted in the Chinese mainland historian circle. According to the calculation of historiographer Dong Zuobin in accordance with calendar in early Republic of China, the period of Shang dynasty should be BC 1766 to BC 1111, lasting for 655 years in total. According to the calculation of historiographer Shao Yong in the Northern Song, the period of Shang dynasty should be BC 1766 to BC 1122, lasting for 645 years in total. The statement of Dong Zuobin has been adopted in Taiwan historian circle and included in Taiwan textbook [6]. During over 650 years, Shang dynasty has moved its capital for many times. Most were in the territory of Henan. Yin ruins have been found in Anyang, Henan. Cultural relics of Shang dynasty have also been found in many places such as Shangqiu, Zhengzhou, Yanshi, Wenxian, Huixian and Xinzheng. 2.1.1 Wu Ding resurgence Wu Ding was the son of Xiao Yi who was the brother of Pan Geng, i.e. nephew of Pan Geng and honored as Gaozong after his death. Therefore, he was also called as Yin Gaozong. Due to his well governance, he made great achievements in textile, medicine, traffic and astronomy etc. The flourishing occasion created by Wu Ding laid a good foundation for the development of social production in late Shang dynasty and even the prosperity of Western Zhou civilization[7][8][9]. 2.2 Territory Shih Chi·Biography of Wu Qilie recorded that the territory of Shang dynasty was from Mengmen on the left and Taihang on the right. Changshan is in its north and a great river flowed in its south[35]. The territory of Shang dynasty extended to Liaoning in the north, Hubei in the south, Shanxi in the west and Haibin in the east. Besides Hubei, Henan, Anhui, - 43 - http://www.ivypub.org/rms/ Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing and Tianjin to the north of Yangtze River belonging to Xia and a part of Shaanxi and Jiangsu, it may also include the remaining land of Shaanxi and Jiangsu, Liaoning, Gansu, Hunan, Zhejiang and a part of Sichuan[8]. [10] TERRITORY OF SHANG DYNASTY According to the record of the Book of Shang Dynasty, “the capital has changed for eight times from Qi to Cheng Tang. Tang first resided in Bo.” There are different opinions on places of capital changed for eight times, but generally in middle and lower Yellow River and within the north and middle part of Henan and southwest Hebei. Some people considered that Zhengzhou and Yanshi might be the capital of Tang. After Xia was destroyed, the capital has moved for five times from Cheng Tang to Pan Geng. It was the first in Yin[8]. 2.3 Economy 2.3.1 Handicraft industry All were managed by the government, with refined division of labor, huge scale, large output, multiple types and high technological level. Especially, bronze ware casting technique developed to the peak and became the symbol of civilization of Shang Dynasty. Silk fabrics included gauze with plain weave, leno with skein tissue and crepe. Besides, jacquard weave technology has been matured[7] [8] [12]. - 44 - http://www.ivypub.org/rms/ 2.3.2 Costume Costumes in Shang Dynasty have at least 12 forms: [8] (I) Short costumes with crossed collar and right gusset, including ornaments. The length of the clothing reached the hip; while the length of the sleeve reached the wrist with narrow cuff, equipped with skirt with drape, broad waistband, liggings and turnup point toe. This kind of costumes was for influential officials. The portrait “is dressed with the clothing with a large collar and right gusset; the length of the clothing covers the hip; broad waistband is equipped; and the length of the skirt is over the knee. The shin is wrapped with liggings; the shoes with turnup point toe are dressed; and there is embroidery lace at the neckline, lappet edge, lower edge and cuff; as well, embroidery edge is on the waistband; in addition, the skirt is bouffant with embroidery pattern; the clothes and ornaments have fret and square pattern etc.” [8] (II) Long costumes with crossed collar and right gusset with long sleeve and narrow cuff; besides, the front opening exceeded the keen and rear opening reached the foot.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oracle-Bone Inscriptions and Cultural Memory
    Frontiers in Art Research ISSN 2618-1568 Vol. 2, Issue 9: 63-73, DOI: 10.25236/FAR.2020.020913 Oracle-Bone Inscriptions and Cultural Memory Li Anzhu Center for Foreign Literature and Culture of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China ABSTRACT. Oracle-bone inscriptions, as the earliest identifiable Chinese writing system, are a major evidence of Chinese civilization. The Zhenren groups (diviners) headed by the rulers of the Shang Dynasty practiced divination frequently for different reasons, whether important or trivial, so that rich oracle-bone inscriptions were produced. Oracle -bone inscriptions, as a ritual symbol, have played a significant role in strengthening memory of human, communicating with gods and spirits of the dead, ensuring administrative legitimacy and forming the early national cultural identity, so they’re definitely worth exploring. KEYWORDS: Oracle-bone inscriptions, Cultural memory, Ritual, Symbol 1. Introduction “Cultural memory” is an important theory put forward by Jan Assmann, a German scholar, and his wife in 1980s. In the view of the Assmanns, cultural memory is different from historical writing. Historical writing pursues objective reality, while cultural memory, which is separated from living things, is mainly constructed together by man’s life, language communication and collaboration between people. It is inherited by such highly symbolic cultural codes as the text system, the image system, and the ritual system. Therefore, cultural memory is more about the symbolic means and methods that carry traditions. It mainly discusses how culture is “made” with the help of media symbols, and how group actors build consensus and gain identity through memory. In the meaning production of cultural memory, memory media is the bond and foundation, including written language, images, cultural relics, rituals and so on, among which the most important is written language, which is considered as the carrier of thought.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin and Evolvement of Chinese Characters
    BI WEI THE ORIGIN AND EVOLVEMENT OF CHINESE CHARACTERS Writing, the carrier of culture and the symbol of human civilization, fi rst appeared in Sumer1. Like other ancient languages of Egypt and India, ancient Sumerian symbols have been lost in the process of history, but only Chinese characters still remain in use today. They have played a signifi cant role in the development of Chinese lan- guage and culture. This article intends to display how Chinese characters were creat- ed and how they were simplifi ed from the ancient form of writing to more abstract. Origin of Chinese characters Chinese characters, in their initial forms, were beautiful and appropriately refl ected images in the minds of ancient Chinese that complied with their understanding of reality. Chinese people selected the way of expressing meaning by fi gures and pic- tures, and Chinese characters begun with drawings. Three Myths in Ancient Times It is diffi cult to determine the specifi c time when the Chinese characters emerged. There are three old myths about the origin of Chinese characters. The fi rst refers to the belief that Chinese characters were created by Fu Xi – the fi rst of Three Sovereigns2 in ancient China, who has drew the Eight Trigrams which have evolved into Chinese characters. The mysterious Eight Trigrams3 used for divination are composed of the symbols “–” and “– –”, representing Yang and Yin respectively. 1 I.J. Gelb, Sumerian language, [in:] Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Encyclopedia Britannica, re- trieved 30.07.2011, www.britannica.com. 2 Worshiping the Three Sage Kings and Five Virtuous Emperors – The Imperial Temple of Emperors of Successive Dynasties in Beijing, Beijing 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Origins of the Calendar
    “The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Origins of the Calendar,” in Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World, edited by John M. Steele. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010. Uncorrected proof. Citations and pagination should be given according to the print version. The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Foundations of the Calendar Adam Smith From the earliest appearance of literacy in East Asia, around 1250 BC, there is evidence of the routine use of a system for recording dates using cycles of named days. The more fun- damental of these consists of ten terms and will be referred to here as the ‘10-cycle’ (table 1). By running the 10-cycle concurrently with a second cycle twelve days in length, the ‘12-cycle’ (table 2), a longer cycle of sixty days is generated, sixty being the lowest com- mon multiple of ten and twelve. We will refer to this compound cycle as the ‘60-cycle’.1 At the time of their first attestation, the day was the only unit of time that the three cycles were used to record.2 Days within these cycles will be referred to in this chapter with the formulae n/60, n/10 and n/12. So, for example, 3/10 refers to the third day of the 10-cycle. There are many ways of visualizing the compound 60-cycle.3 A comparativist might think of it as a pair of toothed wheels engaged with one another (figure 1), by analogy with the representations of the Mesoamerican Tzolk’in cycle, with which the Chinese 60-cycle has certain similarities.
    [Show full text]
  • Returning to Memory an Exhibition of Oracle Bone Script
    Returning to Memory An Exhibition of Oracle Bone Script By Yaxiao Li A research project submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Cultural and Creative Practice July 2, 2019 Written by Yaxiao Li Proofread by Suzanne Hardy and Geraldene Peters 2 ABSTRACT RESEARCH QUESTION How can curatorial strategies be used to promote ancient Chinese prophetic texts known as oracle bone script, to engage and reconnect a contemporary audience with this historical writing form? Oracle bone script was the earliest form of Chinese characters carved on turtle plastrons and animal bones using a sharp tool. Oracle bone script was used for divination1 through fire in the Shang dynasty (c.1600-1046 BCE). This research explores ways to promote and enhance audience interest in the script through storytelling strategies that use interactive technology in an exhibition context. Through the course of this study, I found that there is a lack of publicity and cultural engagement with oracle bone script and that this has contributed to the general public knowing little about its historical importance. Therefore, I have created a proposal for an exhibition that showcases, through various means, this significant Chinese historical legacy. 1 Divination, “the foretelling of future events or discovery of what is hidden or obscure by supernatural or magical means”. Rowan K. Flad, "Divination and Power," Current Anthropology, 49, no. 3 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588495. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 03 ABSTRACT 04 TABLE OF CONTENTS 05 LIST OF FIGURES 08 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP 09 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 THIRD PARTY COPYRIGHT MATERIAL 11 ETHICS 11 CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL 12 POSITIONING MYSELF AS A CURATOR 13 INTRODUCTION 14 CONTEXTUAL REVIEW 19 RESEARCH DESIGN 26 CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT 31 DISCUSSION 54 CONCLUSION 55 APPENDIX 56 REFERENCES 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Saving the Nation Through Culture
    Saving the Nation through Culture The Folklore Movement in Republican China Jie Gao Sample Material © UBC Press, 2019 Contents List of Illustrations / viii Note on Romanization / ix Introduction / 3 1 Seeking a Solution for the Nation: The Folklore Movement’s Origins at National Peking University / 25 2 Carrying on amidst Chaos: Establishment of Folklore Studies in South China / 88 3 Developing an Excellent Situation: The Spread of the Folklore Movement in China / 130 4 Breaking with the Past: The Folklore Movement in Wartime / 163 Conclusion / 203 Appendices / 216 Notes / 249 Glossary / 278 Bibliography / 293 Index / 308 Sample Material © UBC Press, 2019 Introduction he chronic inability of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) and the republic Tthat succeeded it to reform and modernize China in the crisis years of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries caused a great many classically trained Chinese scholars to repudiate the traditional Confucian thought and values that had served as the philosophical underpinning of the nation for most of the previous two millennia. The New Culture Movement, launched in 1915, was in every sense of the word an intellectual revolution, and its members were a who’s who of China’s most accom- plished scholars. The movement was eclectic and broad, and its proponents saw it as a means of advancing a variety of progressive causes, ranging from the adoption of vernacular literature to democracy, science, and gender reform, which explains in large part why it has been of such great interest to contemporary historians of modern China. However, very little scholarly attention has been devoted to one of its more novel branches, the Modern Chinese Folklore Movement that emerged in 1918 at National Peking Uni- versity (Beijing University).
    [Show full text]
  • Him Mark Lai Papers, 1778-[On-Going] (Bulk 1970-1995)
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7r29q3gq No online items Finding Aid to the Him Mark Lai Papers, 1778-[on-going] (bulk 1970-1995) Processed by Jean Jao-Jin Kao, Yu Li, Janice Otani, Limin Fu, Yen Chen, Joy Hung, Lin Lin Ma, Zhuqing Xia and Mabel Yang The Ethnic Studies Library. 30 Stephens Hall #2360 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-2360 Phone: (510) 643-1234 Fax: (510) 643-8433 Email: [email protected] URL: http://eslibrary.berkeley.edu © 2003 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Finding Aid to the Him Mark Lai AAS ARC 2000/80 1 Papers, 1778-[on-going] (bulk 1970-1995) Finding Aid to the Him Mark Lai Papers, 1778-[on-going] (bulk 1970-1995) Collection number: AAS ARC 2000/80 The Ethnic Studies Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Contact Information: The Ethnic Studies Library. 30 Stephens Hall #2360 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-2360 Phone: (510) 643-1234 Fax: (510) 643-8433 Email: [email protected] URL: http://eslibrary.berkeley.edu/ Collection Processed By: Jean Jao-Jin Kao, Yu Li, Janice Otani, Limin Fu, Yen Chen, Joy Hung, Lin Lin Ma, Zhuqing Xia and Mabel Yang Date Completed: May 2003 Finding Aid written by: Jean Jao-Jin Kao, Janice Otani and Wei Chi Poon © 2003 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Him Mark Lai Papers, Date: 1778-[on-going] Date (bulk): (bulk 1970-1995) Collection number: AAS ARC 2000/80 Creator: Lai, H. Mark Extent: 130 Cartons, 61 Boxes, 7 Oversize Folders199.4 linear feet Repository: University of California, BerkeleyThe Ethnic Studies Library Berkeley, California 94720-2360 Abstract: The Him Mark Lai Papers are divided into four series: Research Files, Professional Activities, Writings, and Personal Papers.
    [Show full text]
  • View Sample Pages
    For Vannie Shou you you 受又 A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Although the institute is responsible for the selection and acceptance of manuscripts in this series, responsibility for the opinions expressed and for the accuracy of statements rests with their authors. The China Research Monograph series is one of several publication series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the Japan Research Monograph series, the Korea Research Monograph series, and the Research Papers and Policy Studies series. Send correspondence and manuscripts to Katherine Lawn Chouta, Managing Editor Institute of East Asian Studies 2223 Fulton Street, 6th Floor Berkeley, CA 94720-2318 [email protected] Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keightley, David N. Working for His Majesty : research notes on labor mobilization in late Shang China (ca. 1200-1045 B.C.), as seen in the oracle-bone inscriptions, with particular attention to handicraft industries, agriculture, warfare, hunting, construction, and the Shang’s legacies / by David N. Keightley. pages cm. -- (China research monograph ; 67) Summary: “Dealing with the Shang dynasty (ca. 1200-1045 B.C.), the first to leave written records in North China, this work focuses on the artisan corps, labor mobilization, farming, warfare, hunting, building, leadership, and culture”-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-55729-102-8 -- ISBN 1-55729-102-0 1. China--History--Shang dynasty, 1766-1122 B.C.--Sources. 2. China--Economic conditions--To 1644--Sources. 3. Oracle bones--China. 4. Industrial mobilization--China--History--To 1500--Sources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of 'Cultural Heritage' in Modern China: a Historical And
    The emergence of ‘cultural heritage’ in modern China: a historical and legal perspective Guolong Lai University of Florida Introduction In the fall of 1924, the pre-eminent modern Chinese scholar Wang Guowei 王國維 (1877−1927) wrote a long acrimoni- ous letter to Shen Jianshi 沈兼士 (1885–1947) and Ma Heng 馬 衡 (1880–1955), directors of the National Beijing University’s Department of Chinese Classics (guoxuemen 國學門) and its archaeology program. The letter came in response to a ‘Manifesto How to cite this book chapter: Lai, G 2016 The emergence of ‘cultural heritage’ in modern China: a his- torical and legal perspective. In: Matsuda, A and Mengoni, L E (eds.) Reconsidering Cultural Heritage in East Asia, Pp. 47–85. London: Ubiquity Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/baz.d. License: CC-BY 4.0 48 Reconsidering Cultural Heritage in East Asia for the Preservation of the Ancient Site at Dagongshan’ (Baocun Dagongshan guji xuanyan 保存大宮山古蹟宣言) by the University’s Archaeological Society, which Wang Guowei had just seen printed in a newspaper (Lui, & Yuan 1984: 405−407; Yuan & Lui 1996: 431−433; see also Bonner 1986: 202−204). The mani- festo deplored a Manchu prince’s destruction of the ‘state property’ (guanchan 官產) at Dagongshan in the Dajue 大覺 temple, in the western suburbs of Beijing. It went on to accuse the abdicated Last Emperor Puyi 溥儀 (1906−1967), who was still living in the back quarter of the Forbidden City, of having ‘taken ancient artefacts (guqiwu 古器物) handed down through the ages as his personal property’, and called on the Chinese people and the Nationalist government to stop the destruction of national heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward L. Shaughnessy Chinese Annals in the Western Observatory Library of Sinology
    Edward L. Shaughnessy Chinese Annals in the Western Observatory Library of Sinology Editors Zhi Chen, Dirk Meyer Executive Editor Adam C. Schwartz Editorial Board Wolfgang Behr, Marc Kalinowski, Hans van Ess, Bernhard Fuehrer, Anke Hein, Clara Wing-chung Ho, Maria Khayutina, Michael Lackner, Yuri Pines, Alain Thote, Nicholas Morrow Williams Volume 4 Edward L. Shaughnessy Chinese Annals in the Western Observatory An Outline of Western Studies of Chinese Unearthed Documents The publication of the series has been supported by the HKBU Jao Tsung-I Academy of Sinology — Amway Development Fund. ISBN 978-1-5015-1693-1 e-ISBN [PDF] 978-1-5015-1694-8 e-ISBN [EPUB] 978-1-5015-1710-5 ISSN 2625-0616 This work is licensed under the Creatice Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019953355 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Shaughnessy/JAS, published by Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Dedicated to the memory of LI Xueqin 李學勤 (1933-2019) 南山有杞，北山有李。 樂只君子，德音不已。 On South Mountain is a willow, On North Mountain is a plum tree. Such joy has the noble-man brought, Sounds of virtue never ending. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES | XI PREFACE TO THE CHINESE EDITION |
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Han Identity in Chinese Ethnology and Archaeology
    MAKING THE MAJORITY: DEFINING HAN IDENTITY IN CHINESE ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY By Clayton D. Brown BA, Utah State University, 1999 MA, Utah State University, 2001 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History University of Pittsburgh 2008 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Clayton D. Brown It was defended on March 20, 2008 and approved by Evelyn Rawski, Professor, History Department Nicole Constable, Professor, Anthropology Department Richard Smethurst, Professor, History Department Anthony Barbieri-Low, Assistant Professor, History Department Dissertation Director: Evelyn Rawski, Professor, History Department ii Copyright © by Clayton D. Brown 2008 iii MAKING THE MAJORITY: DEFINING HAN IDENTITY IN CHINESE ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Clayton D. Brown, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2008 According to the People’s Republic of China, fifty-six ethnic groups combine to form the Chinese nation although the Han, at over ninety percent of the population, constitute China’s overwhelming majority. Their numbers now exceed one billion, the largest ethnic group on earth and twenty percent of the world’s population. My dissertation project, entitled “Making the Majority: Defining Han Identity in Chinese Ethnology and Archaeology,” challenges the putative authenticity of this official category by critically examining its creation and evolution in the modern period. In the early twentieth century anthropology became instrumental in defining the Chinese as a people and composing China’s national narrative, or what Benedict Anderson calls the “biography of the nation.” While archaeologists searched for Chinese racial and cultural origins in the Yellow River valley of the Central Plain, ethnologists studied non-Han minorities in the rugged and remote frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Cultural Innovations in China, 1200 B.C
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 11 July, 1989 Western Cultural Innovations in China, 1200 B.C. by Edward L. Shaughnessy Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Presence of Non-Chinese at Anyang
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 132 April, 2004 On the Presence of Non-Chinese at Anyang by Kim Hayes Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]