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Sniðmát Meistaraverkefnis HÍ „Þú ert góður hvítur maður!“ Fordómar og staðalímyndir í Tinnabókunum Agnar Leó Þórisson Lokaverkefni til BA–gráðu í félagsfræði Félagsvísindasvið „Þú ert góður hvítur maður!“ Fordómar og staðalímyndir í Tinnabókunum Agnar Leó Þórisson Lokaverkefni til BA–gráðu í félagsfræði Leiðbeinandi: Ingólfur V. Gíslason Félags- og mannvísindadeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Júní 2013 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til BA–gráðu í félagsfræði og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Agnar Leó Þórisson 2013 Reykjavík, Ísland 2013 Útdráttur Markmið þessarar rannsóknar er að skoða fordóma og staðalímyndir er koma fyrir í bókaröðinni Ævintýri Tinna. Þó svo víða hafi verið byrjað að gefa Tinnabækurnar út á fyrri hluta 20. aldarinnar þá birtust þær lesendum fyrst á íslenskri tungu á áttunda áratugnum. Lengi vel þóttu þær hið ágætasta afþreyingarefni en á síðastliðnum áratug hafa þær raddir er úthúða bókunum vegna meintra fordóma orðið æ háværari. Við gerð rannsóknarinnar var notast við eigindlegar rannsóknaraðferðir og orðræða gagnvart ýmsum samfélgashópum var skoðuð. Í ljós kom að talsvert hallaði á konur, hörundsdökka, mennta-, lögreglu- og hermenn, en þar að auki voru heimshlutar, aðrir en Vestur-Evrópa almennt sýndir í neikvæðu ljósi. Hergé er ekki að endurspegla heiminn eins og hann er, eða var á tíma skrifanna, bækurnar eru hinsvegar skrifaðar í umhverfi þar sem vissar staðalímyndir voru við lýði. Með tímanum höfum við lært að margar þessara staðalímynda eiga sér ekki stoð í raunveruleikanum; því er mikilvægt að Tinnabækurnar séu lesnar með það í huga. 3 Efnisyfirlit 1. Inngangur.............................................................................................................7 1.1 Fordómar, staðalímyndir og mismunun...........................................................9 1.2 Orðræðugreining............................................................................................10 1.3 Tinni og Hergé...............................................................................................11 2. Georges Rémi.....................................................................................................13 2.1 Rémi – Hergé, Totor – Tinni ........................................................................13 2.2 Auglýsingabrellur..........................................................................................14 3. Sögulegt samhengi.............................................................................................15 3.1 Seinni heimsstyrjöldin...................................................................................16 3.2 Líf eftir stríð...................................................................................................18 4. Nýr vinur: Chang Chong-chen...........................................................................20 5. Bókmenntir og fordómar: Breyttir tímar............................................................25 6. Staðalímyndir.....................................................................................................26 6.1 Staðalímyndir meðal einstaklinga..................................................................27 6.2 Staðalímyndir Hergé......................................................................................28 6.3 Staðalímyndir á samfélagslegum grundvelli..................................................28 6.3.1 Staðalímyndir, fordómar og tungumálið..................................................29 6.3.2 Útbreiðsla staðalímynda fyrir tilstilli fjölmiðla........................................30 6.3.3 Staðalímyndir útfrá félagslegum reglum og gildum.................................31 7. Fyrri rannsóknir..................................................................................................32 7.1 Stigma and prejudice in Tintin.......................................................................32 7.2 Umræða..........................................................................................................34 8. Eigindleg rannsókn.............................................................................................35 8.1 Þemu..............................................................................................................37 8.2 Umræða..........................................................................................................43 9. Lokaorð..............................................................................................................44 10. Heimildaskrá....................................................................................................48 4 Myndayfirlit Mynd 1: Staðalímyndir geta leitt til fordóma og mismununar.................................9 Mynd 2: Tinni og Tobbi fá höfðinglegar móttökur í Kongó..................................12 Mynd 3: Dularfulla stjarnan 1941 – Gyðingar......................................................17 Mynd 4: Kolbeinn skammar blökkumenn..............................................................19 Mynd 5: Tintin in America 1932 – Austurlandabúar.............................................20 Mynd 6: Tinni og Chang um staðalímyndir og fordóma..................................... 22 Mynd 7: Samanburður á Japönum og Kínverjum..................................................23 Mynd 8: Kolbeinn Kafteinn í Tíbet........................................................................24 Mynd 9: Niðurlæging Alkasars..............................................................................31 Mynd 10: Tinni í Ameríku 1. og 2. útgáfa.............................................................35 Mynd 11: Þema 1 - Yfirlið Vaílu og Irmu.............................................................37 Mynd 12: Þema 2 - Spilling lögreglumanns..........................................................38 Mynd 13: Þema 3 - Prófessor Utangátt..................................................................39 Mynd 14: Þema 4 - Oliveira gefur blökkumönnum skipanir ................................40 Mynd 15: Þema 5 – Alkasar segir Tinna frá valdaráni..........................................41 Mynd 16: Þema 6 – Fórna á Tobba........................................................................42 5 Töfluyfirlit Tafla 1: Tinnabækurnar í upprunalegri röð og útgáfuár...........................................8 Tafla 2: Nánari útlistum á þeim þemum sem komu í ljós í rannsókninni Stigma and prejudice in Tintin...........................................................................................33 Tafla 3: Tinnabækunar og kóðun eigindlegra gagna í sex þemu...........................36 6 1. Inngangur Tinni er á efa þekktasta myndasögupersóna sem Evrópa hefur alið af sér. Tinni er ungur blaðamaður frá Belgíu sem lendir í órúlegum ævintýrum ásamt vinum sínum Kolbeini Kafteini, Vilhjálmi Vandráði og hundinum Tobba. Hæfileikar Hergé, höfundar bókanna, við persónusköpun eru miklir og margar persónur er birtast á síðum bókanna eru einstaklega kostulegar. Á 50 árum komu út 24 bækur um Tinna en bókaflokkurinn Ævintýri Tinna inniheldur 22 sögur. Sögunar tvær sem ekki eru taldar með eru fyrsta og seinasta sagan. Tinni í Sovétríkjum, fyrsta sagan sem kom út árið 1929, var aldrei gefin út í lit vegna þess að Hergé sjálfur var óánægður með bókina og leit á bókina sem æskusynd. Bókin er samt sem áður áhugaverð og við skrif hennar mótaðist Hergé mikið sem höfundur. Hergé dó síðan árið 1983 þegar hann var að skrifa bókina, Tintin and the Alph-Art, margir hafa hinsvegar spreitt sig við að klára söguna og hefur hún verið gefin út í nokkrum mismunandi eintökum (Wainman, e.d.). 7 Tafla 1. Tinnabækurnar í upprunalegri röð og útgáfuár 1. Tinni í Sovétríkjunum (1929–1930) - ísl. útg. 2007 2. Tinni í Kongó (1930–1931) - ísl. útg. 1976 3. Tinni í Ameríku (1931–1932) - ísl. útg. 1976 4. Vindlar Faraós (1932–1934) - ísl. útg. 1972 5. Blái Lótusinn (1934–1935) - ísl. útg. 1977 6. Skurðgoðið með skarð í eyra (1935–1937) - ísl. útg. 1975 7. Svaðilför í Surtsey (1937–1938) - ísl. útg. 1971 8. Veldissproti Ottókars konungs (1938–1939) - ísl. útg. 1974 9. Krabbinn með gylltu klærnar (1940–1941) - ísl. útg. 1973 10. Dularfulla stjarnan (1941–1942) - ísl. útg. 1971 11. Leyndardómur Einhyrningsins (1942–1943) - ísl. útg. 1976 12. Fjársjóður Rögnvaldar rauða (1943–1944) - ísl. útg. 1977 13. Sjö kraftmiklar kristallskúlur (1943–1948) - ísl. útg. 1974 14. Fangarnir í sólhofinu (1946–1949) - ísl. útg. 1974 15. Svarta gullið (1948–1950) - ísl. útg. 1975 16. Eldflaugastöðin (1950–1953) - ísl. útg. 1972 17. Í myrkum mánafjöllum (1950–1954) - ísl. útg. 1973 18. Leynivopnið (1954–1956) - ísl. útg. 1975 19. Kolafarmurinn (1958) - ísl. útg. 1975 20. Tinni í Tíbet (1960) - ísl. útg. 1974 21. Vandræði Vaílu Veinólínó (1963) - ísl. útg. 1977 22. Flugrás 714 til Sydney (1968) - ísl. útg. 1976 23. Tinni og Pikkarónarnir (1976) - ísl. útg. 1977 24. Tintin et l'Alph-Art (1986) - ekki þýdd á ísl. (Jean-Marc og Lofficier, 2007). Íslendingar þurftu að bíða talsvert lengi eftir því að geta lesið um Tinna og ævintýri hans á íslensku en bækurnar birtast íslenskum lesendum á árunum 1971- 5. Bækunar voru gefnar út af Fjölva útgáfunni í þýðingu Lofts Guðmundssonar. Þýðing hans er af mörgum talin einstaklega góð og þá sérstaklega hlutverk Kolbeins Kafteins (Einar Fal Ingólfsson, 2006). Markmið þessar rannsóknar er hvorki að gagnrýna verk Hergé né þýðingu Lofts Guðmundssonar; bækurnar nota ég hinsvegar til þess að varpa ljósi á fordóma og staðalímyndir sem þóttu sjálfsagðar á 20. öldinni. Áður en farið verður í rannsóknina þá verður stiklað á stóru um
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